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Articles 367351 - 367380 of 5207136
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Keep Fingers On The Cpg Islands, Xing Zhang, Robert M Blumenthal, Xiaodong Cheng
Keep Fingers On The Cpg Islands, Xing Zhang, Robert M Blumenthal, Xiaodong Cheng
Faculty, Staff and Student Publications
The post-genomic era has ushered in the extensive application of epigenetic editing tools, allowing for precise alterations of gene expression. The use of reprogrammable editors that carry transcriptional corepressors has significant potential for long-term epigenetic silencing for the treatment of human diseases. The ideal scenario involves precise targeting of a specific genomic location by a DNA-binding domain, ensuring there are no off-target effects and that the process yields no genetic remnants aside from specific epigenetic modifications (i.e., DNA methylation). A notable example is a recent study on the mouse
Challenges And Opportunities In Cancer Immunotherapy: A Society For Immunotherapy Of Cancer (Sitc) Strategic Vision, Leisha A Emens, Pedro J Romero, Ana Carrizosa Anderson, Tullia C Bruno, Christian M Capitini, James L Gulley, Avery D Posey, Ann W Silk, Jennifer A Wargo
Challenges And Opportunities In Cancer Immunotherapy: A Society For Immunotherapy Of Cancer (Sitc) Strategic Vision, Leisha A Emens, Pedro J Romero, Ana Carrizosa Anderson, Tullia C Bruno, Christian M Capitini, James L Gulley, Avery D Posey, Ann W Silk, Jennifer A Wargo
Faculty, Staff and Student Publications
Cancer immunotherapy has flourished over the last 10-15 years, transforming the practice of oncology and providing long-term clinical benefit to some patients. During this time, three distinct classes of immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapies specific for two targets, and two distinct classes of bispecific T cell engagers, a vaccine, and an oncolytic virus have joined cytokines as a standard of cancer care. At the same time, scientific progress has delivered vast amounts of new knowledge. For example, advances in technologies such as single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics have provided deep insights into the immunobiology of the tumor …
Neuroecological Links Of The Exposome And One Health, Agustin Ibanez, Lucia Melloni, Paweł Świeboda, William Hynes, Burcin Ikiz, Massamba Thioye, Bahar Güntekin, Jyoti Mishra, Mohamed Salama, Sarah Dunlop, Claudia Duran-Aniotz, Harris A Eyre
Neuroecological Links Of The Exposome And One Health, Agustin Ibanez, Lucia Melloni, Paweł Świeboda, William Hynes, Burcin Ikiz, Massamba Thioye, Bahar Güntekin, Jyoti Mishra, Mohamed Salama, Sarah Dunlop, Claudia Duran-Aniotz, Harris A Eyre
Faculty, Staff and Student Publications
This NeuroView assesses the interplay among exposome, One Health, and brain capital in health and disease. Physical and social exposomes affect brain health, and green brain skills are required for environmental health strategies. Ibanez et al. address current gaps and strategies needed in research, policy, and technology, offering a road map for stakeholders.
