Digital Commons Network^™

National Valuation Of Monarch Butterflies Indicates An Untapped Potential For Incentive-Based Conservation, Jay E. Diffendorfer, John B. Loomis, Leslie Ries, Karen Oberhauser, Laura Lopez-Hoffman, Darius Semmens, Brice Semmens, Bruce Butterfield, Ken Bagstad, Josh Goldstein, Ruscena Wiederholt, Brady Mattson, Wayne E. Thogmartin

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The annual migration of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) has high cultural value and recent surveys indicate monarch populations are declining. Protecting migratory species is complex because they cross international borders and depend on multiple regions. Understanding how much, and where, humans place value on migratory species can facilitate market-based conservation approaches. We performed a contingent valuation study of monarchs to understand the potential for such approaches to fund monarch conservation. The survey asked U.S. respondents about the money they would spend, or have spent, growing monarch-friendly plants, and the amount they would donate to monarch conservation organizations. Combining planting payments …

Chapter 4 Management Of Wetlands For Wildlife, Matthew J. Gray, Heath M. Hagy, J. Andrew Nyman, Joshua D. Stafford

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Wetlands are highly productive ecosystems that provide habitat for a diversity of wildlife species and afford various ecosystem services. Managing wetlands effectively requires an understanding of basic ecosystem processes, animal and plant life history strategies, and principles of wildlife management. Management techniques that are used differ depending on target species, coastal versus interior wetlands, and available infrastructure, resources, and management objectives. Ideally, wetlands are managed as a complex, with many successional stages and hydroperiods represented in close proximity. Managing wetland wildlife typically involves manipulating water levels and vegetation in the wetland, and providing an upland buffer. Commonly, levees and water …

Extending Airborne Electromagnetic Surveys For Regional Active Layer And Permafrost Mapping With Remote Sensing And Ancillary Data, Yukon Flats Ecoregion, Central Alaska, Neal J. Pastick, M. Torre Jorgenson, Bruce K. Wylie, Burke J. Minsley, Lei Ji, Michelle A. Walvoord, Bruce D. Smith, Jared D. Abraham, Joshua R. Rose

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Machine-learning regression tree models were used to extrapolate airborne electromagnetic resistivity data collected along flight lines in the Yukon Flats Ecoregion, central Alaska, for regional mapping of permafrost. This method of extrapolation (r = 0.86) used subsurface resistivity, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) at-sensor reflectance, thermal, TM-derived spectral indices, digital elevation models and other relevant spatial data to estimate near-surface (0–2.6-m depth) resistivity at 30-m resolution. A piecewise regression model (r = 0.82) and a presence/absence decision tree classification (accuracy of 87%) were used to estimate active-layer thickness (ALT) (< 101 cm) and the probability of near-surface (up to 123-cm depth) permafrost occurrence from field data, modelled near-surface (0–2.6m) resistivity, and other relevant remote sensing and map data. At site scale, the predicted ALTs were similar to those previously observed for different vegetation types. At the landscape scale, the predicted ALTs tended to be thinner on higher-elevation loess deposits than on low-lying alluvial and sand sheet deposits of the Yukon Flats. The ALT and permafrost maps provide a baseline for future permafrost monitoring, serve as inputs for modelling hydrological and carbon cycles at local to regional scales, and offer insight into the ALT response to fire and thaw processes. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Effects Of Historical Lead–Zinc Mining On Riffle-Dwelling Benthic Fish And Crayfish In The Big River Of Southeastern Missouri, Usa, A. L. Allert, R. J. Distefano, J. F. Fairchild, C. J. Schmitt, M. J. Mckee, J. A. Girondo, W. G. Brumbaugh, T. W. May

