Digital Commons Network^™

Real-Time Assessment Of Rebar Intervals Using A Computer Vision-Based Dvnet Model For Improved Structural Integrity, Bubryur Kim, Sri Preethaa K.R., Yuvaraj Natarajan, Danushkumar V., Jinwoo An, Dong-Eun Lee

Civil Engineering Faculty Publications

Structural durability is critical for building and civil engineering safety, wherein the arrangement and distribution of reinforcing bar (rebar) is crucial. Improperly aligned rebar impacts bearing capacity, whereas uniform spacing optimally distributes loads, reducing stress. We introduce a computer-vision based Deep Vision Net (DVNet) model for real-time evaluation of rebar placement. A customized dataset is prepared in an environmental setup and augmented to address overfitting issues. This research conducts a comparative analysis of the learning performance exhibited by the proposed DVNet model against several other pre-trained models, such as Mask-RCNN and YOLOv5. The proposed DVNet model is built on a …

Anomaly Detection Using Unsupervised Machine Learning Algorithms: A Simulation Study, Edmund F. Agyemang

School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of five prominent unsupervised machine learning anomaly detection algorithms: One-Class Support Vector Machine (One-Class SVM), One-Class SVM with Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), Isolation Forest (iForest), Local Outlier Factor (LOF), and Robust Covariance (Elliptic Envelope). Through systematic analysis on a synthetically simulated dataset, the study assessed each algorithm’s predictive performance using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score specifically for outlier detection. The evaluation reveals that One-Class SVM, Isolation Forest, and Robust Covariance are more effective in identifying outliers in the synthetic simulated dataset, with Isolation Forest slightly outperforming the other algorithms in terms of balancing …

Modelling Tinnitus Functional Index Reduction Using Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms, Edmund F. Agyemang

School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications

This study aims to model the reduction in the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) utilizing supervised machine learning algorithms, focusing primarily on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Ridge, and Lasso regressions. Our analysis highlighted Group, ISI, and SWLS as significant predictors of TFI reduction, identified through the best subset selection and confirmed by both forward and backward selection criteria in the OLS regression. Notably, the shrinkage methods, Ridge and Lasso regressions, demonstrated superior performance compared to OLS and KNN, with the Ridge regression presenting the smallest test mean square error (MSE) of 318.30. This finding establishes the Ridge regression …

On The Lagrange And Hermite Quadrature Formula, Shuxia Li, Yonghong Chen

School of Mathematical & Statistical Sciences Faculty Publications

This paper builds on the error analysis method for Newton-Cotes quadrature formulas developed by D. R. Hayes and L. Rubin in 1970, which utilizes Lagrange interpolation polynomials. By adopting and extending their approach, this work derives the error estimate for Hermite interpolation quadrature. Specifically, we construct a polynomial P(x) analogous to the scaling function A(x) used by Hayes and Rubin, and prove its non-negativity over the interval. This allows us to establish a precise error formula for Hermite interpolation quadrature. The results provide a novel application of Hayes and Rubin's methodology, offering new insights …

Proactive And Reactive Sibling Aggression And Their Mediating Effects On The Relationship Between Exposure To Parental Violence And Adulthood Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration, Ayleen Flores, Ruby Charak

Psychological Science Faculty Publications

It is generally understood that individuals who experience exposure to parental violence (EPV) during childhood may come to perpetrate violence, but not all will. Research has shown that individuals who experience EPV can model maladaptive modes of problem-solving that can later be seen in sibling relationships as aggression. This can lead to a heightened risk of adulthood intimate partner violence perpetration (IPV). This study aimed to examine the mediating role of proactive and reactive sibling aggression in the associations of three forms of childhood EPV—violence directed from mother-to-father, father-to-mother, bidirectional—and perpetration of sexual and physical IPV types during adulthood. Participants …

Complete Genome Sequences Of Toxigenic Clostridioides Difficile Isolated From Australian Feral Horses, Natasza Hain-Saunders, Daniel R. Knight, Mieghan Bruce, Thomas V. Riley

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Recent increases in community-associated Clostridioides difficile infections have highlighted the importance of monitoring toxigenic C. difficile from animal and environmental sources. We provide the complete circularized genomes of two toxigenic C. difficile strains isolated from feral horse faeces. Genome N64 (sequence type 964) consists of a single chromosome of 4,078,791 bp, while genome H251 (sequence type 963) comprises one chromosome (4,304,722 bp) and three plasmids (150,942 bp, 11,534 bp, and 9,074 bp).

