Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health Commons^™

Pepsin-Digested Chicken-Liver Hydrolysate Attenuates Hepatosteatosis By Relieving Hepatic And Peripheral Insulin Resistance In Long-Term High-Fat Dietary Habit, Yi-Hsieng Samuel Wu, Yi-Ling Lin, Wen-Yuan Yang, Sheng-Yao Wang, Yi-Chen Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

This study aims to clarify the effects of chicken liver hydrolysates (CLHs) on long-term high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance (IR) and hepatosteatosis in mice. In vitro, the 400 mM oleic acid (OA)-added medium successfully stimulated the cellular steatosis on FL83B cells, and the cellular steatosis was attenuated ( p < 0.05) by supplementing with CLHs (4 mg/L). In vivo, the effects of CLHs on IR and hepatosteatosis development were tested in 20-week HFD-fed mice. HFD-induced increases in final body weight, but body weight gains of mice were decreased ( p < 0.05) by supplementing CLHs. Elevated ( p < 0.05) serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), free fatty acids (FFAs), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and fasted glucose values in HFD-fed mice decreased ( p < 0.05) by supplementing CLHs. Both results of hepatic steatosis and fibrotic scores also indicated the retardation ( p < 0.05) of the hepatosteatosis in cotreated groups. Moreover, the CLH supplementation sustained ( p < 0.05) hepatic and peripheral insulin signal sensitivity in HFD-fed mice. CLH supplementation could ameliorate hepatic lipid deposition, hepatic/peripheral IR in a long-term high-fat dietary habit, and also improve the universal glucose homeostasis by upregulating hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivities.

Adverse Effects On Birth Weight Of Parental Illegal Drug Use During Pregnancy And Within Two Years Before Pregnancy, Ching-Heng Lin, Wei-Szu Lin, I-An Wang, Jui Hsu, Shiow-Ing Wu, Chuan-Yu Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

This study investigates possible links between maternal illegal drug use during pregnancy and up to two years before pregnancy with birth weight (BW), and explores the potential role of paternal illegal drug use on low birth weight. A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted that linked four national databases in Taiwan. A total of 1,698 subjects with a criminal record of schedule I or II illegal drug use within two years before pregnancy were enrolled as the drug-exposed group, and 16,980 matched subjects were enrolled as the unexposed group. Multivariate analysis of BW found a decrease of 108.63 g (95% …

Simultaneously Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis Of The Representative Components In Kadsura Heteroclita Stem By Uhplc-Q-Orbitrap Hrms, Qian-Qian Liu, Bin Li, Kang Sun, Cai-Hong Li, Nuzhat Shehla, Yu-Pei Yang, Liang Cao, Wei Wang, Rong-Xia Liu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Kadsura heteroclita (Roxb) Craib stem (KHS) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of rheumatism arthritis diseases in Tujia ethnomedicine. Thus far, the complex chemical compositions in KHS are not clear, and the levels of the major compounds in KHS are not well understood. In this study, a novel UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS method was established for the simultaneous quali-quantitative analysis of KHS. A total of 204 compounds were identified, including triterpenoids, lignans, sesquiterpenes, fatty acids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, more than 100 of which were first discovered in KHS. Using the same method, 12 representative bioactive components were successfully quantified. …

Characterization Of L-Theanine In Tea Extracts And Synthetic Products Using Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis, Matteo Perini, Silvia Pianezze, Luca Ziller, Federica Camin

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

L-theanine involves a great number of health benefits and dietary supplements containing this molecule are becoming increasingly popular. There is, therefore, a growing need to find ways to discriminate between natural L-theanine extracted from tea leaves and the cheaper, synthetic one obtained using specific bacterial enzymes. A first attempt of stable isotope ratio analysis characterization of the possible synthetic adulterant L-theanine (δ¹³C of -14.3±1.5‰), obtained from vegetable substrates with C4 photosynthetic cycle, and of the more expensive natural L-theanine (δ¹³C of -24.4±1.3‰), extracted from Camellia sinensis plants with C3 photosynthetic cycle, is reported here .

