Digital Commons Network^™

Examination Of The Association Among Family Communication Patterns, Attitudes Toward Sex, And Sexual Communication Self-Efficacy, Brooklynn Edelmayer

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the role that family communication plays in the development of sexual attitudes and sexual communication self-efficacy. Essentially, each family has a unique communication environment, which consists of how open communication is, the variety of topics a family might discuss, and expectations of conformity that parents have for their children. Attitudes toward sex can be conservative–reflecting traditional views toward sex–or progressive–reflecting tolerance and flexibility toward various sexual lifestyles. Sexual communication self-efficacy is the degree to which an individual feels comfortable communicating about sex with a sexual partner. Participants in …

Cannabis: A Model Plant To Study Light-Mediated Reproductive Development, Madigan J.H. Eckels

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is a plant of increasing importance for research, medical, recreational, industrial, and agricultural purposes, but a strict legal landscape means that it was chronically understudied. Now that research institutions can utilize this plant for study, we require updated terminology to describe various cannabis flowering types that occur under ideal and non-ideal growing conditions. We introduce new flowering terminology and describe them in text and with photographs.

Plants use light as a resource to power photosynthesis, and a greater total sum of photons generally increases yield. In controlled environment agriculture where growers utilize light fixtures instead …

From Stuckness To Sustainability: Tailoring A Conflict Management Framework To Support Emotional Processing In English Teaching, Isabelle Scott

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Nationally, teachers are struggling to simply stay in the career, let alone thrive in it, and many education researchers are recognizing that teaching has become a largely unsustainable career for an increasing number of educators. There are many complex challenges that English Language Arts (ELA) teachers face that contribute to this dissatisfaction and the unsustainability of the career, including the demanding human and relationship-focus of the work, the emotional intensity in this type of caring, intense debates and controversies occurring in national politics that then play into the classroom, and an overarching disillusionment with teaching. This thesis explores such problems …

An Alternative Representation For Temporal Json, Bishal Sarkar

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a common format for representing and exchanging data on the web. Most systems only keep the current version of a JSON document, even though, in many situations, it is also important to know how that document changed over time. For example, an application might need to answer questions such as “What did this record look like last week?” or “How has this list grown over the past year?” A simple way to keep this history is to store a full copy of the document every time it changes, but this quickly becomes wasteful, most of …

Effect Of Agroecological Feeding Systems Of Dairy Cattle On The Nutritional Composition Of Milk, Sree Bhavya Immadi

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

How food is produced can influence both its nutritional quality and its impact on the environment. In recent years, regenerative (agroecological) farming practices have gained attention for their potential to improve soil health, biodiversity, and the nutritional value of foods. In dairy production, these practices often involve growing more diverse forage crops, reducing soil disturbance, and relying less on monoculture-grown feed rations. However, there is still limited real-world evidence showing how these practices affect the nutritional composition of milk produced on commercial dairy farms.

This dissertation explores how regenerative feeding and feed production practices influence the nutritional quality of milk, …

Reading Cache Valley Rhetorics: Towards A Composition Pedagogy Of Place, Dax Gove

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

“Reading Cache Valley Rhetorics: Towards a Composition Pedagogy of Place” proposes that place—one’s immediate locale—is an essential element of ecocritical writing pedagogy. There are constant interacting rhetorical constructions of meaning within any given place across texts from the different groups who have lived there. In these local texts, the evidence of a rhetorically mediated reality is evident in the stark differences between natures and cultures—meaning is rhetorically constructed, down to the meaning of place and people. This project reads texts local to the author’s immediate locale, Cache Valley, Utah, from white LDS settler and Indigenous Shoshone rhetors in order to …

Developing Fragility Curves For Steel Special Moment-Resisting Frames In Utah, Olivia P. Murphy

