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Fuzzy Convergence Sequence And Fuzzy Compact Operators On Standard Fuzzy Normed Spaces, Raghad I. Sabri Dec 2021

Fuzzy Convergence Sequence And Fuzzy Compact Operators On Standard Fuzzy Normed Spaces, Raghad I. Sabri

Baghdad Science Journal

The main purpose of this work is to introducesome types of fuzzy convergence sequencesof operators defined on a standard fuzzy normed space(SFN-spaces) and investigate some properties and relationships between these concepts.Firstly,the definition of weak fuzzy convergence sequence in terms of fuzzy bounded linear functionalis given. Then thenotionsof weakly andstrongly fuzzy convergence sequencesof operators (Γn)are introducedand essential theorems related to these conceptsare proved.In particular,if (Γn) is a strongly fuzzy convergent sequencewith a limit Γwhere Γlinear operatorfrom complete standard fuzzy normed space (U,��U,⊛)into a standard fuzzy normed space (V,��V,⊛)then Γbelongs to the set of all fuzzy bounded linear operators����(U,V). Furthermore, the concept …

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Boubaker Wavelets Functions: Properties And Applications, Suha N. Shihab, Eman H. Ouda, Samaa F. Ibraheem Dec 2021

Boubaker Wavelets Functions: Properties And Applications, Suha N. Shihab, Eman H. Ouda, Samaa F. Ibraheem

Baghdad Science Journal

This paper is concerned with introducing an explicit expression for orthogonal Boubaker polynomial functions with some important properties. Taking advantage of the interesting properties of Boubaker polynomials, the definition of Boubaker wavelets on interval [0,1) is achieved. These basic functions are orthonormal and have compact support. Wavelets have many advantages and applications in the theoretical and applied fields, and they are applied with the orthogonal polynomials to propose a new method for treating several problems in sciences, and engineering that is wavelet method, which is computationally more attractive in the various fields. A novel property of Boubaker wavelet function derivative …

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Qtaim Study Of The Bonding In Triosmium Trihydridecluster[Os3(Μ-H)3(Μ3-ɳ2-Cc7h3(2-Ch3)Ns)(Co)8], Nadia Ezzat Al-Kirbasee, Shatha Raheem Helal Alhimidi, Muhsen Abood Muhsen Al-Ibadi Dec 2021

Qtaim Study Of The Bonding In Triosmium Trihydridecluster[Os3(Μ-H)3(Μ3-ɳ2-Cc7h3(2-Ch3)Ns)(Co)8], Nadia Ezzat Al-Kirbasee, Shatha Raheem Helal Alhimidi, Muhsen Abood Muhsen Al-Ibadi

Baghdad Science Journal

The Atoms in Molecules (AIM) analysis for triosmium cluster, which contains trihydridede, carbon, carbonyl and 2-methylbenzothiazolide ligands, [Os3(µ-H)3(µ3-ɳ2-CC7H3(2-CH3)NS)(CO)8] is reported. Bonding features in this cluster has been analyzed based on QTAIM ("Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules") in this work. The topological indices derived from electron density of relevant interactions in triosmium compound have been studied. The major interesting point of the AIM analyses is that the core of part (Os3H3) reveals the absence of any critical points and bond paths connecting any pairs of Os metal atoms. However, bond critical points with their bond paths occurring between all Os-H …

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Studying The Photodegradation Of Congo Red Dye From Aqueous Solutions Using Bimetallic Au–Pd/Tio2 Photocatalyst, Souad A. Mousa, Sanaa Tareq, Eman A. Muhammed Dec 2021

Studying The Photodegradation Of Congo Red Dye From Aqueous Solutions Using Bimetallic Au–Pd/Tio2 Photocatalyst, Souad A. Mousa, Sanaa Tareq, Eman A. Muhammed

Baghdad Science Journal

In this study, the photodegradation of Congo red dye (CR) in aqueous solution was investigated using Au-Pd/TiO2 as photocatalyst. The concentration of dye, dosage of photocatalyst, amount of H2O2, pH of the medium and temperature were examined to find the optimum values of these parameters. It has been found that 28 ppm was the best dye concentration. The optimum amount of photocatalyst was 0.09 g/75 mL of dye solution when the degradation percent was ~ 96 % after irradiation time of 12 hours, while the best amount of hydrogen peroxide was 7μl/75 mL of dye solution at degradation percent ~97 …