Development Of The Species-Specific Multiplex Pcr And Dna Sequencing Methods For Rapid Authentication Of Isatidis Folium And Its Adulterants, Yung-Chuan Hsieh, Ming-Sian Wu, Hui-Chun Lee, Chia-Yun Hsieh, Shih-Shan Huang, Chia-Fen Tsai, Ya-Tze Lin, Mei-Chih Lin, Su-Hsiang Tseng, Der-Yuan Wang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Isatis indigotica Fort. (family Cruciferae), is an herb widely used in traditional herbal medicine and its dried leave was named “ISATIDIS FOLIUM”. Baphicacanthus cusia (Ness) Bremek. and Polygonum tinctorium Ait. are commonly misused as ISATIDIS FOLIUM in Chinese Medicine pharmacy. For the purpose of being not misused, specific primers based on the sequence difference of chloroplast trnH-psbA intergenic spacer were designed and Multiplex polymerase chain reaction method (Multiplex PCR) was developed. In this study, 29 original herbal materials were analyzed and our results show that DNA size after Multiplex PCR was able to distinguish variations between three herbs. DNA fragments …

Rapid Determination Of Benzophenone Derivatives In Cereals Using Fapex Coupled With Ultra–High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Yu-Fang Huang, Jui-Ting Chien, Hsin-Chang Chen, Xuan-Rui Liu, Jui-Pin Chang, Jun-Jie Huang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

A robust and sensitive analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of the levels of 10 benzophenone derivatives (BPs; BP, BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8, 2-hydroxybenzophenone [2-OHBP], 4-hydroxybenzophenone [4-OHBP], 4-methylbenzophenone [4-MBP], methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate [M2BB], and 4-benzoylbiphenyl [PBZ]) in 54 breakfast cereal samples. A fast pesticide extraction (FaPEx) technique coupled with isotope-labeled internal standards ultraehigh-performance liquid chromatographyetandem mass spectrometry was employed. The developed method exhibited satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.998), high precision (intraday and interday relative standard deviations in the ranges of 1.4%e20.8% and 3.2%e23.9%, respectively), and a limit of detection ranging from 0.001 to 0.122 ng/g. BP and 4-MBP were …

Assessment Of Lemon Juice Quality And Adulteration By Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry With Interactive And Interpretable Machine Learning, Weiting Lyu, Bo Yuan, Siyu Liu, James E. Simon, Qingli Wu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

A total of 81 lemon juices samples were detected using an optimized UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method and colorimetric assays. Concentration of 3 organic acids (ascorbic acid, malic acid and citric acid), 3 saccharides (glucose, fructose and sucrose) and 6 phenolic acids (trans-p-coumaric acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid) were quantified. Their total polyphenol, antioxidant activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power were also measured. For the prediction of authentic and adulterated lemon juices and commercially sourced lemonade beverages based on the acquired metabolic profile, machine learning models including linear discriminant analysis, Gaussian naïve Bayes, lasso-regularized logistic regression, random forest (RF) …

Ursolic Acid Restores Sensitivity To Gemcitabine Through The Rage/Nf-Κb/Mdr1 Axis In Pancreatic Cancer Cells And In A Mouse Xenograft Model, Zih-Ying Lia, Sheng-Yi Chena, Gow-Chin Yen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Gemcitabine (GEM) is a first-line drug for pancreatic cancer therapy, but GEM resistance is easily developed in patients. Growing evidence suggests that cancer chemoprevention and suppression are highly associated with dietary phytochemical and microbiota composition. Ursolic acid (UA) has anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects; however, its role in improving cancer drug resistance in vivo remains unclear. In this study, the aim was to explore the role of UA in managing drug resistance-associated molecular mechanisms and the influence of gut microbiota. The in vitro results showed that receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB/p65), and multidrug …

