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Predator Or Prey: The Analysis Of Gender And Race On The Perception Of Black Men As Sexual Assault Victims, Jordyn Livingston, Dr. Florencia Cornet May 2026

Predator Or Prey: The Analysis Of Gender And Race On The Perception Of Black Men As Sexual Assault Victims, Jordyn Livingston, Dr. Florencia Cornet

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Men sexual assault victims have gained more attention in recent years. Despite the growing sociological literature on violence against men, previous research provides little acknowledgment of Black men sexual assault victims. In this manuscript, I analyze emerging literature in the socio-medical sciences to explore how gender and race affects the perceptions of Black men as sexual assault victims. Specifically, I utilize intersectionality as a theoretical framework to synthesize literature on blackness and masculinity in sexual assault victims to conclude that there is an intersectional point that disadvantages Black males, portraying them as sexual predators. In so doing, I provide research …

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Optimizing Expression Conditions For The Overexpression Of Iron Regulatory Protein Bol2 From C. Glabrata, Jade Ikahihifo-Bender, Dr. Caryn Outten, Mrs. Evan Talib May 2026

Optimizing Expression Conditions For The Overexpression Of Iron Regulatory Protein Bol2 From C. Glabrata, Jade Ikahihifo-Bender, Dr. Caryn Outten, Mrs. Evan Talib

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Due to its unique ability to serve as both an electron donor and acceptor, iron is utilized as a co-factor for many biological processes, including electron transfer, oxygen binding, and vitamin synthesis. Iron is also a key factor during fungal infections as the human host and invading pathogens battle over limited iron pools. The primary iron-responsive transcription factor Aft1 in the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata responds to iron deficiency by activating expression of iron acquisition genes. However, the mechanisms for sensing intracellular iron levels and regulating Aft1 activity in response to iron are unknown. The C. glabrata iron regulation …

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Effect Of Ampk On Exercise-Induced Adipocyte Metabolism, Alec M. Giakas, Ran Hee Choi, Ho-Jin Koh May 2026

Effect Of Ampk On Exercise-Induced Adipocyte Metabolism, Alec M. Giakas, Ran Hee Choi, Ho-Jin Koh

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Regular physical activity is a recommended strategy to prevent obesity via increasing fatty acid metabolism. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been associated with the activation of lipolysis in adipose tissue. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that a single bout of exercise increases AMPK activity in adipocytes; however, the mechanism by which AMPK regulates exercise-induced adipocyte metabolism has yet to be determined. To examine the role of AMPK in exercise-induced adipocyte metabolism, we utilized fat-specific AMPK alpha 1 and alpha 2 knockout mice (FKO). Wild type (WT) and FKO mice were divided into sedentary (Sed) and exercise (EX) groups. After 6 …

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The Effects Of Eating Disorder Knowledge On Dieting Beliefs, Kaitlyn Finn, Melanie Palomares, Kristin Kirchner May 2026

The Effects Of Eating Disorder Knowledge On Dieting Beliefs, Kaitlyn Finn, Melanie Palomares, Kristin Kirchner

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

The study at hand was designed to look into the issues of eating disorder awareness and dieting attitudes. Specifically, it was hypothesized that individuals with more knowledge of eating disorders would be less likely to believe in dieting. It was additionally hypothesized that there would be a difference in amount of eating disorder knowledge seen between pre-determined age groupings. This was hypothesized due to the nature of the inception of eating disorders as a clinical diagnosis. Eating disorders did not begin to be added as a category into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual until the 80’s, suggesting that participants of …

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Predicting Narcissism Through Social Media, Cameryn Freglette, Melanie Palomares May 2026

Predicting Narcissism Through Social Media, Cameryn Freglette, Melanie Palomares

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

The objective of this study was to assess if narcissism can be predicted through social media behaviors such as frequency of posts, posting selfies, and social media presence on a variety of platforms. This study was conducted through a questionnaire related to social media use and a brief assessment from the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI- 16). Results indicated that social media use per day was significantly different between people who post selfies and those who do not. Participants that scored higher for narcissism used social media less but posted significantly more selfies. Results were not significant in predicting narcissism through …