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New Spectral Range Generations From Laser-Plasma Interaction, Shaimaa S. Mahdi, Kadhim A. Aadim, Madyan A. Khalaf Dec 2021

New Spectral Range Generations From Laser-Plasma Interaction, Shaimaa S. Mahdi, Kadhim A. Aadim, Madyan A. Khalaf

Baghdad Science Journal

High-intensity laser-produced plasma has been extensively investigated in many studies. In this demonstration, a new spectral range was observed in the resulted spectra from the laser-plasma interaction, which opens up new discussions for new light source generation. Moreover, the characterizations of plasma have been improved through the interaction process of laser-plasma. Three types of laser were incorporated in the measurements, continuous-wave CW He-Ne laser, CW diode green laser, pulse Nd: YAG laser. As the plasma system, DC glow discharge plasma under the vacuum chamber was considered in this research. The plasma spectral peaks were evaluated, where they refer to Nitrogen …

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Fabrication And Characterization Of Nanofibers Membranes Using Electrospinning Technology For Oil Removal, Amer N. Al-Naemi, Mohammed A. Abdul-Majeed, Mustafa H. Al-Furaiji, Inmar N Ghazi Dec 2021

Fabrication And Characterization Of Nanofibers Membranes Using Electrospinning Technology For Oil Removal, Amer N. Al-Naemi, Mohammed A. Abdul-Majeed, Mustafa H. Al-Furaiji, Inmar N Ghazi

Baghdad Science Journal

Oily wastewater is one of the most challenging streams to deal with especially if the oil exists in emulsified form. In this study, electrospinning method was used to prepare nanofiberous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes and study their performance in oil removal. Graphene particles were embedded in the electrospun PVDF membrane to enhance the efficiency of the membranes. The prepared membranes were characterized using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to verify the graphene stabilization on the surface of the membrane homogeneously; while FTIR was used to detect the functional groups on the membrane surface. The membrane wettability was assessed by measuring …

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Institute For Global Health And Development : Issue 1 - December 2021, Institute For Global Health And Development Dec 2021

Institute For Global Health And Development : Issue 1 - December 2021, Institute For Global Health And Development

IGHD Newsletters

• Climate Change and Environment Sustainability
• Agriculture, Food Security, and Nutrition
• Gender Equality and Women Empowerment
• Sustainable Development Goals

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The Mystery Of Covid-19 Reinfections: A Global Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Rubaid Azhar Dhillon, Mohammad Aadil Qamar, Jaleed Ahmed Gilani, Omar Irfan, Usama Waqar, Mir Ibrahim Sajid, Syed Faisal Mahmood Dec 2021

The Mystery Of Covid-19 Reinfections: A Global Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Rubaid Azhar Dhillon, Mohammad Aadil Qamar, Jaleed Ahmed Gilani, Omar Irfan, Usama Waqar, Mir Ibrahim Sajid, Syed Faisal Mahmood

Department of Medicine

Background: As the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, reports on disparities in vaccine roll out alongside COVID-19 reinfection have been emerging. We conducted a systematic review to assess the determinants and disease spectrum of COVID-19 reinfection.
Materials and methods: A comprehensive search covering relevant databases was conducted for observational studies reporting Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) confirmed infection and reinfection cases. A quality assessment tool developed by the National Institute of Health (NIH) for the assessment of case series was utilized. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 for pooled proportions of findings in first infection and reinfection with a 95% confidence interval …

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Us Consumers' Perceptions Of Raw And Cooked Broken Rice, Matthew G. Richardson, Philip Glen Crandall, Han-Seok Seo, Corliss A. O'Bryan Dec 2021

Us Consumers' Perceptions Of Raw And Cooked Broken Rice, Matthew G. Richardson, Philip Glen Crandall, Han-Seok Seo, Corliss A. O'Bryan

Food Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

Rice supplies about 20% of the calories to the world’s consumers. Milling removes the outer husk and bran, breaking about 20% of the rice kernels during the milling process that equates to almost 100,000,000 tons of rice annually. Broken rice is discounted in price by almost half or relegated to non-human consumption. This study seeks to understand why this large percentage of rice production is discounted for human consumption. Consumers who routinely consume rice evaluated raw and cooked rice with 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% levels of brokens. Sensory analysis indicated the appearance of raw rice with high levels …