Low Toxicity Of Dissolved Silver From Silver-Coated Titanium Dental Implants To Human Primary Osteoblast Cells, Ranj Nadhim Salaie, Alexandros Besinis, Christopher Tredwin, Richard D Handy

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

The controlled release of silver as a biocide from Ag-coated medical implants is desirable. However, the biocompatibility of Ag leachates is poorly understood. This study investigated the toxicity of silver released from the silver plated titanium implants to human primary osteoblast cells; and the effect of cell culture medium on the silver speciation and bioavailability.

METHODS: Ti6Al4V discs were coated with Ag nanoparticles (NPs), silver plus hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles (Ag+nHA), or Ag NPs plus microparticles (Ag+mHA). Primary human osteoblast cells were exposed to the leachates from the various discs for up to 7 days.

RESULTS: the total Ag concentrations released …

Environmental Transport And Sorting Of Glass Retroreflective Microbeads And Their Potential As Proxies For Road Marking Paints, Andrew Turner, Adam Bridgwater, Emily Marshall

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Road marking paints are a potentially important contributor to the global microplastic pool but very little reliable information is available on their erosion or environmental distributions. As potential carriers of or proxies for road paints, we determine the concentrations and sorting of retroreflective glass microbeads in marking materials and in fractionated (< 5 mm) local dusts, soils and sediments. As an aid to our investigation, we also determine the concentrations of metals of geochemical significance or components of road paint pigments in markings and geosolids. Concentrations of beads up to 92,800 kg⁻¹ were observed in street dusts, with a median diameter (350 μm) greater than that in road marking samples (270 μm). Few beads were found in adjacent (< 5 m) or more remote soils (six beads in ten 50-g samples) and none were detected in replicates of a sample of roof dust, suggesting that aeolian transport is limited. Concentrations up to 3700 kg⁻¹ were found in estuarine sediments close to bridges or stormwater runoff effluents, and with increasing sediment depth concentrations and …

Understanding Immigrant Entrepreneurship In Ireland, Thomas M. Cooney, Martina Brophy, Toluwani Akaehomen

Reports

Understanding immigrant entrepreneurship in Ireland involves examining the diverse contributions that entrepreneurs from various backgrounds bring to the Irish economy. Immigrants from EU countries, Asia, Africa, the Americas and elsewhere come with different entrepreneurial traditions and experiences, enhancing the Irish business landscape with new ideas and practices. These entrepreneurs have a significant economic impact, introducing new products and services, creating jobs, and contributing to economic diversity and resilience. However, they often face distinctive challenges such as cultural and language barriers, difficulties in accessing finance, and navigating local regulations. The aim of this report is is to enhance understanding of immigrant …

Automatic Speech Recognition Models For Pathological Speech: Challenges And Insights, Kesego Mokgosi, Cathy Ennis, Robert Ross

Conference papers

Conversational avatars provide innovative platforms for enhancing therapist-patient interactions in speech therapy by offering real-time feedback. However, the performance of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) models on disordered speech, such as dysarthria and stuttering, remains underexplored. The effectiveness of these systems hinges on the accuracy and processing speed of ASR models when transcribing pathological speech, particularly in real-time scenarios. This study evaluates several pre-trained ASR models, including Whisper-large- v3-turbo, Canary, DistilWhisper, and NVIDIA’s stt-en-fastconformer-ctc-large across three datasets: Common Voice (standard speech), TORGO (dysarthric speech), and UCLASS (stuttered speech). We assess the models using Word Error Rate (WER), Real-Time Factor (RTF), and …