Determination Of Phytochemical Compounds In Chicken Breast By Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Federico Cozzi, Irene Eder-Neuhauser, Klaus Teichmann, Mathias Zaunschirm

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

A gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of five phytogenic compounds (carvone, menthol, thymol, carvacrol and methyl salicylate) in chicken breast. Chicken breast samples were analyzed using a QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) approach using acetonitrile as extraction solvent, followed by a d-SPE (dispersive-solid phase extraction) clean up step. The linearities for the 5 substances were studied in the range between 2 and 100 µg/L and the coefficients of determination (R2) were always > 0.995. Matrix effects were also assessed by comparing the slopes obtained in solvent and chicken breast …

Application Of A Comprehensive Metabolomics Approach For The Selection Of Flaxseed Varieties With The Highest Nutritional And Medicinal Attributes, Mohamed A. Salem, Shahira M. Ezzat, Patrick Giavalsico, Essam Abdel Sattar, Nebal El Tanbouly

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Flaxseed is considered an indispensable generally recognized as safe (GRAS) source of polyphenolic lignans, poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), fibers as well as minerals and vitamins. The metabolite content of flaxseed reflects its nutritional and medicinal value. Therefore, the selection of flaxseed variety for food industry is dependent on its metabolome. A metabolomics approach based on liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, has been applied to discriminate different flaxseed cultivars that are commercially available in Egypt. The available Sakha cultivars were subjected to a comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomics approach for investigation of their metabolomes. Our results showed that among …

Human Breast Milk-Based Nutritherapy: A Blueprint For Pediatric Healthcare, Pravin Shende, Bhakti Khanolkar

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Human Breast Milk (HBM) is a storehouse of micronutrients, macronutrients, immune factors, microbiota and numerous other bioactive macromolecules. Fulfilment of optimum nutritional requirements of more than 240 million malnourished infants worldwide is possible via adequate amount (570-900 mL/d) of breast milk administration to infants in first few years of life. Technological advancements enable study of multiple components of HBM like stem cells, bioactive proteins, micro RNAs, immunoglobulins and epithelial cells to understand their role in enhancement of nutritional value of HBM. Furthermore, immunological and protective functions of HBM against various illnesses like diabetes, anemia, respiratory and cardiovascular abnormalities, otitis media …

Current And Potential Applications Of Simultaneous Dsc-Ftir Microspectroscopy For Pharmaceutical Analysis, Shan-Yang Lin

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Quality control (QC) is the most important key issue in the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the quality of drug products. Many analytical instruments and techniques in pharmaceutical analysis are applied to assess the quality and quantity of the drugs. In the current and future trends, a combination of digitization, automation and hyphenation with high throughput on-line performance will be the topics for the future of pharmaceutical QC. The hyphenated analytical techniques have recently received great attention as unique means to solve complex analytical problems in a short period of time. This review article is an update on the recent potential …

Cd151 Drives Cancer Progression Depending On Integrin Α3Β1 Through Egfr Signaling In Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Jianjie Zhu, Tingting Cai, Jieqi Zhou, Wenwen Du, Yuanyuan Zeng, Ting Liu, Yulong Fu, Yue Li, Qian Qian, Xiuwei H. Yang, Qinglin Li, Jian-An Huang, Zeyi Liu

Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences Faculty Publications

Background
Tetraspanins CD151, a transmembrane 4 superfamily protein, has been identified participating in the initiation of a variety of cancers. However, the precise function of CD151 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. Here, we addressed the pro-tumoral role of CD151 in NSCLC by targeting EGFR/ErbB2 which favors tumor proliferation, migration and invasion.