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The Big River (BGR) drains much of the Old Lead Belt mining district (OLB) in southeastern Missouri, USA, which was historically among the largest producers of lead–zinc (Pb–Zn) ore in the world. We sampled benthic fish and crayfish in riffle habitats at eight sites in the BGR and conducted 56-day in situ exposures to the woodland crayfish (Orconectes hylas) and golden crayfish (Orconectes luteus) in cages at four sites affected to differing degrees by mining. Densities of fish and crayfish, physical habitat and water quality, and the survival and growth of caged crayfish were examined at …

A Review Of Environmental Impacts Of Salts From Produced Waters On Aquatic Resources, Aida M. Farag, David D. Harper

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Salts are frequently amajor constituent ofwastewaters produced during oil and gas production. These produced waters or brines must be treated and/or disposed and provide a daily challenge for operators and resourcemanagers. Some elements of salts are regulated with water quality criteria established for the protection of aquatic wildlife, e.g. chloride (Cl⁻), which has an acute standard of 860 mg/L and a chronic standard of 230 mg/L. However, data for establishing such standards has only recently been studied for other components of produced water, such as bicarbonate (HCO3 ⁻), which has acute median lethal concentrations (LC50s) ranging from …

Ice-Age Megafauna In Arctic Alaska: Extinction, Invasion, Survival, Daniel H. Mann, Pamela Groves, Michael L. Kunz, Richard E. Reanier, Benjamin V. Gaglioti

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Radical restructuring of the terrestrial, large mammal fauna living in arctic Alaska occurred between 14,000 and 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. Steppe bison, horse, and woolly mammoth became extinct, moose and humans invaded, while muskox and caribou persisted. The ice age mega fauna was more diverse in species and possibly contained 6x more individual animals than live in the region today. Mega faunal biomass during the last ice age may have been 30x greater than present. Horse was the dominant species in terms of number of individuals. Lions, short-faced bears, wolves, and possibly grizzly …

Origin Of The Sinai-Negev Erg, Egypt And Israel: Mineralogical And Geochemical Evidence For The Importance Of The Nile And Sea Level History, Daniel R. Muhs, Joel Roskin, Haim Tsoar, Gary Skipp, James Budahn, Amihai Sneh, Naomi Porat, Jean-Daniel Stanley, Itzhak Katra, Dan G. Blumberg

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

The Sinai-Negev erg occupies an area of 13,000 km² in the deserts of Egypt and Israel. Aeolian sand of this erg has been proposed to be derived from the Nile Delta, but empirical data supporting this view are lacking. An alternative source sediment is sand from the large Wadi El Arish drainage system in central and northern Sinai. Mineralogy of the Negev and Sinai dunes shows that they are high in quartz, with much smaller amounts of K-feldspar and plagioclase. Both Nile Delta sands and Sinai wadi sands, upstream of the dunes, also have high amounts of quartz relative …

Chronology And Provenance Of Last-Glacial (Peoria) Loess In Western Iowa And Paleoclimatic Implications, Daniel R. Muhs, E. Arthur Bettis Iii, Helen M. Roberts, Stephen S. Harlan, James B. Paces, Richard L. Reynolds

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Geologic archives show that the Earth was dustier during the last glacial period. One model suggests that increased gustiness (stronger, more frequent winds) enhanced dustiness. We tested this at Loveland, Iowa, one of the thickest deposits of last-glacial-age (Peoria) loess in the world. Based on K/Rb and Ba/Rb, loess was derived not only from glaciogenic sources of the Missouri River, but also distal loess from non-glacial sources in Nebraska. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages provide the first detailed chronology of Peoria Loess at Loveland. Deposition began after ~27 ka and continued until ~17 ka. OSL ages also indicate that mass …

Radiocarbon Dating Late Quaternary Loess Deposits Using Small Terrestrial Gastropod Shells, Jeffrey S. Pigati, John Mcgeehin, Daniel R. Muhs, E. Arthur Bettis Iii

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

No abstract provided.