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Accident-Proof Headphones: An Analytical Research On How Smart Headphones Could Reduce Road Fatalities, J.K.D.R. Jayasekara, D. Dhammearatchi Dec 2021

Accident-Proof Headphones: An Analytical Research On How Smart Headphones Could Reduce Road Fatalities, J.K.D.R. Jayasekara, D. Dhammearatchi

Journal of Innovation in Science, Engineering and Technology

Headphones are used by most people as a source of entertainment. Many pedestrians, cyclists and joggers like to use headphones while they are on the road even though it can result in extreme sensory deprivation and distraction. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a study on how the use of headphones can reduce the standard limits of human perception. It examines how this increases the vulnerability of one facing road accidents and proposes a possible solution to overcome this issue.

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The Use Doctrine In Trademark Law: Issues From Trade And Transborder Reputation, Srividhya Ragavan Dec 2021

The Use Doctrine In Trademark Law: Issues From Trade And Transborder Reputation, Srividhya Ragavan

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Treat Thy Neighbor As Thyself? Equal Protection And The Scope Of Rluipa’S Equal Terms Clause, Noah Kane Dec 2021

Treat Thy Neighbor As Thyself? Equal Protection And The Scope Of Rluipa’S Equal Terms Clause, Noah Kane

Cardozo Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Toward Lignin Valorization: Development Of Rhodococcus Opacus Pd630 As A Chassis For Triacylglycerol (Tag) Production From Recalcitrant Aromatic Feedstocks, Rhiannon R. Carr Dec 2021

Toward Lignin Valorization: Development Of Rhodococcus Opacus Pd630 As A Chassis For Triacylglycerol (Tag) Production From Recalcitrant Aromatic Feedstocks, Rhiannon R. Carr

McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations

The advent of the industrial era was precipitated by the discovery of fossil fuels, and ushered in unprecedented changes for humanity included but not limited to the development of rapid transit and communications, improvements to food distribution and preservation, the mass production of goods, and a radical rearrangement of communities from relatively small enclaves to metropolises. With all the benefits, however, come considerable costs, especially to the global environment. Greenhouse gas emissions, built up over centuries of unregulated combustion, have precipitated a rate of global temperature change unparalleled in the 4.5 billion-year history of this planet. In order to preserve …

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Nevr: Learning Continuous Neural Video Representation With Local Feature Codes For Video Interpolation, Wentao Shangguan Dec 2021

Nevr: Learning Continuous Neural Video Representation With Local Feature Codes For Video Interpolation, Wentao Shangguan

McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations

Video frame interpolation aims to synthesis a non-exists intermediate frame guided by two successive frames. Recently, some work shows excellent results in learning continuous representation of temporally-varying 3D objects with neural field (NF), which could be used for interpolating the original video. However, these methods require several videos from different viewing angles, the information of camera poses, learning for each specific scene, and achieving sub-optimal results for video frame interpolation. To this end, we propose a new learning neural field representation-based model, Neural Video Representation (NeVR) to learn a continuous representation of videos for high-quality video interpolation. Unlike the traditional …

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The Role Of Fear Of Evaluation In Individuals' Perceptions Of Groups, Jin Shin Dec 2021

The Role Of Fear Of Evaluation In Individuals' Perceptions Of Groups, Jin Shin

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is associated with interpersonal impairment. One possible reason for this dysfunction is that people with SAD evaluate others differently on dimensions of warmth and dominance compared to individuals without the disorder. In the current study, we examined whether two core constructs of SAD, fear of negative evaluation and fear of positive evaluation, affect the judgments that people make about groups based on warmth and dominance. We also investigated whether racial similarity (i.e., whether someone is the same race as those they’re interacting with) and ethnic identity (i.e., one’s sense of belonging to a particular social group) …

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Application Of ``Magnetic Anchors'' To Align Collagen Fibres For Axonal Guidance, Devindraan Sirkkunan, Farina Muhamad, Belinda Pingguan-Murphy Dec 2021