Methods
First, the mRNA expression levels of CD151 in NSCLC tissues and cell lines were measured by RT-PCR. Meanwhile, CD151 and its associated proteins were analyzed by western blotting. The expression levels of CD151 in NSCLC samples and its paired adjacent lung tissues were then verified …

Structural Recognition Of The Myc Promoter G-Quadruplex By A Quinoline Derivative: Insights Into Molecular Targeting Of Parallel G-Quadruplexes, Jonathan Dickerhoff, Jixun Dai, Danzhou Yang

Purdue University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund

DNA G-Quadruplexes (G4s) formed in oncogene promoters regulate transcription. The oncogene MYC promoter G4 (MycG4) is the most prevalent G4 in human cancers. However, the most studied MycG4 sequence bears a mutated 3′-residue crucial for ligand recognition. Here, we report a new drug-like small molecule PEQ without a large aromatic moiety that specifically binds MycG4. We determined the NMR solution structures of the wild-type MycG4 and its 2:1 PEQ complex, as well as the structure of the 2:1 PEQ complex of the widely used mutant MycG4. Comparison of the two complex structures demonstrates specific molecular recognition of MycG4 and shows …

Allergy And Anaphylaxis From The Prehospital Perspective, Anthony E. Conrardy

Dissertations and Theses

Anaphylaxis is considered a severe, potentially fatal, systemic allergic reaction that occurs suddenly after contact with an allergy causing substance. It is estimated that up to 5% of the population has experienced anaphylaxis, with 1% of hospitalizations and 0.1% of emergency department patients having fatal outcomes. We characterized the population of patients encountered by the EMS agency (786 patients) that had a provider impression of “allergic reaction” and then utilized logistic regression models to estimate associations with the administration of epinephrine in the prehospital setting. Additionally, we used incident location data for all patient encounters of the EMS agency …

Evaluating Toxicity Of Varroa Mite (Varroa Destructor)-Active Dsrna To Monarch Butterfly (Danaus Plexippus) Larvae, Niranjana Krishnan, Maura J. Hall, Richard L. Hellmich, Joel R. Coats, Steven P. Bradbury

Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works

Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) are parasitic mites that, combined with other factors, are contributing to high levels of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony losses. A Varroa-active dsRNA was recently developed to control Varroa mites within honey bee brood cells. This dsRNA has 372 base pairs that are homologous to a sequence region within the Varroa mite calmodulin gene (cam). The Varroa-active dsRNA also shares a 21-base pair match with monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) calmodulin mRNA, raising the possibility of non-target effects if there is environmental exposure. We chronically exposed the entire monarch …

Developmental Ethanol Exposure Causes Central Nervous System Dysfunction And May Slow The Aging Process In A Drosophila Model Of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, Khaoula Belhorma, Nahed Darwish, Elizabeth Benn-Hirsch, Annalisa Duenas, Hillary Gates, Navneet Sanghera, Jodie Wu, Rachael L. French

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

Alcohol is a known teratogen, and developmental exposure to ethanol results in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Children born with FASD can exhibit a range of symptoms including low birth weight, microcephaly, and neurobehavioral problems. Treatment of patients with FASD is estimated to cost 4 billion dollars per year in the United States alone, and 2 million dollars per affected individual's lifetime. We have established Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for the study of FASD. Here we report that mutations in Dementin (Dmtn), the Drosophila ortholog of the Alzheimer's disease-associated protein TMCC2, convey sensitivity to developmental ethanol exposure, …

Monarch Butterfly (Danaus Plexippus) Life-Stage Risks From Foliar And Seed-Treatment Insecticides, Niranjana Krishnan, Yang Zhang, Melanie E. Aust, Richard L. Hellmich, Joel R. Coats, Steven P. Bradbury

Biological Sciences Faculty Research & Creative Works

Conservation of North America's eastern monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) population would require establishment of milkweed (Asclepias spp.) and nectar plants in the agricultural landscapes of the north central United States. A variety of seed-treatment and foliar insecticides are used to manage early- and late-season pests in these landscapes. Thus, there is a need to assess risks of these insecticides to monarch butterfly life stages to inform habitat conservation practices. Chronic and acute dietary toxicity studies were undertaken with larvae and adults, and acute topical bioassays were conducted with eggs, pupae, and adults using 6 representative insecticides: beta-cyfluthrin …