Toxic Exposure Of Songbirds To Lead In The Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District, W. Nelson Beyer, J. Christian Franson, John B. French, Thomas May, Barnett A. Rattner, Valerie I. Shearn-Bochsler, Sarah E. Warner, John Weber, David Mosby

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Mining and smelting in the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District has caused widespread contamination of soils with lead (Pb) and other metals. Soils from three study sites sampled in the district contained from approximately 1,000–3,200 mg Pb/kg. Analyses of earthworms [33–4,600 mg Pb/kg dry weight (dw)] collected in the district showed likely high Pb exposure of songbirds preying on soil organisms. Mean tissue Pb concentrations in songbirds collected from the contaminated sites were greater (p < 0.05) than those in songbirds from reference sites by factors of 8 in blood, 13 in liver, and 23 in kidney. Ranges of Pb concentrations in livers (mg Pb/kg dw) were as follows: northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) = 0.11–3.0 (reference) and 1.3–30 (contaminated) and American robin (Turdus migratorius) = 0.43–8.5 (reference) and 7.6–72 (contaminated). Of 34 …

First, Do No Harm: On Addressing The Problem Of Implicit Bias In Juror Decision Making, Jennifer K. Elek, Paula Hannaford-Agor

Court Review: Journal of the American Judges Association

Over the past three decades, court leaders across the country have taken aggressive steps to confront racial bias in the courts. Recent efforts include in-depth judicial education and training about how an individual’s unconscious attitudes (including culturally learned associations or generalizations that we tend to think of as stereotypes) introduce unjustified assumptions about other people and related evidence that can distort a person’s judgment and behavior. This phenomenon is now referred to as implicit bias to differentiate it from explicit or intentional bias. Judicial education programs focus on raising judicial awareness about implicit bias and introducing techniques that judges may …

Court Review: The Journal Of The American Judges Association 49:3 (2013)- Tittle Page

Court Review: Journal of the American Judges Association

Tittle Page

Utilization Of Rules 614 And 706 In Fact-Finding: A Recent Study Of Midwest Judges, Andrew W. Jurs

Court Review: Journal of the American Judges Association

J udges who are deciding contested issues in their courtrooms have an immense toolbox of potential methods at their disposal. Many of these are commonplace methods, used on a day-to-day basis for common issues in litigation. Pretrial conferences come to mind as an example in this regard. But for those issues involving complex science, a judge has choices to make on how to perform his or her important gatekeeping role, and those gatekeeping tools may be more rarely used.

In 1993, the United States Supreme Court chose to review admissibility of scientific evidence in the landmark case of Daubert v. …

Court Review: The Journal Of The American Judges Association 49:2 (2013)- Contents

Court Review: Journal of the American Judges Association

AN AJA WHITE PAPER

76 Minding the Court: Enhancing the Decision-Making Process.

100 The Emotionally Intelligent Judge: A New (and Realistic) Ideal. 1

14 Heuristics and Biases in Judicial Decisions.

DEPARTMENTS

74 Editor’s Note.

75 President’s Column.

120 The Resource Page.

President’S Column (2013) 49 Page 75, Toni M. Higginbotham

Court Review: Journal of the American Judges Association

I invite you to join the American Judges Association as we gather for our 2013 Annual Educational Conference. The conference will be held September 22–27 at the luxurious Fairmont Orchid on “The Big Island” of Hawaii. Every year I look forward to the AJA conference, and this year is no exception. Not only do I get a chance to attend fascinating educational sessions on a variety of topics of interest to me as a judge, but also to see friends I have made over the years and to make new ones. The contacts I have made through AJA have provided …

The Emotionally Intelligent Judge: A New (And Realistic) Ideal, Terry A. Maroney

Court Review: Journal of the American Judges Association

As a Supreme Court Justice once wrote, “dispassionate judges” are “mythical beings,” like “Santa Claus or Uncle Sam or Easter bunnies.”1 Judges have emotions, and emotions influence decision making. These observations may seem obvious, even banal. But their implications are broad-reaching. Judicial emotion is more common than most people—certainly laypeople, and perhaps judges as well— would like to believe. Further, emotion almost certainly has a substantial impact on judicial decision making and behavior— and that is not necessarily a bad thing.

