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Surface-Functionalized Chemiresistive Films That Exploit H-Bonding, Cation-Pi, And Metal-Halide Interactions., Prasadanie Karunarathna Adhihetty May 2022

Surface-Functionalized Chemiresistive Films That Exploit H-Bonding, Cation-Pi, And Metal-Halide Interactions., Prasadanie Karunarathna Adhihetty

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The development of gas sensors for detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been of interest in the sensing field for decades. To date, the use of metal nanoparticle-based chemiresistors for trace VOC detection, particularly gold nanoparticle-based sensors, is of great interest due to their high chemical stability, ease of synthesis, unique optical properties, large surface to volume ratio, and high level of conductivity. Much effort has been devoted towards gold monolayer protected clusters (Au MPCs) as chemiresistors to detect harmful VOCs. The present thesis documents the results of our efforts to exploit the advantages of functionalized Au MPCs chemiresistors …

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Porphyromonas Gingivalis, Ethanol, And Chronic Diseases., Nicholas Alan Short May 2022

Porphyromonas Gingivalis, Ethanol, And Chronic Diseases., Nicholas Alan Short

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation is an investigation into the relationships among Porphyromonas gingivalis, ethanol, and a series of chronic diseases, focusing primarily on atherosclerosis. It uses evolutionary theory to understand clinical parameters related to chronic disease biology. The initial research question was, "If people who drink a glass of wine each day have a lower risk for atherosclerosis, could one explanation involve antibacterial effects on pathogens associated with causing atherosclerosis, namely, Porphyromonas gingivalis?". This dissertation is divided into four chapters. Chapter One provides the foundational information pertinent to the dissertation. Chapter Two describes an in- vitro experiment aimed at understanding …

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Learning The Language Of America: A Descriptive Phenomenolgical Study Of Black American Racial Conscientization., Kyee A Young May 2022

Learning The Language Of America: A Descriptive Phenomenolgical Study Of Black American Racial Conscientization., Kyee A Young

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This transcendental phenomenological dissertation is an examination of the lived experience of Black American Racial Conscientization (RCZ). Worded differently, this descriptive phenomenological study investigated how Black Americans learn to perceive racial oppression and the various means by which they resist it. Fourteen in-depth interviews from within the epoché were conducted. The sample was heterogeneous with respect to age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, career path, martial and parental status, sex, home and current state, and religious affiliation. The sample was homogeneous regarding citizenship status and gender identity. Data explication manifested 97 different codes that were then grouped into five situated …

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Effects Of A Mindfulness-Based Intervention On Students' Academic Engagement, Frequency Of Disruptive Behavior, And Overall Mood States., Leah Riggs May 2022

Effects Of A Mindfulness-Based Intervention On Students' Academic Engagement, Frequency Of Disruptive Behavior, And Overall Mood States., Leah Riggs

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Research into the prevalence of childhood trauma indicates that adverse experiences continue to negatively impact children and youth across the country. Current research is expanding the concept of trauma to include many children’s’ ongoing fear and worry surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and experiencing the death of grandparents or other family and community members due to the virus. Symptoms of trauma may manifest in the classroom as behaviors that are attention seeking, defiant, destructive, hyperactive, disruptive, or all of the above. One emerging practice for meeting the needs of children who have experienced trauma is blending classroom behavior management and academic …

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Structural, Charge Transport, Gas Sensing, Magnetic, Pseudocapacitive, And Electrocatalytic Properties Of Perovskite Oxides., Surendra Bahadur Karki May 2022

Structural, Charge Transport, Gas Sensing, Magnetic, Pseudocapacitive, And Electrocatalytic Properties Of Perovskite Oxides., Surendra Bahadur Karki

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Perovskites are functional materials with the general formula ABO3 (A = alkali, alkaline earth or lanthanoid cations and B = transition metal or main group cations). These materials are marked by a variety of crystal structures and interesting properties such as colossal magnetoresistance, ferroelectricity, multiferroicity, superconductivity, pseudocapacitance, gas sensing, charge transport, and electrocatalytic properties. The formula of perovskite can be written as AA’BB’O6, when there is ordering between two cations over A and B-sites. Such compounds are called double perovskite oxides. Some amount of oxygen could be lost from crystal structure without decomposition of the phase. Such …