Application Of ``Magnetic Anchors'' To Align Collagen Fibres For Axonal Guidance, Devindraan Sirkkunan, Farina Muhamad, Belinda Pingguan-Murphy

Research Publications (2021 to 2025)

The use of neural scaffolds with a highly defined microarchitecture, fabricated with standard techniques such as electrospinning and microfluidic spinning, requires surgery for their application to the site of injury. To circumvent the risk associated with aciurgy, new strategies for treatment are sought. This has led to an increase in the quantity of research into injectable hydrogels in recent years. However, little research has been conducted into controlling the building blocks within these injectable hydrogels to produce similar scaffolds with a highly defined microarchitecture. ``Magnetic particle string'' and biomimetic amphiphile self-assembly are some of the methods currently available to achieve …

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The Effectiveness Of Indicators Of Financial Discipline In Strengthening The Exchange Rate, With A Special Reference To Iraq, Karrar Mahdi Fenjan, Mohammed Saleh Salman Al-Kubaisi Dec 2021

The Effectiveness Of Indicators Of Financial Discipline In Strengthening The Exchange Rate, With A Special Reference To Iraq, Karrar Mahdi Fenjan, Mohammed Saleh Salman Al-Kubaisi

Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences

Controlling public expenditures is one of the main objectives of the public budget. The public budget often suffers from a deficit, whether in developed or developing countries, because expenditures are usually greater than the revenues generated. This requires the existence of financial rules that are adhered to by the government, which in turn leads to discipline. Fiscal policy leads to a reduction in the obligations incumbent on the government. Adhering to the financial rules would correct the course of fiscal policy in Iraq, with the need to direct oil revenues in the years of financial abundance when global oil prices …

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Using Fuzzy Inference To Evaluation Suppliers In Diyala General Electric Industries Company, Safa Basim Ayed, Wakas S. Khalaf Dec 2021

Using Fuzzy Inference To Evaluation Suppliers In Diyala General Electric Industries Company, Safa Basim Ayed, Wakas S. Khalaf

Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences

The research aims to evaluate the suppliers at Diyala general electric industries company conducted in an environment of uncertainty and fuzzy where there is no particular system followed by the company, and also aims to use the problem of traveling salesman problem in the process of transporting raw materials from suppliers to the company in a fuzzy environment. Therefore, a system based on mathematical methods and quantity was developed to evaluate the suppliers. Fuzzy inference system (FIS) and fuzzy set theory were used to solve this problem through (Matlab) and the problem of the traveling salesman in two stages was …

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Expatriate Workers And Its Repercussions On The Economy And Labor Market In Iraq After 2003, Yusur Qasim Dawood, Lawrence Yahiya Saleh Al- Kubaisi Dec 2021

Expatriate Workers And Its Repercussions On The Economy And Labor Market In Iraq After 2003, Yusur Qasim Dawood, Lawrence Yahiya Saleh Al- Kubaisi

Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences

The demand for expatriate labor to Iraq increased after 2003 as a result of the openness that Iraq experienced, but this expatriate labor, which was requested at an increasing rate, has had economic, social, and political effects on the Iraqi economy in general, and the Iraqi labor market in particular. This is due to the high rates of unemployment, as most of these expatriate workers cause competition to local labor, and thus cause repercussions on the Iraqi economy as a whole, except for those expatriate workers coming with companies working in the oil sector. Iraq's GDP

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Comparison Of Some Non-Parametric Quality Control Methods, Hiba Mustafa Fawzi, Asmaa Ghaleeb Jaber Dec 2021

Comparison Of Some Non-Parametric Quality Control Methods, Hiba Mustafa Fawzi, Asmaa Ghaleeb Jaber

Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences

Multivariate Non-Parametric control charts were used to monitoring the data that generated by using the simulation, whether they are within control limits or not. Since that non-parametric methods do not require any assumptions about the distribution of the data. This research aims to apply the multivariate non-parametric quality control methods, which are Multivariate Wilcoxon Signed-Rank ( ) , kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and k-nearest neighbor ( −

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Comparison Between Nelson-Olson Method And Two-Stage Limited Dependent Variables (2sldv) Method For The Estimation Of A Simultaneous Equations System (Tobit Model), Fulla Makee Ahmed, Eman Mohammed Abdullah Dec 2021