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White Antiracists: Everyday Antiracism And White Fragility Among Racially Progressive White Americans, Buffy Renea Duncan, Jaclyn Wong Ph.D May 2026

White Antiracists: Everyday Antiracism And White Fragility Among Racially Progressive White Americans, Buffy Renea Duncan, Jaclyn Wong Ph.D

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Despite the abolition of slavery and Jim Crow laws, racial inequity persists. Bonilla-Silva (2017) suggests that colorblind racism, or the assertion that race does not matter for one’s life chances, has perpetuated anti-Black racial inequality since the Civil Rights Movement. Now, through antiracist efforts such as the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement, White Americans are increasingly expanding their notions of racism to include the subtle, institutional racial discrimination associated with colorblind ideologies (Crass 2015). A rejection of “colorblind” thinking places Whites in a position to address systems of White supremacy, both in themselves and the world around them, but it …

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Connecting On Campus: Exploring The Motivations And Behaviors Of College Students On Dating Apps, Emma Doyle, Melanie Palomares May 2026

Connecting On Campus: Exploring The Motivations And Behaviors Of College Students On Dating Apps, Emma Doyle, Melanie Palomares

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Dating apps are increasingly popular among young people, including college students. However, these apps can be quite versatile, and there can be a number of reasons why a college student would use them, whether they are looking for a serious relationship, casual sex, or anything in between. Our study evaluated the intents, behaviors, and satisfaction of college students who used dating apps. Using Chi-Square and independent samples t-test analyses, results show that while satisfaction ratings were similar between men and women, more men use dating apps than women, which suggests that women might have a more negative perception of dating …

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The Impact Of Weekly Workouts On Self-Reported Happiness Among College Students, Reid Davis, Melanie Palomares May 2026

The Impact Of Weekly Workouts On Self-Reported Happiness Among College Students, Reid Davis, Melanie Palomares

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

College students are consistently at risk for depressive behaviors during a major time of habit transition (i.e., a time of gaining autonomy while developing their own lifestyle and health habits) and gaining in independence; this is met with only half of them not engaging in at least moderately vigorous exercise (Catellier 2013; Powell, 2019). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of types of exercise (cardio, weightlifting, and yoga/pilates) that undergraduate college students voluntarily engaged in on their subjective current and general happiness levels. There were 52 participants in the study, all undergraduates at the University of …

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The Universe Under A Microscope, Claire Chabot May 2026

The Universe Under A Microscope, Claire Chabot

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

No abstract provided.

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Changes In Medical Knowledge And Patent Medicine, Anna Mcnamee May 2026

Changes In Medical Knowledge And Patent Medicine, Anna Mcnamee

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

This paper examines advertisements for patent medicines and nostrums, from the Colonial Period to the Food and Drug Act of 1906.  The Pure Food and Drug Act represented the triumph of the medical profession over state legislation and unsupervised patent medicine manufacturing. Tracing these advertisements alongside the historiography of science, medicine, and advertising; this paper argues that advertisements for patent medicine represent a shift in the culture of healing and the growth of medical knowledge in the United States. By the end of the nineteenth century, science and medicine made great advances and medical professionals began influencing both state and …

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Evaluating The Role Of Stress, Self-Perceptions Of Health, And Self-Efficacy On Physical Activity Over Time: Results From Project Drive, Ashlynn Riley, Allison Sweeney, Dawn K. Wilson May 2026

Evaluating The Role Of Stress, Self-Perceptions Of Health, And Self-Efficacy On Physical Activity Over Time: Results From Project Drive, Ashlynn Riley, Allison Sweeney, Dawn K. Wilson

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Most Americans are not meeting the recommended levels of physical activity. In underserved communities, these inequities are even greater, with African American women being less likely to engage in physical activity and being at greater risk for chronic disease relative to non-minority women. This study seeks to further understand the factors that support or undermine engagement in physical activity among African American women. Specifically, the present study evaluates the impact of stress, self-perceptions of health, and self-efficacy on physical activity engagement in a 10-week physical activity intervention program for African American women. Participants (N = 33) completed measures of …