The ideal of the emotionless, “dispassionate” judge has a very long pedigree. More than three centuries ago, Thomas Hobbes …

Court Review: The Journal Of The American Judges Association 49:1 (2013)- Whole Issue

Court Review: Journal of the American Judges Association

ARTICLES

4 National Consortium on Racial and Ethnic Fairness in the Courts Celebrates 25 Years.

6 The Third Branch of the Third Sovereign: A Brief History of Tribal Courts and Their Perception in the Supreme Court.

14 Knowing the Communities We Serve.

24 The Supreme Court’s Emerging Jurisprudence on the Punishment of Juveniles: Legal and Policy Implications.

40 Achieving Racial and Ethnic Fairness in Drug Courts.

48 The Court’s Brain: Neuroscience and Judicial Decision Making in Criminal Sentencing.

64 Addressing Implicit Bias in the Courts.

DEPARTMENTS

2 Editor’s Note.

3 President’s Column.

72 The Resource Page.

National Consortium On Racial And Ethnic Fairness In The Courts Celebrates 25 Years, Edward C. Clifton, H. Clifton Grandy

Court Review: Journal of the American Judges Association

Recognizing the ever-changing landscape and the increasing challenges that face justice systems committed to achieving the promise of “equality before the law,” the National Consortium on Racal and Ethnic Fairness in the Courts (“National Consortium”) brings together thought leaders and delegates of state justice systems from around the country to share their collective knowledge about best practices within their court systems for achieving fairness and access to justice for all. For 25 years, the National Consortium has served as a conduit to provide a forum for discussions on relevant topics pertaining to identifying and eliminating bias against people of targeted …

A Global Standard For Monitoring Coastal Wetland Vulnerability To Accelerated Sea-Level Rise, Edward L. Webb, Daniel A. Friess, Ken W. Krauss, Donald R. Cahoon, Glenn R. Guntenspergen, Jacob Phelps

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Sea-level rise threatens coastal salt-marshes and mangrove forests around the world, and a key determinant of coastal wetland vulnerability is whether its surface elevation can keep pace with rising sea level. Globally, a large data gap exists because wetland surface and shallow subsurface processes remain unaccounted for by traditional vulnerability assessments using tide gauges. Moreover, those processes vary substantially across wetlands, so modelling platforms require relevant local data. The low-cost, simple, high-precision rod surface-elevation table–marker horizon (RSET-MH) method fills this critical data gap, can be paired with spatial data sets and modelling and is financially and technically accessible to every …

Influence Of Therapeutic Ceftiofur Treatments Of Feedlot Cattle On Fecal And Hide Prevalences Of Commensal Escherichia Coli Resistant To Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporins, And Molecular Characterization Of Resistant Isolates, John W. Schmidt, Dee Griffin, Larry A. Kuehn, Dayna M. Brichta-Harhay

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

In the United States, the bla_CMY-2 gene contained within incompatibility type A/C (IncA/C) plasmids is frequently identified in extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant (ESC^r) Escherichia coli strains from both human and cattle sources. Concerns have been raised that therapeutic use of ceftiofur in cattle may increase the prevalence of ESC^r E. coli. We report that herd ESC^r E. coli fecal and hide prevalences throughout the residency of cattle at a feedlot, including during the period of greatest ceftiofur use at the feedlot, were either not significantly different (P≥0.05) or significantly less (Pr E. coli shedding that follows ceftiofur …

Complete Closed Genome Sequences Of Mannheimia Haemolytica Serotypes A1 And A6, Isolated From Cattle, Gregory P. Harhay, Sergey Koren, Adam M. Phillippy, D. Scott Mcvey, Jennifer Kuszak, Michael L. Clawson, Dayna M. Harhay, Michael P. Heaton, Carol G. Chitko-Mckown, Timothy P. L. Smith

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Mannheimia haemolytica is a respiratory pathogen affecting cattle and related ruminants worldwide. M. haemolytica is commonly associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), a polymicrobial multifactorial disease.Wepresent the first two complete closed genome sequences of this species, determined using an automated assembly pipeline requiring no manual finishing.