Technological Opportunities For Sensing Of The Health Effects Of Weather And Climate Change: A State-Of-The-Art-Review, V. Anderson, A. C. W. Leung, H. Mehdipoor, B. Janicke, D. Milosevic, A. Oliveira, S. Manavvi, P. Kabano, Yuliya Dzyuban, Et Al

Research Collection College of Integrative Studies

Sensing and measuring meteorological and physiological parameters of humans, animals, and plants are necessary to understand the complex interactions that occur between atmospheric processes and the health of the living organisms. Advanced sensing technologies have provided both meteorological and biological data across increasingly vast spatial, spectral, temporal, and thematic scales. Information and communication technologies have reduced barriers to data dissemination, enabling the circulation of information across different jurisdictions and disciplines. Due to the advancement and rapid dissemination of these technologies, a review of the opportunities for sensing the health effects of weather and climate change is necessary. This paper provides …

Wrack Lines Volume 21, Number 1, Born Out Of Crises: Responses, Research And Reflections On A Better Future, Lynn Bonner, Robert J. Klee, Robert Pomeroy, Judy A. Benson

Wrack Lines

Articles in this issue explore various actions taken in response to different crises: lessons about the environment from the COVID-19 pandemic; how seafood sellers in the CT and Southeast Asia responded to the challenges of the pandemic; how the challenges of rising seas and developed coasts are being dealt with through managed retreat, buyouts and other actions in NC and CT; and research on the long-term effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on dolphins led by CTSG Director Sylvain De Guise.

Sustainability And The Post-Covid Normal, Tuck Lye Koh, Michael P. Liwanag, Hong Minh Le

Perspectives@SMU

Governance and flexibility will be key to addressing challenges climate change and the next pandemic will bring

Exposure Characterization And Assessment Of Airborne Chemicals And Sars-Cov-2 Transmission In New York City Nail Salons, Amelia P. H. Watkins

Dissertations and Theses

Background: Currently, there are 156,000 people employed as manicurists or pedicurists in the United States. Employment in this sector is expected to grow by 10% over the next decade. Exposure assessments have revealed that salon workers are chronically exposed to a variety of substances that cause respiratory sensitization, developmental problems, contact dermatitis, blood, liver, and kidney issues, as well as nervous system impacts. Most recently, the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic has raised the issue of the vulnerability of nail salon workers to airborne infectious diseases as well. This dissertation aims to characterize and assess the chemical exposures that nail salon workers …

Technological Opportunities For Sensing Of The Health Effects Of Weather And Climate Change: A State-Of-The-Art-Review, V. Anderson, A. C. W. Leung, H. Mehdipoor, B. Janicke, D. Milosevic, A. Oliveira, S. Manavvi, P. Kabano, Yuliya Dzyuban, Et Al

Research Collection College of Integrative Studies

Sensing and measuring meteorological and physiological parameters of humans, animals, and plants are necessary to understand the complex interactions that occur between atmospheric processes and the health of the living organisms. Advanced sensing technologies have provided both meteorological and biological data across increasingly vast spatial, spectral, temporal, and thematic scales. Information and communication technologies have reduced barriers to data dissemination, enabling the circulation of information across different jurisdictions and disciplines. Due to the advancement and rapid dissemination of these technologies, a review of the opportunities for sensing the health effects of weather and climate change is necessary. This paper provides …

Carbon Dioxide Emissions And The Macroeconomy: Evidence From The Asean Region, Mari Joy M. Buenavista, Rosalina Palanca-Tan