Fpga-Based Sensors For Distributed Digital Manufacturing Systems: A State-Of-The-Art Review, Laraib Khan, Sriram Praneeth Isanaka, Frank Liou

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The combination of distributed digital factories (D2Fs) with sustainable practices has been proposed as a revolutionary technique in modern manufacturing. This review paper explores the convergence of D2F with innovative sensor technology, concentrating on the role of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) in promoting this paradigm. A D2F is defined as an integrated framework where digital twins (DTs), sensors, laser additive manufacturing (laser-AM), and subtractive manufacturing (SM) work in synchronization. Here, DTs serve as a virtual replica of physical machines, allowing accurate monitoring and control of a given manufacturing process. These DTs are supplemented by sensors, providing near-real-time data to …

Reference Dependence In Queue Design And Pricing Strategies, Jian Liu, Yongpin Zhou, Jian Chen, Peng Li

Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This research investigates the effect of reference dependence on waiting times in service systems which formerly used a first-in-first-out (FIFO) service but have introduced a priority line with a fee. Our model combines reference-dependent gain-loss utility with standard customer utility, and we posit that customers are pleased with shorter-than-expected waiting times, whereas longer-than-expected times lead to dissatisfaction and an increased likelihood of balking. The study explores two scenarios: a captive customer system (CCS) and a noncaptive customer system (NCCS), with a focus on optimal pricing and segmentation strategies for revenue and social welfare maximization. The results reveal that, in a …

Psychometric Properties And Use Of The Indonesian Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Christiana L. Ticoalu, Samsunuwijati Mar'at, P. Tommy Y. S. Suyasa, Eric A. Storch, Wayne K. Goodman, Steffi Hartanto, Riangga Novrianto, Edo S. Jaya

Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia

Presently, in Indonesia, the lack of a validated measure for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) hinders diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The current study evaluated the reliability, validity, and optimal cut-off score of the Indonesian Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FOCI) in predicting OCD presence. The participants included 384 adults: 157 with OCD, 80 case controls with anxiety or mood disorders, and 147 healthy controls. Assessments were conducted using FOCI, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. Test–retest reliability of the FOCI was evaluated for over 2 weeks in 30 OCD patients. The internal consistency within OCD samples for the FOCI …

Reevo: Large Language Models As Hyper-Heuristics With Reflective Evolution, Haoran Ye, Jiarui Wang, Zhiguang Cao, Federico Berto, Chuanbo Hua, Haeyeon Kim, Jinkyoo Park, Guojie Song

Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems

The omnipresence of NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) compels domain experts to engage in trial-and-error heuristic design process. The long-standing endeavor of design automation has gained new momentum with the rise of large language models (LLMs). This paper introduces Language Hyper-Heuristics (LHHs), an emerging variant of Hyper-Heuristics that leverages LLMs for heuristic generation, featuring minimal manual intervention and open-ended heuristic spaces. To empower LHHs, we present Reflective Evolution (ReEvo), a generic searching framework that emulates the reflective design approach of human experts while far surpassing human capabilities with its scalable LLM inference, Internet-scale domain knowledge, and powerful evolutionary search. Evaluations …

Multiphoton-Dressed Rydberg Excitations In A Microwave Cavity With Ultracold Rb Atoms, J. D.Massayuki Kondo, Seth T. Rittenhouse, Daniel Varela Magalhaes, Vasil Rokaj, S. I. Mistakidis, H. R. Sadeghpour, Luis Gustavo Marcassa

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

We investigate magneto-optical trap-loss spectroscopy of Rydberg excited Rb85 (66≤n≤68S1/2) atoms, placed inside a tailored microwave cavity. The cavity frequency at 13.053 GHz is in resonance with the 67S1/2→66P3/2 transition, inducing a ladder multiphoton microwave Rydberg absorption and emission. The observed spectra are modeled with an extended Jaynes-Cummings formalism that accounts for nonlinear multiphoton absorption from and emission into the cavity, the loss from the trap due to Rydberg excitation, and cavity imperfection. We calculate the average photons in each spectral feature and find evidence for fractional photon emission into the cavity modes within the loss spectra. The microwave cavity …