L-Citrulline Supplementation Improves Arterial Blood Flow And Muscle Oxygenation During Handgrip Exercise In Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women, Stephen M Fischer
L-Citrulline Supplementation Improves Arterial Blood Flow And Muscle Oxygenation During Handgrip Exercise In Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women, Stephen M Fischer
Faculty, Staff and Student Publications
Endothelial dysfunction decreases exercise limb blood flow (BF) and muscle oxygenation. Acute L-Citrulline supplementation (CIT) improves muscle tissue oxygen saturation index (TSI) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) during exercise. Although CIT improves endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD]) in hypertensive women, the impact of CIT on exercise BF and muscle oxygenation (TSI) and extraction (HHb) are unknown. We examined the effects of CIT (10 g/day) and a placebo for 4 weeks on blood pressure (BP), arterial vasodilation (FMD, BF, and vascular conductance [VC]), and forearm muscle oxygenation (TSI and HHb) at rest and during exercise in 22 hypertensive postmenopausal women. Compared to …
New Valproate Regulations, Informed Choice And Seizure Risk, Heather Angus-Leppan, Rachel Arkell, Lance Watkins, Dominic Heaney, Paul Cooper, Rohit Shankar
New Valproate Regulations, Informed Choice And Seizure Risk, Heather Angus-Leppan, Rachel Arkell, Lance Watkins, Dominic Heaney, Paul Cooper, Rohit Shankar
Peninsula Medical School
Valproate is the most effective medication for generalised epilepsies, and several specific epilepsy syndromes. For some people, it will be the only medication to establish seizure remission, and withdrawing it carries risks of seizure recurrence and Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). It is also of proven efficacy for bipolar disorder and migraine prevention.Guidelines based on observational and epidemiological studies stress that maternal valproate related teratogenicity and neurodevelopmental effects are significantly higher than for other antiseizure medications (ASMs). It should, therefore, only be used if other medications are ineffective and after balancing the teratogenicity risk. Regulatory restrictions have changed prescribing …
Charter School Music Programs In The Southwest: Innovation Or Isomorphism, Joseph Justo Ulibarri
Charter School Music Programs In The Southwest: Innovation Or Isomorphism, Joseph Justo Ulibarri
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The school choice movement is gaining popularity in the American education system, with supporters touting innovation and improvement in educational outcomes. Research on school choice efficacy—particularly comparisons between charter and traditional public schools (TPS)—is in its infancy. The purpose of this causal-comparative study was to compare the incidence of nontraditional music courses in secondary charters and TPS in the Southwest. Secondly, the study utilized the Climate for Innovation Measure (CIM) to quantify teachers’ perceptions of organizational innovation. This research collected a randomized sample (N = 30) of secondary charter school music teachers (n = 15) and TPS music teachers (n …
Evangelicals As Zionists And Peacemakers In Arab And Israeli Peacemaking Through Track Ii Diplomacy, Johnnie Moore
Evangelicals As Zionists And Peacemakers In Arab And Israeli Peacemaking Through Track Ii Diplomacy, Johnnie Moore
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This qualitative study contributes to the literature at the intersection of religion and foreign policy by focusing on one of the modern era's most protracted and relevant foreign policy issues (the conflict between Israelis and Arabs), the influence of one of America’s most powerful religious constituencies (evangelicals), and one of the most widely used tools of non- governmental diplomacy (Track II diplomacy). It provides original research related to the relevancy of Track II diplomacy by evangelicals, specifically pro-Israel or “Zionist” evangelicals, in Israeli and Arab peacemaking. The study analyzes three relevant case studies to answer the research question: “How are …
General Education And Special Education Teachers' Attitudes And Comfort Levels In Having Appropriate Conversations With Special Needs Students: A Causal-Comparative Study, Jessica Leah Hensley
General Education And Special Education Teachers' Attitudes And Comfort Levels In Having Appropriate Conversations With Special Needs Students: A Causal-Comparative Study, Jessica Leah Hensley
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this quantitative, causal-comparative study is to determine if there is a difference in special education and general education teachers’ attitudes and comfort level in teaching sex education. Students with intellectual disabilities need a sex education curriculum that can be extended if needed to ensure that they understand and are able to apply their knowledge to personal situations if they arise. The study’s sample includes high school and middle school special education and general education teachers. The sample was taken from participants who volunteered to take the survey via a link posted on social media account. A Microsoft …
Voices Unveiled: Exploring Americans' Perspectives On Social Media Censorship And Advocacy For Reform Through A Qualitative Lens, Vail Forbeck
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This qualitative study explored social media users’ perceived experience of censorship on social media communication platforms to better understand the effects of censorship on users. The study relied on a qualitative questionnaire with open-ended questions to collect initial data from 115 participants in the United States. Of the questionnaire respondents, 12 participated in an in-depth interview. The questionnaires and interview answers gathered information about users’ perceived experiences of censorship on social media platforms to determine whether there is a need for changes in current social media practices and policies. The study found that Black males between the ages of 25 …
