Digital Commons Network^™

Exploring The Role Of Transcription Factor Nrf1 In Autophagy And Inhibiting The Nrf1 Bounce-Back Response, Madison A. Ward

Theses and Dissertations

Cells exposed to proteotoxic stress invoke adaptive responses aimed at restoring proteostasis. Our previous studies have established a firm role for the transcription factor Nuclear factor-erythroid derived-2-related factor-1 (Nrf1) in responding to proteotoxic stress elicited by inhibition of cellular proteasome. Following proteasome inhibition, Nrf1 mediates the synthesis of new proteasomes, thus enabling cells to mitigate proteotoxic stress. Here, we report that under similar circumstances, multiple components of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) were transcriptionally upregulated in an Nrf1-dependent fashion, thus providing the cells with an additional route to cope with proteasome insufficiency. In response to proteasome inhibitors, Nrf1-deficient cells exhibited profound …

Guide To: Law School Deans. W. Taylor Reveley Iii Papers, Wolf Law Library Archives

Collection Guides & Finding Aids

No abstract provided.

Folic Acid-Decorated Lipidic Nanocapsules Co-Loaded With Atorvastatin And Curcumin To Enhance Glioma Targeting In Mice, Mahitab Bayoumi, John Youshia, Osama Abdelkawy, Sara Abdelgaber, Mona Arafa, Maha Nasr, Omaima Sammour

Pharmacy

Background: Glioma remains an intractable and highly aggressive brain tumor, mainly due to the daunting obstacle presented by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To overcome this challenge and enhance therapeutic efficacy, a dual-drug delivery system was engineered. This system co-encapsulated curcumin, a nutraceutical with multitargeted anticancer potential, with atorvastatin calcium, a repurposed anticancer agent, within lipidic nanocapsules (LNCs). Methods: LNCs were prepared via the phase inversion temperature method and optimized using a Box–Behnken design. The optimized LNCs were subsequently functionalized with folic acid (FA) to enable active targeting. FA-LNCs were characterized using, XPS, TEM, in vitro release, and MTT cytotoxicity …

Covid-19 Impacts On Refugee-Serving Ngos In Clarkston And The Atlanta Metropolitan Area, Georgia, United States, Ghazal Khaksari

Theses and Dissertations--Anthropology

This study provides a unique anthropological perspective on how technology, language, NGO staff, and culture intersect during emergency times, which can affect NGOs’ abilities to reach and help communities. Findings of this study emphasize the importance of equality in digital access and of available and culturally competent interpreters in reducing the gap between NGOs and refugee communities. The digital divide has played a fundamental role during the pandemic, often leading to other problems for both NGOs and refugees. This issue has taken a variety of forms in terms of access to education, language classes, community cohesion, and communication with and …

Communities Of Stone Toolmakers Along The Lower Cumberland And Tennessee Rivers, Vanessa N. Hanvey

Theses and Dissertations--Anthropology

Concurrently occupied between circa 8,600-8,200 cal B.P., the Canton (15Tr1), Lawrence (15Tr33), Morrisroe (15Lv156), and Whalen (15Ly48) sites have similar stone tool assemblages. Though the sites are situated close to one another within the lower Tennessee and Cumberland River watersheds, the connection between the people who occupied each site remains unclear. Extensive lithic deposits representing all stages of tool manufacture were identified at both the Canton and Lawrence sites, and previous lithic analyses show that similar raw materials were being accessed by stone toolmakers at all four sites. To investigate the relationship between the people who occupied these sites, this …

Effect Of Electrodeposition Time On Physical Characteristics And Antibacterial Activity Of Copper-Incorporated Tio2 Nanotubes, Justynne Fabian, Grant Morton, Shubham Sharma, Brendan Duffy, Susan Warren