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Engineering Lewis Acidic Materials For Biomass Conversion And Battery Applications., Md Anwar Hossain May 2022

Engineering Lewis Acidic Materials For Biomass Conversion And Battery Applications., Md Anwar Hossain

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

My long-term goal is to develop catalytic systems to produce renewable energy for a sustainable society. The overall research objective of my dissertation is to advance understanding of Lewis acidic materials for (1) conversion of renewable lignin into phenolics and (2) enhanced cycling stability of lithium metal batteries to safely store renewable electricity from wind and solar, thereby laying the groundwork for our transition to a sustainable society. Petroleum is a conventional feedstock for current transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels). However, petroleum is a finite resource and produces greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) upon processing, …

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Lysosomal Evasion Of Legionella Pneumophilia The Effector., Bethany Vaughn May 2022

Lysosomal Evasion Of Legionella Pneumophilia The Effector., Bethany Vaughn

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Legionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium found in freshwater environments that has co-evolved to survive and proliferate in various amoeba and protozoan species, which serve as the natural host for the bacterium. Humans are an accidental host of L. pneumophila, where infection occurs upon inhalation of aerosolized water droplets that contain the bacteria. Intracellular proliferation of L. pneumophila in alveolar macrophages is essential for manifestation of pneumonia, designated as Legionnaires’ Disease. Biogenesis of the legionella containing vacuole (LCV) occurs via interception of ER-Golgi vesicle trafficking and avoids the default endosomal/lysosomal degradation pathway. Intracellular proliferation of L. pneumophila …

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"We Will Work A Lot And You Are So Loved": Teacher Perspectives On Building Positive Relationships With Students., Geena Constantin May 2022

"We Will Work A Lot And You Are So Loved": Teacher Perspectives On Building Positive Relationships With Students., Geena Constantin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This multiple case study using the Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach (Alase, 2017) supported a need to understand the specific realities of student-teacher relationship-building. This investigation allowed a deeper look into four teachers’ perceptions of what it means to build positive relationships with students. This research study added to the literature demonstrating the importance of building strong positive relationships with students built on demonstrations of high expectations and care and driven by mutual understandings and celebration of diverse cultures and identities. Supporting this small group of teachers in investigating their personal beliefs about relationship-building was a step forward in defining …

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Findings And Understandings Of 'Home': An Ethnographic Study Of How Homeless People And Displaced Persons Negotiate The Word 'Home'., Abby F Perez May 2022

Findings And Understandings Of 'Home': An Ethnographic Study Of How Homeless People And Displaced Persons Negotiate The Word 'Home'., Abby F Perez

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation is an ethnographic study of various meanings of the word ‘home’ and how the word ‘home’ is used by homeless, evicted, and displaced persons, and by the researcher of the study, to negotiate boundaries and relations of power to achieve goals, both moral and material.Scholarly research on home in urban studies and sociology has produced many definitions and meanings of the word ‘home’ and concepts of home, but often neglects to consider the way the word itself is experienced, personally, by individuals and how to make sense of the way these personal experiences relate to official meanings of …

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Finding The Silver Lining: The Role Of Affect And Adversity In Entrepreneurial Venturing., Lauren A. Zettel May 2022

Finding The Silver Lining: The Role Of Affect And Adversity In Entrepreneurial Venturing., Lauren A. Zettel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Motivated goal pursuit is a foundational concept in entrepreneurial venturing. Entrepreneurs set goals for their ventures, and their persistence in pursuing these goals ultimately impacts the success of their venture. Many of the explanations of motivation in goal pursuit have focused on the benefits of steady progress and positive emotions. However, entrepreneurs inevitably face adversity and setbacks which, in turn, beget negative emotions. It is yet unclear what role adversity and the ensuing negative emotions may have in motivating entrepreneurs. In order to extend our theoretical understanding of affect and adversity in entrepreneurial venturing, this dissertation draws on the existing …