Comparison Between Nelson-Olson Method And Two-Stage Limited Dependent Variables (2sldv) Method For The Estimation Of A Simultaneous Equations System (Tobit Model), Fulla Makee Ahmed, Eman Mohammed Abdullah

Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences

This study relates to the estimation of a simultaneous equations system for the Tobit model where the dependent variables ( ) are limited, and this will affect the method to choose the good estimator. So, we will use new estimations methods different from the classical methods, which if used in such a case, will produce biased and inconsistent estimators which is (Nelson-Olson) method and Two- Stage limited dependent variables(2SLDV) method to get of estimators that hold characteristics the good estimator . That is , parameters will be estimated for the limited variables and find the variance-covariance matrix for extracted estimators …

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A Proposed Mechanism For Financial Reporting On Sustainable Investment And Its Role In Achieving Value Added - Applied In The Iraqi Midland Refineries Company-, Mohammed Ataallah Ali, Salman Hussin Abdullah Dec 2021

A Proposed Mechanism For Financial Reporting On Sustainable Investment And Its Role In Achieving Value Added - Applied In The Iraqi Midland Refineries Company-, Mohammed Ataallah Ali, Salman Hussin Abdullah

Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences

The research aims to develop a proposed mechanism for financial reporting on sustainable investment that takes the specificity of these investments. To achieve this goal, the researcher used (what if scenario) where the future financial statements were prepared for the year 2026, after completion of the sustainable project and operation, as the project requires four years to be completed. The researcher relied on the results of the researchers collected from various modern sources relevant to the research topic and published on the internet, and the financial data and information obtained to assess the reality of the company's activity and its …

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The Role Of Liquidity Indicators To Assess Its Risks And Enhance Capital Adequacy In Banking Activity, Saadallah Abdullah Snjawi, Serwan Kareem Essa Dec 2021

The Role Of Liquidity Indicators To Assess Its Risks And Enhance Capital Adequacy In Banking Activity, Saadallah Abdullah Snjawi, Serwan Kareem Essa

Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences

This purpose of the research is to test liquidity ratios to assess bank liquidity risks represented by liquidity ratios (current assets / current liabilities, current assets / total deposits, current assets / total assets, cash credit / total deposits, liquidity coverage ratio LCR, net stable financing ratio NSFR). This research involves evaluating these risks in banks via these ratios, and reveal the most important means used to solve these risks, including the capital adequacy ratio under the Basel II decisions and for selected period (2017-2019).The research reached the most important conclusion, which is the bank sample did not fall into …

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Reducing Organizational Anomie In Light Of Entrepreneurial Behavior, Lamees Adnan Azeez, Sheffaa Mohammed Ali Dec 2021

Reducing Organizational Anomie In Light Of Entrepreneurial Behavior, Lamees Adnan Azeez, Sheffaa Mohammed Ali

Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences

The research aims to clarify the role of the main variable represented by the four dimensions of entrepreneurial behavior (creative, risk-taking, seizing opportunities, proactivity), in Reducing the dependent variable of organizational anomie with the dimensions (Organizational Normlessness, Organizational Cynicism, Organizational Valuelessness). The experimental, analytical method was adopted in the completion of the research, and an intentional sample of (162) individuals in the administrative levels (higher and middle) in the factory was taken. The questionnaire was also adopted as the main tool, which included (54) paragraphs, as (162) forms were distributed and 144 were retrieved from them, valid for statistical analysis …

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The Mediating Role Of Product Innovation On The Relationship Between Marketing Information System And Customer Orientation, Osamah Sohaib Sabri Alwattar, Melek Yurdakul Dec 2021

The Mediating Role Of Product Innovation On The Relationship Between Marketing Information System And Customer Orientation, Osamah Sohaib Sabri Alwattar, Melek Yurdakul

Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences

Marketing information system (KMIS) is an essential factor of developing business’ performance and getting sustainable success. The main goal of the research is to measure effect of MIS on customer orientation and product innovation. Also, another goal is to analyze the mediation role of product innovation in relationship MIS and customer orientation. This study sought to analyze the marketing information system and measure its effect on the customer orientation and product innovation. The data of the study were collected using questionnaire. The data were analyzed using statistical tools and SPSS programming. The results of the study showed that the KMIS …