Bovine Herpesvirus Regulatory Proteins, Bicp0 And Vp16, Are Readily Detected In Trigeminal Ganglionic Neurons Expressing The Glucocorticoid Receptor During The Early Stages Of Reactivation From Latency., Leticia Frizzo Da Silva, Insun Kook, Alan R. Doster, Clinton Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) establishes a life-long latent infection in sensory neurons following acute infection. Increased corticosteroid levels, due to stress, increases the incidence of reactivation from latency. Within minutes, corticosteroids activate the glucocorticoid receptor and transcription of promoters containing a glucocorticoid receptor element. A single intravenous injection of the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone consistently induces reactivation from latency in calves. Lytic cycle viral gene expression is detected within 6 hours after dexamethasone treatment of calves latently infected with BHV-1. Cellular transcription factors are induced by dexamethasone in trigeminal ganglionic neurons within 1.5 hours after dexamethasone treatment suggesting they promote viral …

A Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Protein Expressed In Latently Infected Neurons (Orf2) Promotes Neurite Sprouting In The Presence Of Activated Notch1 Or Notch3, Devis Sinani, Leticia Frizzo Da Silva, Clinton Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection induces clinical symptoms in the upper respiratory tract, inhibits immune responses, and can lead to life-threatening secondary bacterial infections. Following acute infection, BHV-1 establishes latency in sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia, but stress can induce reactivation from latency. The latency-related (LR) RNA is the only viral transcript abundantly expressed in latently infected sensory neurons. An LR mutant virus with stop codons at the amino terminus of the first open reading frame (ORF) in the LR gene (ORF2) is not reactivated from latency, in part because it induces higher levels of apoptosis in infected neurons. ORF2 …

Accessory Genes Confer A High Replication Rate To Virulent Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Ryan M. Troyer, Jesse Thompson, John H. Elder, Sue Vandewoude

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that causes AIDS in domestic cats, similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS in humans. The FIV accessory protein Vif abrogates the inhibition of infection by cat APOBEC3 restriction factors. FIV also encodes a multifunctional OrfA accessory protein that has characteristics similar to HIV Tat, Vpu, Vpr, and Nef. To examine the role of vif and orfA accessory genes in FIV replication and pathogenicity, we generated chimeras between two FIV molecular clones with divergent disease potentials: a highly pathogenic isolate that replicates rapidly in vitro and is associated with significant immunopathology in vivo, …

Development And Evaluation Of A Replicon Particle Vaccine Expressing The E2 Glycoprotein Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (Bvdv) In Cattle, John Dustin Loy, Jill Gander, Mark Mogler, Ryan Vander Veen, Julia Ridpath, Delbert Hank Harris, Kurt Kamrud

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus is one of the most significant and costly viral pathogens of cattle worldwide. Alphavirus-derived replicon particles have been shown to be safe and highly effective vaccine vectors against a variety of human and veterinary pathogens. Replicon particles are non-propagating, DIVA compatible, and can induce both humoral and cell mediated immune responses. This is the first experiment to demonstrate that Alphavirus-based replicon particles can be utilized in a standard prime/boost vaccination strategy in calves against a commercially significant bovine pathogen.