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Western Christianity And The Origins Of Antiblackness, Eurocentrism, And White Supremacist Ideology., John Chenault May 2022

Western Christianity And The Origins Of Antiblackness, Eurocentrism, And White Supremacist Ideology., John Chenault

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative study investigates the cult(ural) and intellectual history of Western Christianity to address a significant gap in the literature pertaining to the origins of whiteness/antiblackness in the West and its subsequent socialization worldwide. Western Christianity’s seminal role in the social construction of the whiteness/antiblackness dichotomy has been undertheorized, neglected, and ignored. This study finds early Christian theologians categorically imposed conceptual metaphors about Blackness on African people that depicted them as the exemplars of evil to teach Christian doctrine about sin and salvation. It connects these original antiblack discourses directly to the theo-political arguments Western European Christians used centuries later …

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Understanding Public Emergency Preparedness Before And During The Coronavirus Outbreak: Implications For Effective Public Health And Risk Communication., Raphael Adjetey Fumey May 2022

Understanding Public Emergency Preparedness Before And During The Coronavirus Outbreak: Implications For Effective Public Health And Risk Communication., Raphael Adjetey Fumey

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a dramatic loss of human lives globally and presents an unprecedented challenge to public health, the world of work, and our food systems. The social and economic disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic is devastating, putting several millions of people at risk of falling into extreme poverty, with over 500 million people being undernourished. It is evident from the data on COVID-19 cases, deaths, and hospitalizations that the United States is the worse hit country, which can be attributed to the lack of preparedness at the individual, environmental, and government levels. This study applied …

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Protest-Related Tear Gas Exposure And Menstrual Function, Emily Kathleen (Steinmetz) Reece May 2022

Protest-Related Tear Gas Exposure And Menstrual Function, Emily Kathleen (Steinmetz) Reece

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

During the racial justice protests of 2020 and 2021, crowd control chemical irritants (referred to as “tear gas”) were deployed against protesters, after which there were anecdotal reports of altered menstrual cycles among exposed individuals. There is only one peer reviewed published study on tear gas exposure and menstrual health. This study examined whether tear gas exposure was associated with menstrual cycle outcomes among women attending the 2020-2021 protests. Data from 103 women who attended racial justice protests in 2020 and 2021 were collected through an online questionnaire. Data included protest attendance, acute symptoms of tear gas exposure, whether medical …

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Person-Centered Decision-Making And Socio-Cultural Contexts Influencing Cesarean Deliveries: A National Analysis., Alice M. Story May 2022

Person-Centered Decision-Making And Socio-Cultural Contexts Influencing Cesarean Deliveries: A National Analysis., Alice M. Story

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The cesarean delivery rate has increased and accounts for a third of pregnancies in the U.S., especially among marginalized women. This study applied a newly developed conceptual model to identify potential areas of influence that could reduce rates of cesarean deliveries. The Giving Voice to Mothers - United States data was used for analyses to predict covariates associated with having a cesarean delivery vs. spontaneous vaginal delivery (n=1,876). Significant covariates were determined and included the following: having a prior cesarean delivery (OR: 14.11, 95% CI: 7.99 - 24.90); more than one child (OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.13 - 0.35); elevated …

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Determinants Of Caregiver Burden Among Informal Caregivers Looking After Older Adults With Alzheimer's Disease In Saudi Arabia., Sultan Ali Shubair May 2022

Determinants Of Caregiver Burden Among Informal Caregivers Looking After Older Adults With Alzheimer's Disease In Saudi Arabia., Sultan Ali Shubair

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Caregiver burden in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a significant factor in the deterioration of caregivers’ physical and mental health. Moreover, increased caregiver burden has been associated with the decline in quality of life and the reduced quality of care for the care recipient. However, the level of caregiver burden perceived by informal caregivers of care recipients with AD can be varied with the impact of different factors related to the caregiver, care recipient, and caregiving process. Identifying factors associated with caregiver burden and exploring factors that account for variation in caregiver burden are vital to prevent adverse outcomes of caregiver …