Financial Risk In A Changing Climate, Mashuk S. Rahman

LSU New Orleans Theses and Dissertations

Essay 1:

Given the missing-not-at-random (MNAR) nature of carbon emissions figures under the voluntary disclosure regulator environment, this research imputes synthetic emissions figures for both disclosing and non-disclosing publicly traded US firms, using an IV approach adapted for sample bias correction. The forward-observing implied cost of equity capital measure is consistently higher for carbon-intensive firms regardless of disclosure decision. This higher cost found in the large swath of high-emitting firms reduces the net present value of green transition investments, thus fueling existing research on the counterproductive natures of capital allocation in efforts to reduce corporate pollution. Contrary to emerging research, …

Genetic Aspects Of Resilience In The Foundational Seagrass Halodule Wrightii: The Role Of Genetic Variation And Gene Expression In Maintaining Primary Production, Anastasia M. Konefal

LSU New Orleans Theses and Dissertations

Seagrasses are coastal foundation species which significantly contribute to the primary production of shallow water ecosystems and provide several services. However, seagrasses, like other coastal foundation species, are threatened by myriad anthropogenic stressors. Conservation is difficult in ecosystems under multiple threats where the factors that contribute to production are not easily elucidated. Genetic diversity and gene expression may be related to the function and stability of populations but are rarely considered in management plans. High genetic diversity and the associated trait variation within a population are known to contribute to higher function and stability of a population. Additionally, individual-level changes …

Observation Of Dense Collisional Soliton Complexes In A Two-Component Bose-Einstein Condensate, Sean M. Mossman, Garyfallia C. Katsimiga, Simeon I. Mistakidis, Alejandro Romero-Ros, Thomas M. Bersano, Peter Schmelcher, Panayotis G. Kevrekidis, Peter Engels

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Solitons Are Nonlinear Solitary Waves Which Maintain their Shape over Time and through Collisions, Occurring in a Variety of Nonlinear Media from Plasmas to Optics. We Present an Experimental and Theoretical Study of Hydrodynamic Phenomena in a Two-Component Atomic Bose-Einstein Condensate Where a Soliton Array Emerges from the Imprinting of a Periodic Spin Pattern by a Microwave Pulse-Based Winding Technique. We Observe the Ensuing Dynamics Which Include Shape Deformations, the Emergence of Dark-Antidark Solitons, Apparent Spatial Frequency Tripling, and Decay and Revival of Contrast Related to Soliton Collisions. for the Densest Arrays, We Obtain Soliton Complexes Where Solitons Undergo Continued …

Dual Nature Of Magnetism Driven By Momentum Dependent F-D Kondo Hybridization, Byungkyun Kang, Yongbin Lee, Liqin Ke, Hyunsoo Kim, Myoung Hwan Kim, Chul Hong Park

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

The intricate nature of magnetism in uranium-based Kondo lattices is a consequence of correlations between U-5f and conduction electrons. Previously, the source of magnetism has been ascribed to either Mott physics or Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction, both of which are not fully applicable to uranium-based Kondo lattices. Using linearized quasiparticle self-consistent GW plus dynamical mean-field theory, we demonstrate a crossover from incoherent to coherent f-d Kondo cloud in the paramagnetic phase of UTe₂, USbTe and USbSe. As the transition occurs, we observe an augmented f-d coherence and Pauli-like magnetic susceptibility, with a substantial frozen magnetic moment of U-5f persisting. We …

Publisher Correction: Observation Of Dense Collisional Soliton Complexes In A Two-Component Bose-Einstein Condensate (Communications Physics, (2024), 7, 1, (163), 10.1038/S42005-024-01659-W), Sean M. Mossman, Garyfallia C. Katsimiga, Simeon I. Mistakidis, Alejandro Romero-Ros, Thomas M. Bersano, Peter Schmelcher, Panayotis G. Kevrekidis, Peter Engels