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Cutinase From Amycolatopsis Mediterannei: Marked Activation And Stabilisation In Deep Eutectic Solvents, Yeqi Tan, Gemma K. Kinsella, Gary T. Henehan, Barry J. Ryan Dec 2021

Cutinase From Amycolatopsis Mediterannei: Marked Activation And Stabilisation In Deep Eutectic Solvents, Yeqi Tan, Gemma K. Kinsella, Gary T. Henehan, Barry J. Ryan

Articles

Amycolatopsis mediterranei cutinase (AmCut) has potential biocatalytic applications in plastics degradation and ester synthesis. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are next generation biodegradable solvents for biocatalysis. However, the behaviour of cutinase enzymes in DES is little studied. Herein, we examine the effect of selected DES, and their components, on AmCut activity and stability. Low amounts (10% v/v) of DES (choline chloride:glycerol; 1:1 mole ratio) caused striking activation of AmCut (over 2-fold). Further examination showed that the choline chloride component of DES caused the observed activation. This is the first report of activation of a cutinase by a small molecule. At higher …

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Are Vaccine Lotteries Worth The Money?, Christopher Robertson, K. Aleks Schaefer, Daniel Scheitrum Dec 2021

Are Vaccine Lotteries Worth The Money?, Christopher Robertson, K. Aleks Schaefer, Daniel Scheitrum

Faculty Scholarship

This research evaluates the effects of the twelve statewide vaccine lottery schemes that were announced as of June 7, 2021 on state vaccination rates. We construct a dataset that matches information on the timing and location of these lotteries with daily, county-level data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) on the cumulative number of people who have received at least one dose of an emergency-authorized Covid-19 vaccine. We find that 10 of the 12 statewide lotteries studied (i.e., all but Arkansas and California) generated a positive, statistically significant, and economically meaningful impact on vaccine uptake after thirty days. …

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Arkansas Soybean Research Studies 2020, Jeremy Ross Dec 2021

Arkansas Soybean Research Studies 2020, Jeremy Ross

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

The 2020 Arkansas Soybean Research Studies includes research reports on topics pertaining to soybean across several disciplines from breeding to post-harvest processing. Research reports contained in this publication may represent preliminary or only data from a single year or limited results; therefore, these results should not be used as a basis for long-term recommendations. Several research reports in this publication will appear in other University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture’s Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station publications. This duplication is the result of the overlap in research coverage between disciplines and our effort to inform Arkansas soybean producers of the research …

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Health Reform Reconstruction, Lindsay F. Wiley, Elizabeth Mccuskey, Matthew B. Lawrence, Erin C. Fuse Brown Dec 2021

Health Reform Reconstruction, Lindsay F. Wiley, Elizabeth Mccuskey, Matthew B. Lawrence, Erin C. Fuse Brown

Faculty Scholarship

This Article connects the failed, inequitable U.S. coronavirus pandemic response to conceptual and structural constraints that have held back U.S health reform for decades and calls for reconstruction. For more than a half-century, a cramped "iron triangle" ethos has constrained health reform conceptually. Reforms aimed to balance individual interests in cost, quality, and access to health care, while marginalizing equity, solidarity, and public health. In the iron triangle era, reforms unquestioningly accommodated four legally and logistically entrenched fixtures - individualism, fiscal fragmentation, privatization, and federalism - that distort and diffuse any reach toward social justice. The profound racial disparities and …

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Regulating Mobility Limitations In The Franchise Relationship As Dependency In The Joint Employment Doctrine, Andrew Elmore Dec 2021

Regulating Mobility Limitations In The Franchise Relationship As Dependency In The Joint Employment Doctrine, Andrew Elmore

Faculty Scholarship

Franchisors often impose exhaustive operational standards on franchisees, and enforce those standards by restricting the mobility of their franchisees and their franchisees' employees. But courts often ignore mobility limits when applying joint employer doctrine. This Article argues that courts and agencies should be more likely to find, and presume, that franchisors and their franchisees are joint employers under federal and state employment law based on proof that a franchisor restricts the mobility of franchisees or their employees. In so doing, this Article traces how the Chicago School's efficiency arguments in favor of relaxing antitrust law enforcement of vertical restraints developed …

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