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“I Think It's Male Privilege”: A Qualitative Study Of Personal, Behavioral, And Socio-Environmental Factors Influencing High Risk Sexual Behavior And Hiv Transmission Among Heterosexual Adult Males In Ghana., Nana Ama Aya Erzuah Bullock May 2022

“I Think It's Male Privilege”: A Qualitative Study Of Personal, Behavioral, And Socio-Environmental Factors Influencing High Risk Sexual Behavior And Hiv Transmission Among Heterosexual Adult Males In Ghana., Nana Ama Aya Erzuah Bullock

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

There are roughly 340,000 adults and children living with HIV. Despite the progress in the global response and the lowing of infections, HIV rates in Ghana remain stable. Cultural and societal norms that exist at a given time and place influence masculine socialization and behavior. These norms promote heterosexual men’s engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors which result in HIV infections. Factors such as HIV knowledge, risk perception, male condom use, HIV testing, and counseling which minimize the risk of HIV, are also influenced by these norms. Men have been identified as assets and advocates for behavior change and social responsibility …

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The Underbelly Of Residential Segregation, Bussing To Integrate And The Educational Ramifications: A Case Study Of Louisville Kentucky., Camara Douglas May 2022

The Underbelly Of Residential Segregation, Bussing To Integrate And The Educational Ramifications: A Case Study Of Louisville Kentucky., Camara Douglas

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Integration of the American public school system is often examined to figure out if integration worked. This dissertation examined busing to integrate into Louisville, Kentucky. Busing to integrate in Louisville, Kentucky, took place during that 1975-1976 school year. Louisville’s case is somewhat different. Not only did they finally follow federal mandates to integrate, they had to mix two totally separate school systems, one for the county (White) and one from the city (African American). The objectives are: (1) what were the experiences and perceptions of African American students in high school who lived in the West Louisville hyper-segregated neighborhoods and …

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A Modeling Platform To Predict Cancer Survival And Therapy Outcomes Using Tumor Tissue Derived Metabolomics Data., Hunter Allan Miller May 2022

A Modeling Platform To Predict Cancer Survival And Therapy Outcomes Using Tumor Tissue Derived Metabolomics Data., Hunter Allan Miller

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Cancer is a complex and broad disease that is challenging to treat, partially due to the vast molecular heterogeneity among patients even within the same subtype. Currently, no reliable method exists to determine which potential first-line therapy would be most effective for a specific patient, as randomized clinical trials have concluded that no single regimen may be significantly more effective than others. One ongoing challenge in the field of oncology is the search for personalization of cancer treatment based on patient data. With an interdisciplinary approach, we show that tumor-tissue derived metabolomics data is capable of predicting clinical response to …

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Mission Drift And The Effectiveness Of Resource Dependence Theory In An Internally Resource-Constrained Environment., Kirsten Bullock May 2022

Mission Drift And The Effectiveness Of Resource Dependence Theory In An Internally Resource-Constrained Environment., Kirsten Bullock

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Why are some organizations able to maintain focus on their mission while others founder? This theoretical and empirical dissertation examines the relationships among funding sources, management practices, and organizational stigma within an internally resource-constrained environment. Using Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) as a basis to manage external resource dependencies, I build a theoretical model and empirically test a research model to understand how funding source affects mission drift, how management practices might help organizations manage that drift, and what effect organizational stigma might have on those relationships within an environment of internal resource constraints. Specifically, this study hypothesizes that nonprofits that …

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The Roles Of Pon2 In Mitochondrial Physiology, Lung Tumor Cell Proliferation, And Lung Tumorigenesis., Aaron Whitt May 2022

The Roles Of Pon2 In Mitochondrial Physiology, Lung Tumor Cell Proliferation, And Lung Tumorigenesis., Aaron Whitt

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is an intracellular, multifunctional enzyme with near-ubiquitous tissue distribution. Within cells, PON2 is localized to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it mitigates the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PON2’s chief enzymatic function is its lactonase activity, through which it catalyzes the hydrolysis of a bacterial quorum-sensing molecule, N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (C12), effectively disrupting bacterial intercellular communication and protecting against infection. C12 is produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and has been shown to disrupt various aspects of eukaryotic host cell physiology and evoke apoptotic cell death through the activity of PON2. Additionally, PON2 has garnered …