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Dominance Linearity And Steepness In Captive Western Lowland Gorillas, Nate Wichmann May 2026

Dominance Linearity And Steepness In Captive Western Lowland Gorillas, Nate Wichmann

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Many animals live in social groups for a variety of reasons, whether it is for hunting strategies, predator avoidance, or enhanced resource acquisition. These groups often develop a social network and/or dominance hierarchy within the population, with certain individuals gaining advantages or disadvantages based upon one’s rank within a group. Dominance hierarchies can be assessed on the grounds of structure, and, more recently, steepness.  Structure can be assessed by determining and comparing the rank of each individual (quantified by David’s scores). These scores can then be plotted and analyzed to determine the steepness of the dominance hierarchy. A dominance hierarchy …

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Doubt And Deception: Public Opinion Of The Warren Report, Will Fox May 2026

Doubt And Deception: Public Opinion Of The Warren Report, Will Fox

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

No abstract provided.

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Early Behavioral And Physiological Predictors Of Autism In 12-Month-Old Siblings Of Children With Autism, Nicolas Poupore, Kayla Smith, Abigail L. Hogan, Jane E. Roberts Ph.D. May 2026

Early Behavioral And Physiological Predictors Of Autism In 12-Month-Old Siblings Of Children With Autism, Nicolas Poupore, Kayla Smith, Abigail L. Hogan, Jane E. Roberts Ph.D.

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by social-communicative deficits and repetitive behaviors. Complementing behavioral (i.e., The Autism Observation Scale for Infants (AOSI) scores) and physiological markers (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), heart rate (HR)) may improve early identification of ASD and provide insights into the neurobiological mechanisms contributing to early ASD symptoms. Younger siblings of a child with ASD (ASIBs) had significantly higher AOSI Total Scores and AOSI Marker Scores in comparison to Low Risk Controls (LRCs). RSA significantly decreased from a Baseline to AOSI for both groups, but only for the ASIB group was a negative …

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Sedentary Behaviors And Measured Physical Activity In College Student Populations, Vanessa Grout, Elizabeth A. Easley, Sarah H. Sellhorst, William F. Riner May 2026

Sedentary Behaviors And Measured Physical Activity In College Student Populations, Vanessa Grout, Elizabeth A. Easley, Sarah H. Sellhorst, William F. Riner

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

No abstract provided.

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Injuries In Youth Football: A Two Year Descriptive Study Of Local South Carolina Football Leagues, Marie Morrissette, Dr. Jim Mensch, Dr. Daheia Barr-Anderson May 2026

Injuries In Youth Football: A Two Year Descriptive Study Of Local South Carolina Football Leagues, Marie Morrissette, Dr. Jim Mensch, Dr. Daheia Barr-Anderson

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

There has been an increase in the media attention surrounding retired National Football League players and the lasting effects from previous injuries.  With more than 20 million children under the age of 17 participating in competitive sports, the attention in the lasting effects of injuries in professional players has trickled down to the youth level.  Of the approximately 20 million children participating in competitive sports, the largest portion of the participants is playing youth football.  The University of South Carolina Athletic Training Department is partaking in a multisite research study conducted by the Datalys Center to track the injuries of …

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The Influence Of Study Abroad On Identity How Immersion In South African Culture Contributes To Identities Of American Students, Madeline Willett May 2026

The Influence Of Study Abroad On Identity How Immersion In South African Culture Contributes To Identities Of American Students, Madeline Willett

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

With a 170% increase in study abroad by U.S. students from 2000 to 2012, it is widely recognized that study abroad not only allows students to learn a foreign language and gain international experience, but also influences compassion for difference, motivation to engage in intercultural relationships, and understanding of culturally responsible behavior. Previous research suggests that study abroad impacts students' identities on social, national, global, and personal levels. This study explored how the identities of American students were influenced by summer study abroad in South Africa. Employing qualitative research methods, including in-country, in-depth interviews and PhotoVoice, a methodology which allows …