Perceived Influence Of Artificial Intelligence On Educational Leadership's Decision-Making, Teaching, And Learning Outcomes: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Mousa Fayiz Abduljaber
Perceived Influence Of Artificial Intelligence On Educational Leadership's Decision-Making, Teaching, And Learning Outcomes: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Mousa Fayiz Abduljaber
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand and describe the perceived influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on educational leadership's decision-making, teaching, and learning outcomes as revealed by educational leaders at a group of secondary public schools in the Middle East. The theory guiding this study was the distributed cognition theory, as it shows the dynamics of human cognition and AI cognition, making it possible to understand the perceived influence of AI. As the study reflected on AI’s past, present and, future, the central question that focused on this study is: How do educational leaders perceive the influence …
Church Attraction Through Uncertainty Reduction: A Qualitative Content Analysis Of Local Church Content Communication On Facebook And Instagram, Kailey Spilger
Church Attraction Through Uncertainty Reduction: A Qualitative Content Analysis Of Local Church Content Communication On Facebook And Instagram, Kailey Spilger
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
For the first time since the founding of America, less than 50% of U.S. adults claim to attend church (Jones, 2021). With the transition from traditional marketing methods to digital marketing methods post-COVID-19, church leaders admit that using social media would help them reach new people, but less than 40% have a strategy (Hodøl, 2021). The purpose of this study is to understand current content themes of local churches on social media in order to inform future social media strategies. Guided by the uncertainty reduction theory, this study considers how social media content can reduce uncertainty and promote attraction and …
A Causal Comparison Study Of Social-Emotional Learning At Private Elementary And Middle Schools With And Without Restorative Practices After Covid-19, Jai'eisha Huntley
A Causal Comparison Study Of Social-Emotional Learning At Private Elementary And Middle Schools With And Without Restorative Practices After Covid-19, Jai'eisha Huntley
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this study was to conduct a quantitative, causal-comparative study to determine if there was a significant difference in social-emotional learning between students at elementary and middle private schools with and without restorative practices after COVID-19. There is limited research investigating the integration of social-emotional learning and restorative practices and their effects on private elementary and middle school students. This study was important to pinpoint whether integrating social emotional learning and restorative practices has a significant benefit on student’s self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. The study includes 128 students from grades three-eight. Students were …
Examining How Sexual Trauma Has Affected Women In Their Education: Creating A Community Of Awareness In The Educational System, Tyeasia Dorsey
Examining How Sexual Trauma Has Affected Women In Their Education: Creating A Community Of Awareness In The Educational System, Tyeasia Dorsey
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Sexual Trauma can have debilitating effects on women’s lives. The goal of this study was to focus on one aspect: how sexual trauma affects women’s academic performance, whether continuing education, a decrease in grades and grade point average (GPA), or the continuation of further educational studies. The underlying rationale for the study was the lack of research on the topic, especially in rural communities. This research utilized a qualitative study approach by conducting semi-structured interviews. This study was conducted to examine the mental health components of sexual trauma in women: a lack of support versus having a supportive environment and …
A Qualitative Descriptive Study Of Therapists And Their Work With Socially Isolated Female Victims Of Sexual Violence Amid The Covid-19 Pandemic, Iris Lazette Saldivar
A Qualitative Descriptive Study Of Therapists And Their Work With Socially Isolated Female Victims Of Sexual Violence Amid The Covid-19 Pandemic, Iris Lazette Saldivar
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to assess the experiences of therapists and the descriptions of their navigation processes while working with female victims of sexual violence who were socially isolated during the COVID-19 pandemic in the state of Texas. The theory that guided this study was the theoretical framework of loneliness, social isolation, and associated health outcomes. The research study focuses on two research questions that sought to examine the experiences and navigation of virtual treatment of therapists who provided counseling during the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 to March 2022. This study sought to find a …
Revenue Cycle Management, Mary Scalf
Revenue Cycle Management, Mary Scalf
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The healthcare industry continues to navigate through legislative changes requiring a change from the fee-for-service model to a value-based model. Healthcare is required to balance quality care of the patient and financial viability. The general problem to be addressed is the inefficient adoption of a revenue integrity program within the revenue cycle management process resulting in a revenue deficit for healthcare providers. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to add to the body of knowledge exploring the possible inefficient insurance denial management process within non-profit hospital-owned physician practices resulting in revenue deficits for the provider clinics. The study …