Articles

The current work outlines the preparation of a TiO2 nanotube (NT) layer electrochemically formed on the surface of a clinically-relevant titanium alloy via anodisation. This NT layer was subsequently modified via alternating current electrodeposition to incorporate copper micro- and nanoparticles on top of and within the NTs. Physical characterisation of the NT layer and the copper-incorporated NTs was carried out through analysis of the surface morphology, elemental composition, crystallinity, and stability via SEM, EDX, XRD, and ICP-OES, respectively. After immersion in Dulbecco's phosphate buffer saline solution at 37 °C for 24 hours, the electrodeposited copper particles transformed into Cu3(PO4)2·3H2O microflowers. …

Estimating Surface Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations Over Eastern China Using Omi Satellite Data, Zachary Watson

Theses

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a key air pollutant as it contributes to negative health effects, acid rain, and aerosol formation. Using satellite data to monitor surface SO2 concentrations can fill in the gaps of ground-based air quality networks in less populated areas. In this study, SO2 retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) were employed to estimate annual and seasonal average surface SO2 concentrations over eastern China, a major anthropogenic source region, from 2015 to 2018. The OMI-derived surface SO2 concentrations had a similar spatial distribution and temporal trends as ground-based measurements from an air quality monitoring network, but they …

Enhancing Medication Storage Protocols For Safety Optimization In Cardiac Care Unit Inpatients, Baothu Nguyen

Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Project Abstract

Purpose: This quality improvement project aimed to enhance medication security in the cardiac care unit by implementing a standardized storage protocol to reduce unsecured medications by 20% by December 6, 2024, following a 93-day implementation period. Additionally, the project sought to achieve 100% staff competency in the protocol by September 30, 2024.

Background: Unsecured medications pose significant patient safety risks, including unauthorized access, incorrect administration, and treatment delays. This project aligned with the Patient-Centered Caritas Model and addressed compliance deficiencies identified by the Joint Commission and the hospital’s quality control team.

Methodology: A Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) framework guided the project, integrating …

Improving Pituitary Lab Evaluation Following Radiation Therapy For Sinonasal/Nasopharyngeal Malignancies, Brandon M. Mcanulty, Msn, Aprn, Agacnp-Bc, Rnfa

Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Project Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this QI project was to create a standardized order set aiming to increase consistency in lab work completion for improved monitoring of pituitary dysfunction in patients diagnosed with sinonasal and nasopharyngeal malignancies. Background: Radiation therapy is important in the treatment plan for this population. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis is frequently included within the radiation field, contributing to radiation induced pituitary dysfunction. There is no established order set for outpatient pituitary lab monitoring at the organization. Methods: Established order sets were modified to include pituitary labs to create a centralized ordering workflow among providers from all three departments …

Concentrated Benefits And Dispersed Costs: The Contributions Of Pareto, Olson, And Ostrom, Nathan John Cuthbertson

Theses

Concentrated benefits and dispersed costs (CBDC) is a central concept in the field of public choice as well as economics more broadly. The phrase concentrated benefits and dispersed costs refers to a situation in which economic benefits are concentrated and the associated costs are borne by a larger group. This thesis argues that the elements of CBDC are common in the literature without the term being used directly. This study is an exercise in the history of economic thought. The study is structured into three case studies, with each dedicated to the work of an influential economist: Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923); …

Negotiating With-Ness: Midwives' Lived Experiences Of Gender, Inclusive Language, And Professional Identity., Kimberley-Ann De Wet

Theses

This research investigated midwives lived experiences of using gender-inclusive language in public maternity care, examining how linguistic practices intersect with professional identity, ethical commitment, and institutional constraint. Informed by feminist theory and guided by descriptive phenomenology with a constructivist paradigm, the study explored how midwives navigate the profession’s foundational ethos of being ‘with woman’ while responding to the ethical imperative to provide inclusive care in an increasingly diverse society. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight practising midwives in Western Australia, generating rich descriptions of how inclusive language is enacted, negotiated, and constrained in practice. Reflexive thematic analysis produced three overarching …