Economics Department Faculty Publications

This paper examined the effects of income, trade, and foreign direct investments (FDI) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries for the period of 1970–2011 using the panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) estimation method. The results of the study were consistent with the environmental Kuznet’s curve (EKC) hypothesis – CO2 emissions increase as per capita GDP increases up to a certain income threshold, beyond which further increase in income is accompanied by lower emissions. However, the threshold per capita GDP (estimated to be USD 20,017) is way above the income levels of …

A Meta-Analysis Of The Protein Components In Rattlesnake Venom, Anant Deshwal, Phuc Phan, Jyotishka Datta, Ragupathy Kannan, Suresh Kumar Thallapuranam

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications and Presentations

The specificity and potency of venom components give them a unique advantage in developing various pharmaceutical drugs. Though venom is a cocktail of proteins, rarely are the synergy and association between various venom components studied. Understanding the relationship between various components of venom is critical in medical research. Using meta-analysis, we observed underlying patterns and associations in the appearance of the toxin families. For Crotalus, Dis has the most associations with the following toxins: PDE; BPP; CRL; CRiSP; LAAO; SVMP P-I and LAAO; SVMP P-III and LAAO. In Sistrurus venom, CTL and NGF have the most associations. These associations …

Investigating Distribution Of Legionella Pneumophila In Urban And Suburban Watersheds, Azlan Maqbool

Student Theses

The presence of Legionella pneumophila was assessed using a cultivation-based approach in New York City waterways, a freshwater portion of the lower Hudson River Estuary near Kingston NY, and in urban and suburban street water. Legionella pneumophila was detected in 51% of brackish New York City Estuary samples, most with concentrations near minimum detection (=>1 organism/ mL). In contrast, it was detected in 22% of suburban freshwater Hudson River Estuary samples. Levels of the bacterium were found to be higher during wet weather compared to dry weather in the highly dense urban setting, but not in the less dense …

Alzheimer’S Disease Drug Development Pipeline: 2021, Jeffrey Cummings, Garam Lee, Kate Zhong, Jorge Fonseca, Kazem Taghva

Brain Health Faculty Research

Introduction The number of individuals worldwide with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is growing at a rapid rate. New treatments are urgently needed. We review the current pipeline of drugs in clinical trials for the treatment of AD. Methods We interrogated ClinicalTrials.gov, the federal registry of clinical trials to identify drugs in trials. Results There are 126 agents in 152 trials assessing new therapies for AD: 28 treatments in Phase 3 trials, 74 in Phase 2, and 24 in Phase 1. The majority of drugs in trials (82.5%) target the underlying biology of AD with the intent of disease modification; 10.3% are …

Contemporary Brazilian Catholicism And Healing Practices: Notes On Environmentalism And Medicalization, Juliano F. Almeida

Journal of Global Catholicism

Anthropological studies on Brazilian Catholicism traditionally focused on popular variants of this religious practice and their relationship with the official Catholicism. Encouraged by recent anthropological perspectives, which highlight the relevance of devoting researches not only on the margins, but also on the center of social practices, this paper analyzes contemporary practices of Brazilian Catholic friars and priests on health promotion. The analysis of their publications (books that include practices and tips on health and that became best sellers etc.), as well as interviews, allows us to perceive a process of environmentalization on the contemporary Brazilian Catholicism. This process seems to …

Editor's Introduction, Marc Roscoe Loustau

Journal of Global Catholicism

No abstract provided.

Addressing Uncertainties Of Polychlorinated Biphenyls In Schools, Alice Fan

Master's Projects and Capstones

Despite the potential neurological health deficits resulting from polychlorinated biphenyls, there is a lack of inhalation studies and regulations to protect students and teachers who are widely exposed to PCBs in older (1950 to 1979) schools. To estimate the extent of PCB detections in Los Angeles County schools, I applied a mathematical model to estimate the range of PCB detections in schools built between 1950 and 1984. I estimate the range of 17-34% PCB detections of open schools within Los Angeles County. Next, I reviewed exposure tools provided by the US EPA to bridge the uncertainty gaps between ingestion and …