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The Victimization Of Heterosexual Males: A Literature Review On Domestic Violence, Chris Friendly, Christine Palmer Mph, Edd, Ches May 2026

The Victimization Of Heterosexual Males: A Literature Review On Domestic Violence, Chris Friendly, Christine Palmer Mph, Edd, Ches

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Domestic violence, defined as both emotional and physical abuse in intimate relationships, is a pressing issue in today’s society. Because of its serious nature, domestic violence has become a topic of great interest and concern for many public health researchers. However, an overwhelming degree of the studies conducted by these investigators only examine the effects of domestic violence on the female population. In this literature review, 27 sources, both peer-reviewed articles and literature reviews, were previewed. Of the 27 sources, only four were specific to male victimization. This literature review highlights the research disparity between female and male domestic violence …

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Gesture Development In Infants With Fragile X Syndrome, Killian R. Hughes, Jessica Klusek Ph.D., Ccc-Slp, Carsyn Butler B.A., Jane E. Roberts Ph.D. May 2026

Gesture Development In Infants With Fragile X Syndrome, Killian R. Hughes, Jessica Klusek Ph.D., Ccc-Slp, Carsyn Butler B.A., Jane E. Roberts Ph.D.

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common known cause of inherited intellectual disability and also the most common known genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Flenthrope & Brady, 2010). About 60% of males diagnosed with FXS meet criteria for ASD (Klusek et al., 2014). Communication impairments are well documented in FXS and ASD; however, limited research has been done to examine early communication in FXS. Gesture use is one of the earliest signs of intentionality and can serve as an early red flag for atypical communication development, even before delays in spoken language are evident (Crais et al, …

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Trees Determined By Their Distance Laplacian Matrix, Devin Doherty, Claire Heitman, Skylar Mcleod, Aidan Crossler, Claire Schindler May 2026

Trees Determined By Their Distance Laplacian Matrix, Devin Doherty, Claire Heitman, Skylar Mcleod, Aidan Crossler, Claire Schindler

Linfield University Student Symposium: A Celebration of Scholarship and Creative Achievement

Graphs can be encoded into a matrix according to some rule. The eigenvalues of the matrix are used to understand the structural properties of graphs. If two graphs share a set of eigenvalues, they are called cospectral. A tree is a graph with no cycles, and for most matrix representations, almost all trees have a cospectral mate. The distance Laplacian matrix is found by subtracting the distance matrix from the diagonal transmission matrix. There is an open conjecture that trees, for their distance Laplacian matrices, do not have a cospectral mate and are therefore spectrally determined. We show that a …

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The Jewish Athena: The Political Genesis Of The State Of Israel, Julius Sykes, Roger Deal May 2026

The Jewish Athena: The Political Genesis Of The State Of Israel, Julius Sykes, Roger Deal

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

No abstract provided.

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Commercializing The Body: Trade. Contract, And Agency In The Merchant Of Venice, John Gullege, Jennifer Tyburczy May 2026

Commercializing The Body: Trade. Contract, And Agency In The Merchant Of Venice, John Gullege, Jennifer Tyburczy

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

In this article, I take Shakespeare’s play The Merchant of Venice as my backdrop to explore and illuminate how the commercialization of flesh and body in the play can only fully be understood through its contextualization in sociological concepts of gift-exchange, early modern contract law, and the rise of the merchant class during this period. At this time, English economy, contract law, and cultural notions of agency/autonomy were all shifting and expanding both theoretically and pragmatically, and much has been said about the historical consequences these changes caused – how mercantile culture permeated English society, how the reexamination of contractual …

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Towards Improving The Performance Of The Adcirc Storm Surge Modeling Software, Nick Weldner, Tim Stitt, Jijun Tang May 2026

Towards Improving The Performance Of The Adcirc Storm Surge Modeling Software, Nick Weldner, Tim Stitt, Jijun Tang

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Accurately predicting storms and hurricanes is critical to saving lives and reducing economic loss. Therefore, it is necessary to use the most efficient software and hardware technology available in order to improve the performance and fidelity of these predictive mathematical models. For over ten years, the Computational Hydraulics Lab (CHL) at the University of Notre Dame has been involved in developing the high-resolution ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) storm surge model to predict storm surges in coastal areas. The objective of the work reported here was to port a novel adaption of the parallel ADCIRC code to the state-of-the-art Intel Xeon Phi …

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Roman Holiday: December 25, 800, And The Philosophical Origins Of Charlemagne’S Purple Reign, Julius Sykes, Alexia Helsley May 2026

Roman Holiday: December 25, 800, And The Philosophical Origins Of Charlemagne’S Purple Reign, Julius Sykes, Alexia Helsley

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

No abstract provided.