Sigrid Undset: Nordic Catholic Apologist, Brendan Edward Arthur

Theses

This thesis explores the depth and breadth of Sigrid Undset’s non-fiction Catholic writing, a substantial body of work that has largely remained inaccessible to all but readers of Norwegian. Through original translations and analysis, it synthesises these texts into broad themes while situating them within their historical contexts of the intellectual and cultural debates in early twentieth-century Norway. The study addresses three research questions: (1) the general themes in Undset’s Catholic non-fiction; (2) the contemporary relevance of these writings; and (3) whether Undset merits the designation “Catholic apologist.” In its method, the thesis employs textual analysis of Undset’s essays, articles …

Motherhood Or Work: Why Not Both? Representations Of Femininity In Australian Wartime Radio Serials, Emma Price

Theses

War is a gendering activity. As media is one of the many sites where gender is constructed, this study aims to investigate through a discourse analysis of serials produced by women for radio in the 1940s, the ways these programs represented or challenged social and cultural expectations placed on women. The themes female dramatists explored through the genre of radio serials, and the statements these programs made about life as a woman during the Second World War, are under-researched areas in Australian scholarship. While it must be acknowledged that the war was not a turning point in the status of …

Photocatalytic Performance Of Ba₀.₈Ca₀.₂Tio₃ Composite For Norfloxacin Removal In Aqueous Solutions, Raj Mohanty, Swayam Aryam Behera, Asima Subhadarshini, Binita Nanda, P. Ganga Raju Achary

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This study investigates the degradation of norfloxacin using a Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3 (BCTO) perovskite composite synthesized via a simple solid-state method. Variety of characterization techniques, including photoluminescence spectra, powder X-Ray Diffraction, UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectra, FE-SEM and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectra confirm the structural and optical properties of BCTO. Electrical characterization further elucidates its conductive properties. The BCTO composite demonstrates an impressive 87% degradation rate of norfloxacin, attributed to its reduced electron-hole recombination, enhanced light harvestation, and improved charge carrier mobility. Kinetic studies indicate that the degradation process adheres to a pseudo-first-order model, with BCTO outperforming both pure BaTiO3 and conventional photocatalysts. These …

Improving The Mechanical Performance Of 45s5 3d Scaffolds Through The Particles Of Barium Titanate Ceramics, Surirat Yotthuan, Usanee Pantulap, Nuttawan Sawangboon, Ornuma Tungsanguan, Ekarat Meechoowas, Kansiree Kaewmorakot, Nathaporn Uthaichai, Theerachai Bongkarn

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Bioglass® 45S5 is widely used in bone tissue engineering due to its excellent bioactivity. However, its low mechanical strength remains a major limitation. In this study, 25 wt% barium titanate (BaTiO3; BT) was incorporated into 45S5 scaffolds to improve mechanical performance and modulate bioactivity. The 3D scaffolds were fabricated using the foam replication method and exhibited interconnected porosity, with average pore sizes of 471 ± 94 μm (45S5) and 598 ± 58 μm (45S5/BT25), closely resembling human bone. The addition of BT increased the density and compressive strength of the scaffolds to 2.89 ± 0.18 g∙cm‒3 and 2.0 ± 0.2 …

Synthesis And Characterization Of Silica Nanoparticles From Solar Panel Glass Cullet, Pathomporn Ussawanawachat, Nithiwach Nawaukkaratharnant, Apirat Theerapapvisetpong

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

The rapid growth of solar energy as a renewable resource has led to a significant increase in discarded solar panels. Recycling their glass components, especially fine cullet fragments, remains a major challenge due to impurity levels and processing limitations. This study proposes a sustainable approach to recycle solar panel glass cullet into high-purity silica nanoparticles using alkali fusion followed by acid precipitation. Process conditions including cullet to NaOH ratio, fusion temperature, and surfactant addition were optimized. The highest silica yield of 60.26% was achieved at a 1:1.4 cullet to NaOH ratio and 500℃. Polyethylene glycol (PEG 1000) was used as …

Laser Ablation Behavior And Ablation Threshold Of Entropy-Controlled Perovskite Coatings, Shuo Wang, Junyang Lu, Mengqing Zhang, Jiayi Zheng, Tong Zhang