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Major seismic events along the Wasatch Fault represent a serious threat to Utah's residents and built environment. Engineers currently rely on a statistical approach that calculates earthquake ground shaking based on probabilities of various events occurring over extended time periods. This method informs how strong new buildings must be constructed. However, many structural engineering professionals in Utah worry that this probability-based approach may significantly underestimate the actual ground shaking compared to an alternative method that examines the largest possible earthquake a fault can generate. The substantial differences between the two analytical approaches raise fundamental concerns about whether existing construction standards …

Effects Of Serum And Commercial Serum-Free Media On Development Of In Vitro Produced (Ivp) Embryos In Cattle, Kyla Miller

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Serum-containing media has been shown to increase incidence of large offspring syndrome and to alter gene expression, protein synthesis, and cell signaling. These factors together can result in increased pregnancy loss when combined with assisted reproduction technologies. However, there are very few direct comparisons of commercial serum-free media (IVF Bioscience™) and serum-containing media on both IVF and cloned embryo development in cattle. The aim of this study was to determine the role of serum in oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development. Three culture systems, including in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro culture (IVC), were used in this study. Both …

Projected Land-Use Change In Northern Utah: Its Implication On Above- And Below-Ground Biomass Carbon, Md Khan Shajidul Kabir

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Land can broadly be classified based on human use and natural characteristics into categories such as cropland, pastureland, urban areas, forests, shrubland, and wetlands. Each type of land has a different capacity to store carbon, and forests play a dominant role. In Utah, economic incentives, urban growth, and population increase are driving shifts in these land-use categories. Using data on agricultural revenue, land values, environmental characteristics, and satellite-based carbon information from the past decade, this study examines how land use may change over the next two decades. The findings suggest a substantial expansion of urban areas, accompanied by declines in …

The Practice Of Inclusion: Indigenous Knowledge And Ethical Design, Kate E. Van Der Zalm

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Indigenous Knowledge is a cumulative body of practices and beliefs developed by Indigenous communities through generations of interaction with the natural environment. This knowledge offers valuable insights for caring for the land in sustainable and respectful ways but is not fully considered in modern planning and design practices. This research examines how Indigenous Knowledge is currently understood and used within landscape planning and design firms in British Columbia, Canada. Using a combination of existing research and interviews with design professionals and Indigenous participants, the study explores where Indigenous Knowledge is being applied, where challenges exist, and what opportunities remain for …

Gradient Based Optimization Methods For Robust Learning And Biomedical Signal Modeling, Jarrod Mau

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

This dissertation explores how modern artificial intelligence techniques can be used to better understand complex biological data. Specifically, it develops new machine learning based methods and applies them to two important biomedical problems: analyzing brain signals and studying protein behavior.

The first part of the work introduces a new machine learning approach designed to improve how computers classify structured data. Traditional neural networks are powerful but can sometimes generalize poorly. This research proposes a method that combines the flexibility of neural networks with the reliability of ensemble techniques, leading to more robust and accurate predictions across different types of datasets. …

Scalable Roof Polygon Extraction And Geometric Characterization From Remotely-Sensed Data For Snow Load Assessment, Jashon Newlun

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Heavy snow accumulation on rooftops is a serious structural risk in cold climates, and understanding how much snow builds up on different types of roofs is essential for safe building design. Currently, most data on roof snow loads comes from small, labor-intensive field surveys that cover only a handful of buildings at a time. This results in far too few measurements of buildings to draw confident conclusions about how snow behaves across communities. This thesis develops and demonstrates a new automated approach for measuring roof snow accumulation and extracting key building characteristics across thousands of buildings at once using airborne …

Exploring The Correlation Between Malnutrition And Food And Nutrition Insecurity In Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Heather Burr

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) may increase the risk of malnutrition because of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and restrictive eating. In addition, patients with IBD may experience food and nutrition insecurity. Therefore, we conducted an online survey to assess risk of malnutrition and food and nutrition insecurity among adult patients with IBD in outpatient and community settings. Patients were recruited between July and December 2025, aiming to reach adults in the Rocky Mountain Region diagnosed with IBD. Data collected included demographics, health-related factors, risk of nutrition insecurity, risk of food insecurity, and barriers and facilitators to dietary management of IBD.