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As Above, So Below: Magical Poetics And Queer Alchemy & A Planetary Spell.., Robert Eric Shoemaker May 2022

As Above, So Below: Magical Poetics And Queer Alchemy & A Planetary Spell.., Robert Eric Shoemaker

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

"Words have power": no more obvious statement has perhaps ever been made in an essay. However, the nature of that power is quite complicated, with a long and contentious history. I think of poetry as magic. Poetry is magical in the sense that it has ineffable qualities to it that enable readers to experience new thoughts and feelings when experiencing poetry, but when I say magic I mean that I think of poetry as actual, practical magic. As I will argue, poetry has magical qualities to it regardless of who is weaving the words, while intentional use of a self-aware …

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Development And Novel Applications Of Halogenating Agents., Sagar Ravso Mudshinge May 2022

Development And Novel Applications Of Halogenating Agents., Sagar Ravso Mudshinge

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Organic halides are extensively utilized as synthetic intermediates in areas such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and material polymers. While many halogenating agents have been developed, they continue to have low efficiency or selectivity, are difficult to handle, and often have limited substrate scope. To address this issue, our laboratory has developed novel halogenating agents with improved stability and efficiency. In these studies, we demonstrated a novel application of halogenating reagent, HCl·DMPU, in the nitrile synthesis. We developed a novel method for C−SCF3/SeCF3 cross-coupling reactions using gold redox catalysis. We developed a novel trifluoromethylating agent in a cost-effective and …

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Nucleate Boiling Under Different Gravity Values: Numerical Simulations & Data-Driven Techniques., Sandipan Banerjee May 2022

Nucleate Boiling Under Different Gravity Values: Numerical Simulations & Data-Driven Techniques., Sandipan Banerjee

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Nucleate boiling is important in nuclear applications and cooling applications under earth gravity conditions. Under reduced gravity or microgravity environment, it is significant too, especially in space exploration applications. Although multiple studies have been performed on nucleate boiling, the effect of gravity on nucleate boiling is not well understood. This dissertation primarily deals with numerical simulations of nucleate boiling using an adaptive Moment-of-Fluid (MoF) method for a single vapor bubble (water vapor or Perfluoro-n-hexane) in saturated liquid for different gravity levels. Results concerning the growth rate of the bubble, specifically the departure diameter and departure time have been provided. The …

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The Role Of Accuracy In Children’S Judgments Of Experts’ Knowledge., Allison J. Williams May 2022

The Role Of Accuracy In Children’S Judgments Of Experts’ Knowledge., Allison J. Williams

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Children prefer to trust people with expertise and people who are accurate. Because experts make mistakes and give incorrect information (e.g., predictions and diagnoses), this dissertation explores children’s judgments of knowledge for experts who provide inaccurate information. Across two studies, 6- to 9-years-olds (N = 160) were introduced to two experts in different domains (doctor and mechanic) and rated how much each expert knows about their relevant domain. Then, over four consecutive trials, participants heard one expert give inaccurate answers to easy questions in their domain. After each trial, children explained why they believed the expert gave inaccurate answers …

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Definitions And Depictions Of Rhetorical Practice In Medieval English Fürstenspiegel., Joseph Ethan Blaine Sharp May 2022

Definitions And Depictions Of Rhetorical Practice In Medieval English Fürstenspiegel., Joseph Ethan Blaine Sharp

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation examines how medieval authors defined rhetoric and depicted rhetorical practice in medieval English Fürstenspiegel. It begins by analyzing how the field of medieval rhetorical historiography has overlooked the Fürstenspiegel as a rhetorical genre due to its overt reliance on meta-rhetorical handbook genres as the objects of its analysis. This dissertation challenges traditional narratives that positions medieval rhetoric as a primarily academic discipline divorced from political practice by engaging in horizontal reading practices that examine the broader culture of medieval rhetorical practice alongside the definitions of rhetoric found in medieval English Fürstenspiegel. In so doing, this dissertation …