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Extending The “Pepsi Paradox” To Diet Cola, Charlotte Schallenberg, Melanie Palomares May 2026

Extending The “Pepsi Paradox” To Diet Cola, Charlotte Schallenberg, Melanie Palomares

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Since the invention of cola, the rivalry between Pepsi and Coca-Cola (i.e., Coke) has been in existence. Coke has been the preferred brand over all other colas, despite the preference for Pepsi in blind taste tests. This has been coined as the “Pepsi Paradox.” In the current study, we evaluated the “Pepsi Paradox” in both regular and diet cola. We entertained the possibility that preferences for cola brands would be roughly equivalent in South Carolina since it borders North Carolina and Georgia, the state of origin of Pepsi and Coke, respectively. The data showed that most people stated they preferred …

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Sustaining The Land Of Ice And Fire, Chandler Green May 2026

Sustaining The Land Of Ice And Fire, Chandler Green

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

No abstract provided.

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Discovering The Southern Appalachian Grassy Balds, Nicholas Lenze May 2026

Discovering The Southern Appalachian Grassy Balds, Nicholas Lenze

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Grassy balds are unique Appalachian wonders, open meadows in the mountains where, ecologically, there should be trees. It has been hypothesized that some of the balds originated more than ten thousand years ago and were kept open by the grazing of large herbivores such as the mastodon and the wooly mammoth. Over the course of earth’s history, environmental and anthropogenic factors have shaped, modified and maintained the balds. Up to one hundred grassy balds were once recognized to exist in the southern Appalachians, but fewer exist today due to forest succession (Gersmehl, 1970). Collectively, the grassy balds share a common …

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The Effects Of Government Policies On The Stock Market, Samruddhi Somani, Dr. Holger Kern May 2026

The Effects Of Government Policies On The Stock Market, Samruddhi Somani, Dr. Holger Kern

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

What is the most effective government policy to boost stock returns and, subsequently, to foster economic growth, especially during an economic crisis? This paper examines the effects of various government actions on stock market performance during the global financial crisis of 2007. As expected from rational investors, nearly all of the variation in index levels is explained by the variation in index futures levels, which reflect market expectations. Index and future levels were collected for June 2007-December 2009 using Bloomberg, which tracks data for various financial instruments. The financial crisis timeline furnished by the New York Federal Reserve Board on …

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The Relationship Between Child Externalizing Behaviors And Parental Stress In Children With Fragile X Syndrome, Erica Mazur, Majorie Grefer, Jane E. Roberts Phd May 2026

The Relationship Between Child Externalizing Behaviors And Parental Stress In Children With Fragile X Syndrome, Erica Mazur, Majorie Grefer, Jane E. Roberts Phd

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading heritable cause for intellectual disabilities and the leading known genetic cause for developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The present study examined the relationship between levels of externalizing behaviors in children with FXS and increased parenting stress in parents of children with FXS. Aggressive behaviors and autism severity were examined in 48 male children diagnosed with FXS (range 2-5 years). Parenting stress was examined in 27 of their mothers and 21 of their fathers. Increased severity of autistic behavior was associated with elevated parental stress. Greater levels of parental stress were …

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Proofs Of A Trigonometric Inequality, Cameron Butler, Wei-Kai Lai May 2026

Proofs Of A Trigonometric Inequality, Cameron Butler, Wei-Kai Lai

Caravel Undergraduate Research Journal

A trigonometric inequality is introduced and proved using Hölder’s inequality, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, and Chebyshev’s order inequality.

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