Fifty-seven patients …

Faith And Doubt: Exploring How We Interpret The World, Amber Mccuen

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Fall 2023 to Present

This collection of four fictional short stories explores questions of belief—and practice of belief—in four separate contexts. The first story, “Little Marie,” follows a young girl who’s made her own system of belief created by correlation. The second story, “Last Days,” sees a woman return to her childhood home which has been overcome by the hoarding habits of her paranoid, fundamentalist Christian mother. The third story, “Graduation,” takes place at a divinity school graduation and explores the strength of both social influence and unspoken rules within closed groups. The final story, “Away From the Ninety and Nine,” follows a cult …

Something Doesn’T Add Up: Hhs Complicated By Xylazine Withdrawal, Rahul Nimmagadda Do, Daniel Logatto Do, Joshua Kepfinger Do, Breanna S. Goldner Do

Department of Medicine

No abstract provided.

A Rare Culprit In The Joint: Septic Arthritis Caused By Rahnella, Rahul Nimmagadda Do, Muhammad Usman Zafar, Luke Ciminera Do, Jacqueline Aronin Md

Department of Medicine

No abstract provided.

Comparative Fatigue Analysis Of Cf-Pla Metamaterial Bone Plates For Orthopaedic Fixation, Ani Daniel, Hamed Bakhtiari, Barun K. Das, Muhammad Aamir, Majid Tolouei-Rad

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Bone plates are widely used in orthopaedic surgery to stabilise fractured bones and support healing following traumatic injuries or osteotomies. However, conventional metallic bone plates suffer from stress shielding and stiffness mismatch with bone, which can hinder optimal healing. Additive manufacturing enables the incorporation of novel metamaterial architectures into polymer-based implants to enhance mechanical properties. The fatigue behaviour of these implants during the healing period is critical to ensuring their structural integrity and long-term performance. In this study, the compressive fatigue performance of fused deposition modelling (FDM)-printed carbon fibre-reinforced polylactic acid (CF-PLA) bone plates were investigated. Four metamaterial structures—tetrachiral, re-entrant, …

Digital Decoding Of The Multidimensional Pain Experience In People Living With Dementia, Kreshnik Hoti, Ipsit V. Vahia, Paola Chivers, Jeffery David Hughes

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Understanding how pain manifests in people living with dementia can facilitate pain management but evidence from large real-world studies is limited. Through digitally compiled large number of pain assessments, we explore how behavioural indicators manifest across all widely used domains of pain assessment. Methods: This is a population based observational study with data from aged care homes across Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Pain assessments were conducted over a period of 5.3 years in 89 230 residents living with advanced dementia. The primary outcome was to determine pain indicator occurrence across pain levels and explore their predictive …

From Consumer-Centric Innovation To Sustainable Restaurant Performance: A Study Of Strategic Capability Integration In An Emerging Market Context, Juliana Juliana, Ira Brunchilda Hubner, Diena M. Lemy, Arifin Djakasaputra, Ferry Jie

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Increasing pressure for innovation-driven competitiveness requires hospitality firms to integrate technological capability, market intelligence, and customer-focused innovation into coherent strategic configurations. However, prior research has largely examined these capabilities separately, limiting understanding of how their integration influences restaurant marketing performance in emerging markets. This study develops and empirically tests an integrated capability framework linking techno-resonance innovation capability, competitor orientation, consumer-centric innovation strategy, and new service development to restaurant marketing performance using survey data from 300 restaurant managers in Java and Bali, Indonesia. The results of PLS-SEM analysis indicate that techno-resonance innovation capability significantly strengthens consumer-centric innovation strategy and new service …

A Clinical Study Examining The Effects Of Dietary Nitrate On Urinary N-Nitrosamines, Catherine P. Bondonno, Michaela L. Sundqvist, Sujata Shinde, Kevin Croft, Jonathan M. Hodgson, Mattias Carlström, Eddie Weitzberg, Jon O. Lundberg