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

The protection threshold of laser ablation resistant materials lags behind the development of laser power density. Single-functional laser ablation resistant materials can no longer meet the practical needs. High-entropy perovskites with infinite chemical composition, tunable bandgap structure, and efficient thermal management capabilities provide new ideas for developing novel high-reflectivity and low-thermal-conductivity multifunctional laser ablation resistant materials. Herein, leveraging these unique advantages of high-entropy perovskites in optics and thermodynamics, four entropy-controlled perovskite coatings, Ba(Zn1/2Ta1/2)O3 (BZTO), Ba(Zn1/3Ta1/3Nb1/3)O3 (BZTNO), Ba(Zn1/4Ta1/4Nb1/4Ti1/4)O3 (BZTNTO) and Ba(Zn1/5Ta1/5Nb1/5Ti1/5Zr1/5)O3 (BZTNTZO) are designed. Through time-dependent laser ablation experiments, the optical and thermal properties are comprehensively evaluated. And laser ablation behavior …

Downstreaming Of Natural Materials Huta Ginjang Quartz Sand Doped With Nd2o3 For Laser Medium Application, Juniastel Rajagukguk, Jakrapong Kaewkhao

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

The QSBoBa glasses with chemical formula 10 Quartz sand + (50-x) B2O3 + 10BaO + 30Na2O + xNd2O3 (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mol%) were prepared by a conventional melt-quenching technique. The successfully fabricated glass samples will be analyzed based on their physical, structural, optical and luminescent properties. The XRD and FTIR spectra have been included to observe the complete structural properties. Optical absorption spectra revealed several characteristic transitions, with a prominent hypersensitive transition 4I9/2→4G5/2 at 584 nm, indicating an increasing asymmetry and disorder at higher Nd3+ concentrations. The photoluminescence emission spectra demonstrated strong radiative transitions of …

Crack Development Of Electroplated Niw Alloys And Their Wettability And Tribological Properties, Jidsucha Darayen, Suwat Ploypech, Martin Metzner, Claudia Beatriz Dos Santos, Petch Jearanaisilawong, Yuttanant Boonyongmaneerat

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This study investigates how sodium tungstate concentration (20–46 wt.%) and current density (40–60 A/dm²) affect the microstructure, wettability, mechanical properties, and tribological behavior of electrodeposited Ni-W coatings. Results show that increasing current density markedly raises crack density (from <100 to >400 cracks/cm²), while tungstate concentration has minimal effect. XRD confirms Ni-W solid solution formation, with higher tungsten content refining grains and increasing hardness—peaking at 900 HV at 50 A/dm² (an 80% rise from 500 HV at 40 A/dm²). However, excessive stress at 60 A/dm² leads to microcracking and hardness plateauing (~650–700 HV). Higher crack density improves wettability (contact angle ~17°), enhancing lubricant …

Upcycled Waste-Derived Triboelectric Nanogenerator For Sustainable Energy Harvesting, Archana Panda, Basanta Kumar Panigrahi, Subhendu Pati, Sunit Gourav Mohanty, Kushal Ruthvik Kaja

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

The proliferation of disposable paper-based materials in laboratories has raised significant environmental concerns due to their rapid discard and accumulation. This study explores the upcycling of commonly discarded laboratory waste, specifically butter paper and polyurethane (PU) foam, into a single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for mechanical energy harvesting. The fabricated device employs butter paper as the positive triboelectric layer and PU foam as the negative layer, with an aluminium tape electrode. Electrical tests reveal a peak voltage of 21 V and current of 47 nA, reaching a maximum power of 438 nW at 500 MΩ load. The TENG demonstrates stable performance …

Advancing Virtual Care Practices Across The Cognitive Impairment Continuum, Tara Sklar, Kathryn Huber