Findings: Replicon particles that express bovine viral diarrhea virus sub-genotype 1b E2 glycoprotein were …

Cultivation Conditions And The Diffusion Of Oxygen Into Culture Media: The Rationale For The Flask-To-Medium Ratio In Microbiology, Greg A. Somerville, Richard A. Proctor

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Bacterial cultivation requires consideration of three things: The bacterial strain, cultivation medium, and cultivation conditions. Most microbiologists dutifully report their choice of strains and cultivation media in manuscripts; however, these same microbiologists often overlook reporting cultivation conditions. Without this information, it is difficult to determine if cultures were grown aerobically, microaerobically, or anaerobically. To cultivate bacteria aerobically, it is necessary to understand that oxygen does not readily diffuse into culture media; it needs help to get in. Microbiologists can do this by altering the flask-to-medium ratio, rpm of agitation, and/or the concentration of atmospheric oxygen, or by using baffled flasks.

A Dysfunctional Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enhances Fitness Of Staphylococcus Epidermidis During Β-Lactam Stress, Vinai Chittenzham Thomas, Lauren Kinkhead, Ashley Janssen, Carolyn Schaeffer, Keith Woods, Jill Lindgren, Johnathan Peaster, Sujata Chaudhari, Marat Sadykov, Joselyn Jones, Sameh Mohamadi Abdelghani, Matthew Zimmerman, Kenneth W. Bayles, Greg Somerville, Paul Fey

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

A recent controversial hypothesis suggested that the bactericidal action of antibiotics is due to the generation of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), a process requiring the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid [TCA] cycle). To test this hypothesis, we assessed the ability of oxacillin to induce ROS production and cell death in Staphylococcus epidermidis strain 1457 and an isogenic citric acid cycle mutant. Our results confirm a contributory role for TCA-dependent ROS in enhancing susceptibility of S. epidermidis toward β-lactam antibiotics and also revealed a propensity for clinical isolates to accumulate TCA cycle dysfunctions presumably as a way to tolerate these …

Spatially Explicit Models For Inference About Density In Unmarked Or Partially Marked Populations, Richard B. Chandler, J. Andrew Royle

United States Geological Survey: Staff Publications

Recently developed spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models represent a major advance over traditional capture-recapture (CR) models because they yield explicit estimates of animal density instead of population size within an unknown area. Furthermore, unlike non-spatial CR methods, SCR models account for heterogeneity in capture probability arising from the juxtaposition of animal activity centers and sample locations. Although the utility of SCR methods is gaining recognition, the requirement that all individuals can be uniquely identified excludes their use in many contexts. In this paper, we develop models for situations in which individual recognition is not possible, thereby allowing SCR concepts to be …

Interferon Inducible Protein Ifi35 Negatively Regulates Rig-I Antiviral Signaling And Supports Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replication, Anshuman Das, Phat X. Dinh, Debasis Panda, Asit K. Pattnaik

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

In a genome-wide siRNA screen, we recently identified the interferon (IFN) inducible protein 35 (IFI35, also known as IFP35) as a factor required for VSV infection. Studies reported here were conducted to further understand the role and requirement of IFI35 in VSV infection. Consistent with the siRNA screening data, we found that depletion of IFI35 led to reduced VSV replication at the level of viral gene expression. Although no direct interaction of IFI35 with the viral replication machinery was observed, we found that IFI35 negatively regulated the host innate immune response and rescued poly(I:C)-induced inhibition of VSV replication. Promoter-driven reporter …

Characterization Of A Serologic Marker Candidate For Development Of A Live-Attenuated Diva Vaccine Against Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Hiep Vu, Byungjoon Kwon, Marcelo De Lima, Asit K. Pattnaik, Fernando A. Osorio

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines have proven extremely useful for control and eradication of infectious diseases in livestock. We describe here the characterization of a serologic marker epitope, so-called epitope-M201, which can be a potential target for development of a live-attenuated DIVA vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Epitope-M201 is located at the carboxyl terminus (residues 161-174) of the viral M protein. The epitope is highly immunodominant and well-conserved among type-II PRRSV isolates. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies prepared against this epitope are non-neutralizing; thus, the epitope does not seem to contribute to the protective immunity against …