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

BackgroundInorganic nitrate from dietary sources has raised health concerns due to its possible conversion into carcinogenic N-nitrosamines, leading to strict regulations on nitrate concentrations in food and drinking water.ObjectivesIn this study, which was a part of a larger randomized controlled trial, we evaluated urinary excretion of N-nitrosamines in response to daily dietary nitrate intake over a 5-wk period using 2 different forms of nitrate administration.MethodsA total of 231 participants with mild hypertension were randomly assigned into 3 groups. Group 1 (n = 78) consumed vegetables low in nitrate along with a placebo capsule (300 mg potassium chloride). Group 2 (n …

3d-Printed Cf-Pla Bone Plates With Metamaterial Structures: Design, Fabrication, And Mechanical Evaluation, Ani Daniel, Hamed Bakhtiari, Alireza Nouri, Barun K. Das, Muhammad Aamir, Majid Tolouei-Rad

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This study presents the design, fabrication, and mechanical performance of carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (CF-PLA) bone plates incorporating auxetic and non-auxetic metamaterial architectures. Four lattice-structured bone plates (re-entrant, rotating square, tetrachiral, and hexagonal) were evaluated for their flexural, tensile, and compressive properties. The specimens were fabricated using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The tetrachiral structure demonstrated superior bending capacity, achieving a flexural stress of 17 MPa and a modulus of 1214 MPa. Under both tension and compression, it exhibited the highest strength (24.5 MPa and 40 MPa, respectively) and stiffness (1441 MPa in tension and 2352 MPa in compression), while the …

A Survey Of Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning For Intrusion Detection Systems, Thomas Bunko, Michael N. Johnstone, Wencheng Yang, Ben A. Scott

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) monitor and detect malicious activity and unauthorized access that may compromise systems. Traditional IDS approaches send data to a central server for analysis, raising privacy concerns as data owners lose control over security. Federated Learning (FL) offers a privacy-preserving alternative by allowing local devices to process their data and generate models without sharing raw data. These local models are aggregated centrally to form a comprehensive model with performance comparable to centralized systems. This paper reviews FL-based IDS research, and is the first review paper to focus on privacy-preserving techniques collectively known as privacy-preserving Federated Learning (PPFL) …

Associations Between Source-Specific Nitrate And Nitrite Intakes And Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease In Two Prospective Cohorts, Nicola P. Bondonno, Pratik Pokharel, Benjamin H. Parmenter, Liezhou Zhong, Dorit W. Erichsen, Jörg Schullehner, Kirsten Frederiksen, Cecilie Kyrø, Peter Fjeldstad Hendriksen, Jonathan M. Hodgson, Torben Sigsgaard, Christina C. Dahm, Anne Tjønneland, Alysha S. Thompson, Tilman Kühn, Aedín Cassidy, Anja Olsen, Catherine P. Bondonno

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

SummaryBackground and AimsDietary nitrate and nitrite may have source-dependent effects on liver health: plant-sourced nitrate may confer hepatoprotective benefits via its conversion to nitric oxide, whereas nitrate and nitrite from animal foods, processed meats, or contaminated drinking water may promote liver injury via their conversion to N-nitrosamines. We aimed to examine associations between source-specific nitrate and nitrite intakes and incident metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in two large cohorts. Secondary aims were to assess associations with liver MRI biomarkers and to evaluate whether nitric oxide-pathway gene variants modify associations with plant-sourced nitrate/nitrite.MethodsWe analysed 53,854 participants from the Danish Diet, …

Thermo-Hydro-Chemical Coupled Numerical Modeling Of Hydrogen-Thermal Co-Development In Hydraulically Fractured Peridotite, Jiacheng Dai, Zhonglin Ma, Yunzhi Yue, Yujie Yuan, Shouceng Tian