Health Matrix: The Journal of Law-Medicine

As the population of older adults grows, providing high-quality, costeffective healthcare for those with cognitive impairments is an increasing priority. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the shift towards receiving virtual care at home through temporary Medicare flexibilities. However, the uncertainty surrounding the continuing extension of these flexibilities at the federal level and variations in reimbursement policies across the states present challenges for virtual care practices to meet the rising demand for care amid unprecedented workforce shortages. Sustainable, long-term reimbursement at the federal and state levels, a trained and integrated healthcare workforce, and adherence to recognized accreditation standards and guidelines are essential …

“University Stress” Exploring The Potential Impact Of An Immersive Art Experience On A College Campus, Lyn Godley, C. Virginia O'Hayer, Raegan Davis, Emily Wakschal, Chelsi N. Nurse, Wendy J. Ross, Abigail Spraker, Nate Godshall, Rosemary Frasso

Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Faculty Papers

There is growing interest in the effects of immersive art on wellbeing, which engages multiple senses and facilitates deeper engagement. University settings, particularly during high-stress periods like exams, are increasingly emphasizing mental health interventions to combat rising rates of anxiety, depression, stress, and suicidal ideation. This study investigates the potential of a fully immersive art experience to positively impact mood and reduce stress in a university setting. Pre- and post-visit questionnaires, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) survey, were administered to assess emotional changes. Additional open-ended questions provided qualitative feedback. Results showed statistically significant decreases in 12 negative …

The Effects Of Starting Microstructure On The Results Of Double Intercritical Annealing Process Of 0.107%C-2.39%Mn-0.453%Si Dual Phase Steel, Wichayut Chumoung, Nithi Saenarjhan

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This study investigates and compares the effects of the starting microstructure on the double intercritical annealing (DIA) process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.11%C-2.39%Mn-0.45%Si dual phase steel. The specimens were austenitized, followed by water quenching (WQ) or air cooling (AC), then DIA at 730°C. For the WQ method, high cooling rate results in the formation of a high strength martensitic structure. Conversely, AC method yields a moderate cooling rate, forming a bainitic structure. After single intercritical annealing (SIA), the microstructure transformed into ferrite and martensite. WQ method specimens contain high stress concentration, leading to earlier recrystallization compared to …

Effects Of Thickness On The Performance Of Sno2 Gas Sensors Using Low-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic, Montri Aiempanakit, Kittiyaporn Singsumphan, Chutima Nakmuk, Cheewita Suwanchawalit, Manatsawee Srirak, Kata Jaruwongrungsee, Anurat Wisitsoraat, Monrudee Liangruksa, Chawarat Siriwong

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This study develops SnO2-based gas sensors integrated with a low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) micro hotplate for ethanol detection. SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple precipitation method, and sensing layers with varying thicknesses around 0.24 µm, 0.71 µm, and 1.20 µm were applied to evaluate their influence on performance. The results show that the optimal configuration is a 0.71 µm layer, offering high sensitivity, fast response, and efficient recovery. Operating at a low voltage of 3.2 V, the sensors exhibit low power consumption, suitable for portable and battery-operated applications. The gas-sensing mechanism relies on changes in resistance due to interactions …

Atmospheric Corrosion Of Hot Dip Galvanized Structural Steel Exposed To The Tropical Climate Of Thailand, Adithep Bunphot, Pakawat Sancharoen, Somnuk Tangtermsirikul, Taweep Chaisomphob

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

Hot dip galvanized steels were tested in the atmospheric tropical climate environments of Thailand for 12 month from March 2021 to March 2022. Three locations were studied, i.e. a rural area at Saraburi in the central part, an industrial area at Chonburi in the eastern part, and a coastal/urban area at Songkhla in the southern part of Thailand. The thickness loss of the galvanized steel samples was measured by the weight loss method. Types of corrosion products observed on the samples were zincite, wulfingite, hydrozincite, and simonkolleite. All of them were found on the sample at Songkhla. Three of them, …

Lactic Acid-Assisted Complexation For Enhanced Lithium Extraction And Its Application To Spent Libs, Sibananda Sahu, Niharbala Devi