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Sustainable Nanocatalysis In Water For C–C And C–N Cross-Couplings., Tharique Ahammed Ansari Nalakath May 2022

Sustainable Nanocatalysis In Water For C–C And C–N Cross-Couplings., Tharique Ahammed Ansari Nalakath

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The development and application of various micelle-enabled nanopalladium-catalyzed organic transformations are discussed in this dissertation. These methodologies primarily harness the “micellar effect” imparted by the custom-designed amphiphile PS-750-M. Modern spectroscopic and imaging techniques were employed to systematically study the metal-micelle interactions and answer the fundamental questions regarding the operational nature of micellar catalysis. Chapter 1 reviews the history and evolution of organic synthesis, providing a critical outlook regarding the alarming inefficiency of contemporary synthetic practices indicating an inevitable transition to more sustainable synthetic techniques. In this context, the development of micellar catalysis is discussed, emphasizing its basic principles, applications, and …

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The Role Of Obesity In Macrophage-Mediated Mechanisms Promoting Early-Onset Colon Cancer., Katharina Marietta Scheurlen May 2022

The Role Of Obesity In Macrophage-Mediated Mechanisms Promoting Early-Onset Colon Cancer., Katharina Marietta Scheurlen

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Early-onset colon cancer (EOCC) is a leading cause of cancer death among people younger than 50 years of age in the United States and is associated with metabolic dysfunction and obesity. Anti-inflammatory tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and low Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) gene expression in colon cancer (CC) tissue promote tumor progression and decreased patient survival. Obesity-related hormones, such as leptin and adiponectin, have the potential to affect gene expression in TAM to promote CC progression and thereby link obesity and EOCC. The aim of this project was to identify target genes in human CC and to investigate the …

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Motivations Of Division I Student-Athletes To Participate In Strength And Conditioning Programs., Liza Reader May 2022

Motivations Of Division I Student-Athletes To Participate In Strength And Conditioning Programs., Liza Reader

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to understand the motivations of Division I collegiate athletes to participate in strength and conditioning programs as a part of their sports performance program. Specifically, this study examined what the motivations were and whether there were any differences between the athlete subpopulations of age group, gender, sport played, sport type, and injury status. In contrast to existing sport participation motivation research, this study focused on the participation of strength and conditioning as a part of sport participation, an area barren of motivational understanding and literature. This study utilized Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and Achievement Goal …

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Fluid Structure Interactions Within A Common Rail Diesel Injector., Russell Prater May 2022

Fluid Structure Interactions Within A Common Rail Diesel Injector., Russell Prater

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The internal flow of a high-pressure diesel injector is simulated numerically to investigate the complex transient flow structures and the unsteady forces imparted to the injector needle that result from the asymmetric flow fields developed during operation. The gas-liquid two phase flow is simulated using a mixture model with the cavitation numerically modeled using the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model. Both the k-ε model and the detached eddy simulation (DES) model are used, and the numerical results are compared. This dissertation looks at the internal flow of a generic injector at different lifts and characterizes the flow parameters at high lift and low …

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The Exploratory Study Of Jefferson County Public Schools' Freshman Academies Of Louisville Model On Student Promotion, Attendance, And Sense Of Belonging., Andrew Lewis Thomas May 2022

The Exploratory Study Of Jefferson County Public Schools' Freshman Academies Of Louisville Model On Student Promotion, Attendance, And Sense Of Belonging., Andrew Lewis Thomas

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The middle school years are a pivotal time in a student’s life in which they deal with a range of issues, one of which is high school transition (Osler & Walden, 2012). McCallumore and Sparapani (2010) describe ninth grade as the critical year for completing high school. To facilitate the transition from middle to high school, freshman academies, a smaller learning community, seek to increase student promotion from ninth to tenth-grade, attendance, and sense of belonging through a myriad of interventions (Jefferson County Public Schools, 2018). There is a need to compare the student outcomes who attend traditional schools that …

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