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Hydrogen generation through serpentinization reactions in peridotite formations under high temperature conditions represents a promising avenue for subsurface hydrogen production. However, the thermal energy in the formation environment have not been sufficiently considered. To integrate hydrogen production with thermal energy development, this study develops a thermo-hydro-chemical coupled numerical model, which is used to investigate hydrogen-thermal co-development in hydraulically fractured peridotite. Given that the hydrogen-thermal co-development process involves fluid flow, heat transfer and serpentinization reactions, the governing equations are formulated based on Darcy flow and energy conservation equations, with serpentinization kinetics incorporated through the reactive source terms. To evaluate hydrogen production …

Understanding Customer Engagement Behavior In Virtual Try-On Services: Evidence From Indonesia, Nyoman Sri Subawa, Ni Putu Chantika Aprilia Nariswari, Made Maenita Dewi, Anak Agung Gede Wiranata, Caren Angellina Mimaki, Made Srinitha Millinia Utami

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The adoption of immersive technologies, such as Virtual Try-On (VTO), has transformed how consumers evaluate products, interact digitally, and engage with brands. This study investigates the effects of experiential value, flow, perceived enjoyment, customer trust, and customer satisfaction on customer engagement behavior, within the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R) framework. Experiential value serves as the stimulus, flow and psychological states as the organism, and engagement as the response. Data were collected from 320 Indonesian e-commerce using a purposive sampling technique, targeting respondents with prior experience using Virtual Try-On (VTO) features through an online questionnaire distributed via Google Forms, and were subsequently analyzed using …

Maternal Low-Sodium Diet Impairs Hippocampal Neurogenesis And Cognition In Adult Mouse Offspring., Xingrao Ke, Connie C. Grobe, Justin L. Grobe, Wei Yu, John J. Reho, Kaela Varberg, Robert H. Lane, Jeffrey L. Segar

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Sodium (Na) homeostasis is critical for organ and cell function. Although low maternal Na intake during gestation is associated with low offspring survival rates and birth weights, the long-term impact on neurocognitive function is not known. Identifying a relationship between perinatal Na dysregulation and adult behavioral and cognitive outcomes may be important given the prevalence of both dysnatremias and neurocognitive impairment in preterm infants. This study aimed to determine the association between maternal low Na intake (LSI) and hippocampal-dependent behaviors in mice. C57BL/6J dams were fed a standard (0.30%) or low (0.04%) Na diet from postnatal day 0 until postnatal …

The Resilient Study: A Retrospective, Descriptive, Correlational Investigation Of Correlates Of Oral Endocrine Therapy Adherence In Older Women With Breast Cancer., Sunny Y. Ruggeri, Cynthia L. Russell Lippincott, Gregory L. Alexander, Rebecca J. Bartlett Ellis, Steven R. Chesnut, Lori A. Erickson

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most prevalent and costly cancer. Oral endocrine therapy (OET) improves survival rates and quality of life while reducing recurrence, mortality, morbidity, and medical costs. However, adherence to OET is challenging because OET is prescribed for 5-10 years. Determinants of OET nonadherence (NA) among women aged 65 and older remain poorly characterized. Existing studies are limited, often focusing on small, single-site samples and focusing on patient-level rather than multi-level determinants. Despite the unique needs of older women, research on OET-NA remains scarce.

OBJECTIVE: This study identified multi-level determinants of OET-NA in older women using ecological systems …

Accelerated Weaning Of Opioids To Reduce Pharmacologic Exposure For Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial., Abbot R. Laptook, Adam Czynski, Rouba Chahine, Rachel G. Greenberg, P Brian Smith, Erica Oliveira, Jenna Gabrio, Barry Eggleston, Abhik Das, Jeannette Lee, Barry Lester, Dave Clark, Michele Walsh, Helen Ko, Clare Campbell Asher, Hayley Friedman, Samuel Gentle, Karishma Rao, Anup Katheria, Kristen Benninger, Sanket Jani, Mark Cody Smith, Akram Khan, Ajay Talati, Shaina Lodhi, Fernando Mena, Amanda England, Prabhu Parimi, Ranjit Kylat, Heidi Harmon, Javed Mannan, Meghan P. Howell, Tanner Wright, Jessica Snowden, Act Now Collaborative

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

OBJECTIVE: To determine if newborns receiving morphine or methadone as the primary pharmacologic treatment for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) tolerate and receive fewer days of opioid using an accelerated wean protocol (15% decrements) compared with using a slower wean protocol (10% decrements).