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

A novel approach for complexing lithium with lactic acid to enhance extraction efficiency and its application to spent LIBs was proposed in this study. Key parameters influencing the extraction were systematically examined, including lactic acid concentration, pH of the aqueous phase, concentration of extractant, diluent selection, phase ratio between organic and aqueous phase, and stripping efficiency. Lithium extraction showed a remarkable improvement, rising from 16% to 43%, as the lactic acid concentration enhanced from 0.01 mol∙L‒1 to 1.0 mol∙L‒1. This was achieved using D2EHPA (0.1 mol∙L‒1)  at a maintained pH of 6.5. Maximum lithium extraction of 84.5% was observed at …

Development Of Ceramic Based Novel Materials For Application In Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (Ltsofc) – A Critical Review, Kaliappan Tamilselvan, Arputharaj Samson Nesaraj

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

In the field of renewable energy, fuel cell research has emerged as a promising source of energy for the future. Fuel cells utilize fuels more efficiently compared to other energy generation systems. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems are gaining prominence due to their applications in military operations, mobile power supplies, and stationary power generation. Significant research efforts are being made to lower the operating temperature of SOFCs from 1000℃ to approximately 600℃, leading to the development of low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LTSOFCs). This is being achieved by selecting alternative electrode and electrolyte materials, particularly ceramics, to enhance their …

The Effect Of Asphalt Emulsion On The Properties Of Fly Ash Based Geopolymers, Natcha Prommityat, Chiravoot Pechyen, Pitak Laoratanakul, Benya Cherdhirunkorn

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

This research aimed to study the effect of asphalt emulsion (AE) on the properties of fly ash based geopolymers. Solid waste materials used for the production of geopolymer were coal fly ash (FA) 70 wt% and bagasse ash (BA) 30 wt%. Alkaline solution used for the geopolymerization reaction was the mixture of 10 M NaOH and Na2Sio3

with the ratio of 1:2. The liquid and solid (L/S) ratios of 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 were prepared. The AE of 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 5 wt% were added into the raw materials mixtures. Then, the mixed slurry was casted into a …

Antibacterial, Self-Adhesive Guar Gum/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Tannic Acid Conductive Hydrogels For Flexible Strain Sensors, Noppanan Putdon, Somnuk Theerakulpistut, Rawit Jittham, Pornnapa Kasemsiri

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

In this research, a multifunctional strain sensor with antibacterial properties and self-adhesion capabilities was developed using guar gum (GG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and tannic acid (TA). The incorporation of TA into GG-PVA hydrogel-based strain sensors was investigated to evaluate its effects on mechanical and electrical properties, self-adhesion, and antibacterial activities. The anti-bacterial activities against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were enhanced with the increasing content of TA. The adhesive strength was observed in the range of 1.20 ± 0.10 kPa to 5.05 ± 0.23 kPa, and the values tended to increase as TA content increased. The …

Mechanochemical Synthesis Of Ni(Ii)-Tptz Complexes With Co-Ligands: Spectroscopy, Dft, And Biological Studies, Deepak Senapati, Anulipsa Priyadarshini, Debadutta Samal, P. Ramesh Babu, Satyanarayan Sahoo, Narayan Chandra Bera, Raghabendra Samantaray, Jagannath Panda, Rojalin Sahu

Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals

New mixed-ligand Ni(II) complexes [Ni(tptz)(1,10-phen)] (1), [Ni(tptz)(2-Mimd)2] (2), and [Ni(tptz)Imd)2] (3) were synthesized via a green, solvent-free mechanochemical approach using ball milling. The primary ligand used was 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (tptz), with secondary ligands being 1,10-phenanthroline, 2-methyl imidazole, and imidazole, respectively. Structural characterization by IR, UV-Visible, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction, supported by DFT calculations, revealed a distorted square planar geometry for complex 1 and distorted tetrahedral geometries for complex-2 and complex-3. Notably, bathochromic shifts in the UV-Vis spectra confirm metal-ligand charge transfer transitions and extended π-delocalization. Powder XRD analysis determined average crystallite sizes of 17.86 nm (1), 25 nm (2), …