Closing The Sepsis Communication Gap In The Ed: An Integrative Review, Rebecca Caldwell Hamlett
Closing The Sepsis Communication Gap In The Ed: An Integrative Review, Rebecca Caldwell Hamlett
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Many patients experiencing sepsis seek care in the Emergency Department (ED), making the ED their first interaction with the healthcare system. Unfortunately, these individuals often face significant delays in receiving life-saving treatment interventions. In 2021, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign revised their sepsis guidelines to recommend implementing standard operating procedures for managing septic patients. The purpose of this integrative review was to examine the impact of an ED sepsis huddle on enhancing communication among all ED personnel regarding potential septic patients. Ultimately, the goal is to activate a multidisciplinary or intercollaborative team, expedite treatment, and fulfill sepsis communication gaps. This integrative …
The Singing Instrumentalist: A Sound-Before-Sight Approach In Instrumental Instruction, Tammy Joy Bartz
The Singing Instrumentalist: A Sound-Before-Sight Approach In Instrumental Instruction, Tammy Joy Bartz
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this quantitative experimental study was to examine the impact of two differing instructional strategies in beginning band instruction. One approach followed a traditional method, emphasizing technical proficiency and note-reading skills, while the other adopted a sound-before-sight approach where aural and oral skills were nurtured before introducing notation. The experimental study involved fourth and fifth-grade beginning band students from a rural elementary school in the Midwest. All participants were randomly divided into either the experimental or control group. The control group (n = 21) received instruction using a traditional note-reading approach, whereas the experimental group (n = 22) …
Impact Of Preceptorship And Mentoring On New Nurse Resilience, Dianna Marie Lundrigan Garza
Impact Of Preceptorship And Mentoring On New Nurse Resilience, Dianna Marie Lundrigan Garza
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Healthcare organizations continue to have difficulties retaining healthcare staff. Administrations spend significant amounts of time and money to incentivize new nurses to join their organizations with mixed results for both acute and long-term care units. Preceptorship or mentorship has been identified as having an impact on increasing positivity and resilience in new nurses. This paper examined prior research to identify trends and patterns in findings regarding this topic. Research of databases was conducted to identify common topics regarding resilience and retention of new nurses. Data supported having preceptors who receive training in teaching methods, communication, and support of new nurses. …
The Impact Of Language Intervention On At-Risk Kindergarten And First-Grade Students’ Receptive And Expressive Vocabulary: A Quantitative, Quasi-Experimental Study, Kimberly Quattlebaum Entzminger
The Impact Of Language Intervention On At-Risk Kindergarten And First-Grade Students’ Receptive And Expressive Vocabulary: A Quantitative, Quasi-Experimental Study, Kimberly Quattlebaum Entzminger
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This quantitative, quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest, non-equivalent control group study examined the effect of specific language-based interventions on accelerating the receptive and expressive vocabulary development of kindergarten and first-grade students. Though language comprehension is essential for reading comprehension, few studies offer insight into identification and intervention for students who enter kindergarten and first grade without age or grade-appropriate vocabulary development. The study included 70 students from a Title One school in South Carolina, divided equally into control and intervention groups after initial screening using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary 5th edition and the Expressive Vocabulary Test 3rd edition. Standard scores were used to …
Culinary Nutrition Education To Division 3 Athletes, Jonathan Robert Poyourow
Culinary Nutrition Education To Division 3 Athletes, Jonathan Robert Poyourow
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This paper examines the impact of culinary nutrition education on the athletic potential of Division 3 athletes using culinary nutrition education. In the last five to ten years, the number of registered dietitians (RDs) working with collegiate athletes full-time in the United States has increased dramatically. However, even at large Division 1 universities that have these staff members, many student-athletes may still be at increased risk of nutrition-related problems that impact physical and academic performance. They may also include inappropriate macronutrient and micronutrient consumption. While a great deal of research has been conducted at Division 1 universities regarding sports nutrition …
Best Practices Associated With Medical Device Regulatory Strategy Success: A Case Study, Jonathan P. Ward
Best Practices Associated With Medical Device Regulatory Strategy Success: A Case Study, Jonathan P. Ward
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
In the evolving medical device industry, understanding how to achieve effective regulatory strategies is crucial. This study explored the foundations of regulatory strategy success in the United States, using qualitative insights from regulatory affairs professionals and industry investors. It identified operational, leadership, product design, and external factors essential for developing and implementing successful regulatory strategies. Key findings highlighted the importance of financial planning, agile regualtory process management, strategic knowledge integration, and proactive engagement with regulatory authorities. The study also pointed to the role of business ecosystems in supporting regulatory outcomes, suggesting a strategic planning approach that aligns product design with …