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

In the first paragraph of the Methods section, the sentence "We begin with an elongated BEC of approximately 9 x 10587Rb atoms…," has erroneously been written without a space between the two superscripts "5" and "87". This has now been corrected in both the HTML and PDF of the article, and the same expression reads: We begin with an elongated BEC of approximately 9 x 105 87Rb atoms…"

Density Effects On The Interferometry Of Efimov States By Modulating Magnetic Fields, G. Bougas, S. I. Mistakidis, P. Giannakeas

Physics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Dynamical association of Efimov trimers in thermal gases by means of modulated magnetic fields has proven very fruitful in determining the binding energy of trimers. The latter was extracted from the number of remaining atoms, which featured oscillatory fringes stemming from the superposition of trimers with atom-dimers. Subsequent theoretical investigations utilizing the time-dependent three-body problem revealed additional association mechanisms, manifested as superpositions of the Efimov state with the trap states and the latter with atom-dimers. The three atoms were initialized in a way to emulate a thermal gas with uniform density. Here, this analysis is extended by taking into account …

Thermal Conductivity Characterization Of High Oleic Vegetable Oils Based Hybrid Nanofluids Formulated Using Gnp, Tio2, Mos2, Al2o3 Nanoparticles For Mql Machining, Anthony Chukwujekwu Okafor, Tobechukwu Kingsley Abor, Saidanvar Esanjonovich Valiev, Ignatius Echezona Ekengwu, Abiodun Saka, Monday Uchenna Okoronkwo

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents the results of thermal conductivity characterization of six high oleic soybean oil (HOSO) and four high oleic canola oil (HOCO)-Based hybrid nanofluids formulated with four types of nanoparticles (Graphene nanoplatelet (xGnP), TiO₂, MoS₂, and Al₂O₃) at nanoparticles wt.% concentration from 1 % to 7 % in 1 % increment using the two-step method for use in MQL machining of difficult-to-cut metals. Thermal conductivity of the formulated hybrid nanofluids were measured using Thermtest Transient Hot Wire Liquid Thermal Conductivity Meter at temperatures from 25 °C to 75 °C in increment …

Deep Learning For Bitcoin Price Direction Prediction: Models And Trading Strategies Empirically Compared, Oluwadamilare Omole, David Enke

Engineering Management and Systems Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper applies deep learning models to predict Bitcoin price directions and the subsequent profitability of trading strategies based on these predictions. The study compares the performance of the convolutional neural network–long short-term memory (CNN–LSTM), long- and short-term time-series network, temporal convolutional network, and ARIMA (benchmark) models for predicting Bitcoin prices using on-chain data. Feature-selection methods—i.e., Boruta, genetic algorithm, and light gradient boosting machine—are applied to address the curse of dimensionality that could result from a large feature set. Results indicate that combining Boruta feature selection with the CNN–LSTM model consistently outperforms other combinations, achieving an accuracy of 82.44%. Three …

The Viability Of Styrofoam Beads In Concrete Mixtures, Colin Edward Sykes

Construction Management

This experiment revolved around the idea that an aggregate replacement in a concrete mixture could not only maintain its structural integrity but increase its sustainability as well. This idea was formulated into the experiment of embedding Styrofoam beads into concrete. The outcome of this experiment showed the compressive strength of the concrete increased the greatest with the substitution of Styrofoam beads for fine aggregate up to 20%. This 20% Styrofoam replacement mixture exhibited an 189% increase in compressive strength when compared to the control group in the third week of testing. In addition to this impressive compressive strength, the weight …

The Use Of Augmented Reality (Ar) Technology In Construction, Luke Zamlich

Construction Management

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has revolutionized construction by replacing traditional paper-based methods with advanced software, improving data management and project workflows. However, as projects become more complex, challenges like communication gaps and design errors persist, often leading to cost overruns. Augmented Reality (AR) is an emerging technology that could address some of these issues by enhancing real-time visualization and collaboration, helping avoid costly rework. Despite its potential, AR remains underutilized in the construction industry. This paper explores the feasibility of integrating AR into modern construction workflows to complement BIM models and improve on-site project management. A literature review highlights AR’s …