STUDY DESIGN: Newborns ≥36 weeks of gestation receiving morphine or methadone for NOWS were enrolled in a pragmatic blinded, randomized multicenter trial. Newborns underwent protocol-driven weaning with decreasing opioid doses of either 15% or 10% decrements. Weaning was encouraged every 24 hours, and if signs of NOWS worsened, the preceding dose was resumed. To maintain blinding, the …

Targeted Epigenome Sequencing Of Eosinophils Reveals Cpg Sites And Regulatory Variants Associated With Asthma., Rébecca Dionne-Gagné, Anne-Marie Madore, Anne-Marie Boucher-Lafleur, Tomi Pastinen, Catherine Laprise

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

Eosinophils are pro-inflammatory cells that play a central role in asthmatic inflammation. However, few studies have examined their methylation profiles in asthma, all relying on microarray-based approaches. Here, an epigenome-wide association study in 183 purified eosinophil samples from the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean asthma family cohort was performed using a custom sequencing panel targeting 4,609,564 CpGs in immune regulatory regions. Two CpG sites in MAEA and SLC9A2 genes, known to be involved in immune function, were significantly associated with asthma, while five additional sites showed suggestive associations. Integration with genotype data (7,829,429 variants) and expression counts (17,513 genes) identified significant quantitative trait loci-mediated …

American Epilepsy Society Clinical Practice Guideline: Infantile Epilepsy., Daniel Freedman, Ifeoluwa Babatunde, Rebecca L. Morgan, Renad Abu-Sawwa, Dara Albert, Mandana Behbahani, Kevin Chapman, Erin Day Fecske, William Davis Gaillard, Monika Jones, Mary Anne Meskis, Leah Schust Myers, Kim Nye, Chima Oluigbo, Heidi H. Pfeifer, Reneé A. Shellhaas, Lindsey Thompson, Howard L. Weiner, Courtney J. Wusthoff, Elissa Yozawitz

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

This practice guideline from the American Epilepsy Society provides evidence-based recommendations for pharmacological, dietary, and surgical therapies for epilepsy for infants and children from 1 month of age to < 36 months. The multidisciplinary panel updated an existing systematic review, which was funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute and conducted by ECRI (formerly the Emergency Care Research Institute) on behalf of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The updated review used the same search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Education methodology, and added studies from August 2021 through September 2025 that were not in the original systematic review. As with the previous review, West syndrome and infantile spasms were excluded from this guideline, as existing treatment guidance is already available for infantile epileptic spasms. While many of the recommendations are conditional due to low certainty of evidence, the panel made two strong recommendations: (1) hemispherectomy/hemispherotomy surgery is recommended for infants and children < 36 months of age with drug resistant epilepsy secondary to select underlying lesional pathologies, including but not limited to hemimegaloencephaly, Rasmussen's encephalitis, Sturge-Weber syndrome, perinatal stroke, and hemispheric cortical dysplasia; and (2) intralobar, multilobar, or focal resections or posterior disconnections for drug-resistant focal or lesional epilepsy in this same age range. A treatment algorithm was developed based on evidence and expert opinion as part of the guideline to help place pharmacological, dietary, and surgical recommendations in a clinical context. The limited number of studies and low certainty of evidence in this population underscores the need for higher-quality data and etiology-specific treatments. More research is needed to evaluate effective therapies for infants with epilepsy, as well as the impact these therapies have on long-term developmental and mortality outcomes.