Predicting Performance On A Social Studies Assessment: A Correlational Study, David G. Hamilton
Predicting Performance On A Social Studies Assessment: A Correlational Study, David G. Hamilton
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This study seeks to determine the predictive relationship between the performance on a middle school Civics practice assessment and performance on the State of Florida Civics assessment. In the current public-school environment across the United States, using high-stakes assessments to measure student performance is the norm. This quantitative correlation study strives to determine if locally developed benchmark assessments accurately predict student achievement on school high-stakes social studies state-mandated assessments. Using post hoc data from 355 middle school students ranging from 12 to 14 years old from a suburban Central Florida charter school who were administered a computer-based Civics practice end-of-course …
A Missed Opportunity: The Relationship Between Language, Cognition, And Poverty In Early Childhood Among Bilingual Children, Saskia Barboza
A Missed Opportunity: The Relationship Between Language, Cognition, And Poverty In Early Childhood Among Bilingual Children, Saskia Barboza
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Human development is a continuous process with critical periods, and early childhood is part of that process, with internal changes prompted by external factors. An essential part of human development is language acquisition and cognitive skills which are shaped by heredity, brain structure, personal differences, social interaction, and socioeconomic background. In recent decades the exposure to multiple languages at home has been growing, causing differences between the language status (bilingual or monolingual) and the executive functions of developing children. Some previous studies have pointed out cognitive differences in bilingual children, while others have not. The present study observed three variables …
Pastoral Prose And Civic Engagement: Crafting The Call To The Public Square, Christopher Ian Thoma
Pastoral Prose And Civic Engagement: Crafting The Call To The Public Square, Christopher Ian Thoma
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This thesis explores the relationship between creative writing techniques employed by pastors and congregational engagement in the public square. The central thesis posits that if pastors incorporate creative writing methods in extended weekly communications with congregants, then the necessary factors for engagement in the public square will be fostered, leading to attitudinal shifts demonstrated by increased congregational interest or participation in civil affairs. Through an extensive literature review, the thesis fairly examines historical and contemporary views of church and state, the Two Kingdoms doctrine, concepts relative to public square participation, Christianity’s waning cultural influence, communication science, developmental theory, literature familiarity, …
Meals For All: An Examination Of The Effects Of Free School Meals On Middle Class Households, Ryan Elizabeth Comerford
Meals For All: An Examination Of The Effects Of Free School Meals On Middle Class Households, Ryan Elizabeth Comerford
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Universal meal programs were created to mitigate childhood food insecurity in low-income communities. It is well known that poverty and food insecurity go hand-in-hand and are often the basis for much academic research within the realm of childhood food insecurity. This study investigates the impact of universal meal programs on food insecurity from a different perspective, that of the middle class. As an under-researched area, the hope is to draw attention to the needs of communities that are often forgotten and may not qualify for social programs, in an effort to reform existing federal policy regarding Universal Meal programs. Utilizing …
Relationship Between School Type And Quality Of Neighborhood With Children’S Social Vulnerability, Maryam Majd
Relationship Between School Type And Quality Of Neighborhood With Children’S Social Vulnerability, Maryam Majd
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this quantitative research was to explore the relationship between two potential risk factors, children’s type of school (e.g., public, private, charter, or magnet) and quality of neighborhood, with social vulnerability. Data were collected through an online survey from January through March 2024. Hierarchical multiple linear regression conducted in SPSS demonstrated that four out of seven quality of neighborhood attributes were significant predictors of social vulnerability (p < .05); as the neighborhood conditions of vehicular traffic, teenagers present in the street, graffiti, and vandalism increased, levels of social vulnerability also increased. Factor analysis confirmed the strong reliability and internal structure of the instrument used to collect the data. No significance was found for children’s type of school, but more studies are needed to determine if research on this variable can help inform decisions about school-choice policies. This study addressed the need for knowledge about contextual environmental factors and children’s well-being. This is imperative, as social vulnerability is an emerging psychological construct in developmental research that is correlated with all aspects of social interactions, as it negatively interferes with the process of forming social bonds with others. Building alignment between the goals of schools, government agencies, and communities is essential, so that parents have access to the support and resources needed to promote healthy development in children. Thus, the empirical findings from this study will help promote awareness of social vulnerability and help children receive the empathy, dignity, and respect that they deserve.