How International Students Affect Domestic Students' Achievement: Evidence From The Opt Stem-Extension, Town Oh

School of Business and Leadership Working Papers

In this paper, I investigate the effects of international student enrollment on the academic performances of domestic students in U.S. higher education. I leverage the large and rapid increase in international student enrollment after 2008, driven by an extension of the OPT duration that incentivized more international students to pursue U.S. college degrees. Using administrative data linked to first-year salaries, I find that a 10-percentage-point increase in the share of international students in STEM courses reduces domestic students' grades by 0.06 points on a 4-point scale.

Personal Exposure To Black Carbon: Impact Of Time-Activity Patterns And Environmental Factors On Exposure Levels, Sai Deepak Pinakana, Johnathan R. Gonzalez, Amit U. Raysoni

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Black carbon (BC) is a critical environmental pollutant with significant implications for human health. This study aims to quantify personal exposure to BC by focusing on the influence of microenvironments and time-activity patterns in the Rio Grande Valley (RGV) region of South Texas, USA. Over eight days in March and April 2023, a portable aethalometer and GPS tracking instruments were used to measure BC exposure among a study participant, alongside recording the time spent in various microenvironments. The BC measurements were correlated to the time activity patterns to calculate BC inhaled dosage values thereby elucidating its impact on human health. …

Leaders’ Perspectives On Approaches And Challenges In Enacting Faculty Vitality In The Contemporary Landscape Of Academic Medicine: A Deductive Thematic Analysis, Jennifer L. Allie, Robert Tillman, Beatriz Tapia, Elza Mylona, Koko Aung, Janet F. Williams

School of Medicine Publications

Continual changes in organizational structures within medical schools have contributed to the expanded scope and the centralization of faculty affairs offices, which support faculty administration and supportive functions. Using qualitative interviews, we investigated the perspectives of academic medicine faculty affairs leaders regarding their offices’ priorities in sustaining faculty vitality in the face of current and anticipated challenges. A semi-structured interview protocol based on the researchers' practical knowledge, informed by the study's research inquiries, and pertinent academic literature guided the interviews. Deductive thematic analysis approach was used to identify the patterns and themes across the interviews. Our analysis revealed a central …

Lipid-Based Niclosamide Delivery: Comparative Efficacy, Bioavailability, And Potential As A Cancer Drug, Jihoo Woo, Russel Wiggins, Shizue Mito

School of Medicine Publications

Niclosamide, an FDA-approved anti-parasitic drug, has demonstrated significant potential as a repurposed anti-cancer agent due to its ability to interfere with multiple oncogenic pathways. However, its clinical application has been hindered by poor solubility and bioavailability. Lipid-based nanocarrier systems such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and lipid nanoemulsions (LNE), along with lipid prodrugs, have successfully been employed by researchers to overcome these limitations and improve niclosamide’s pharmacokinetic profile. Lipids are the core organic compounds which serve as the foundation of these advanced drug delivery methods and in turn play a critical role in enhancing niclosamide’s …

Geochemical Evidence Of Drying During The 4.2 Ka Event In Sediment Cores From The Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, Derek K. Gibson, Jonathan Obrist-Farner, Alex Correa-Metrio, Alejandra Rodriguez-Abaunza, Carlos Castañeda-Posadas

Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Tropical hydroclimate variability during the Middle and Late Holocene was investigated using geochemical indicators of local-scale precipitation and evaporation preserved in sediment cores from two sites in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula. Scanning X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy data show generally decreasing precipitation trends during the Early and Middle Holocene. During the transition between the Middle and Late Holocene, geochemical evidence of reduced watershed erosion and increased evaporation indicate that a centennial-scale drying event impacted the region between 4.3 and 4.0 ka (kilo-anum; thousand years before present). These findings suggest that the 4.2 ka drying event, which has been previously recorded in Europe, …