A Hermeneutical Phenomenological Analysis Of Cross-Race/Cross-Ethnic Academic Advising First-Generation Latina/O Students Attending A Predominantly White Institution, Aisha A. Alvarez
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore the experiences of first-generation Latina/o students with non-Latina/o academic advisors at a Predominantly White Institution, Pink Ivy University. It is important to identify policies and practices for academic advising that can strengthen the relationship between first-generation Latina/o students and non-Latina/o academic advisors. Miller’s relational-cultural theory (RCT) guided this study. RCT was used to shape the sub-research questions and was used to frame the data analysis. First-generation Latina/o students over 18 who have completed at least one full year at the selected PWI and have used the services of their non-Latina/o …
Needs-Supportive Teaching And Its Impact On Standardized Test Scores In Southwest Missouri Schools, Ed Barlow
Needs-Supportive Teaching And Its Impact On Standardized Test Scores In Southwest Missouri Schools, Ed Barlow
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Despite the theoretical proposition that needs-supportive teaching practices, guided by self-determination theory (SDT), can positively influence student academic outcomes, research examining the relationship between teachers' self-reported needs-supportive behaviors and objective measures of student performance, such as standardized test scores, is scarce. This study investigated the correlation between teachers' needs-supportive practices, as assessed by the Teacher as Social Context Questionnaire (TASCQ), and their students' academic achievement based on standardized test results. The sample consisted of 31 K-12 teachers from various grade levels in public schools located in Southwest Missouri. Participants completed the TASCQ, which measures needs-supportive teaching in terms of autonomy …
The Influence Of Working Memory And Anxiety In Adolescents, Donna M. Ward
The Influence Of Working Memory And Anxiety In Adolescents, Donna M. Ward
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Literature supports a reliable link between lower working memory (WM) performance and higher anxiety, and both anxiety and WM are reported as comorbid with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). This study sought to understand to what extent WM deficits and anxiety exists in adolescent NDD and non-NDD groups. Participants (N = 11,400; ages 9-10) were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study archived dataset, with the approval of the NIMH approval. Participants in the dataset were recruited from 21 sites across the U.S. A Mann-Whitney U test, comparing the NDD (N=2756) and non-NDD (N=8644) groups was statistically significant, noting a …
Reform In School Discipline: A Social Constructivist Approach That Leverages School Counselor Involvement, Kerbie Marc
Reform In School Discipline: A Social Constructivist Approach That Leverages School Counselor Involvement, Kerbie Marc
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The following quantitative descriptive research delves into the dynamics of school discipline at a middle school in the metro Atlanta area with a focus on understanding the interaction between student gender, race, school support received (504, SST, SPED), and the gender, race, and age of staff members in discipline referrals. By examining archival discipline data from a nine-year period (2014-2023), the study takes a social constructivist approach to address whether there is a statistical difference in the frequency of discipline referrals based on student race, gender, and school support while also examining whether there is a difference in the frequency …