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Iterative Computational Ethnography, Digito-Vernacularisation, And Transcultural Policing In The Global South Asian Communities: An Emergent Research Agenda For Transdisciplinary Hate Studies, Sandhya Irina Fuchs Jul 2026

Iterative Computational Ethnography, Digito-Vernacularisation, And Transcultural Policing In The Global South Asian Communities: An Emergent Research Agenda For Transdisciplinary Hate Studies, Sandhya Irina Fuchs

Socio-Legal Review

This Article proposes a new transdisciplinary agenda for global hate studies by connecting previously separate debates in anthropology and criminology. It draws on ongoing ethnographic and computational research, which investigates how Hindu nationalist (Hindutva) hate speech originating in India facilitates distinct forms of ethnic and religious exclusion in the United Kingdom and South Africa - two Indian diasporic centres that have recently witnessed escalating Hindu-Muslim conflict in markedly different ways. The Article aims to answer the following question: what forms of transdisciplinary dialogue and conceptual innovation must social scientists engage in to understand how local cultural, legal, and historical factors …


Predictive Modeling Of Readmission, Mortality, And Resource Utilization After Surgical And Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Raymond J. Martin Jul 2026

Predictive Modeling Of Readmission, Mortality, And Resource Utilization After Surgical And Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Raymond J. Martin

LSU Master's Theses

Aortic stenosis is the most prevalent valvular heart disease in North America. Its definitive treatments—surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)—carry a substantial burden of unplanned hospital readmission, which worsens patient outcomes, strains hospital capacity, and creates financial risk under value-based payment programs. Prior predictive work has largely focused on binary classification of 30-day readmission after TAVR. Such studies typically report predictor effects as odds or hazard ratios without validating patient-level probabilities, and neglect both the timing of readmission and the resources it consumes. To address these gaps, this thesis develops and empirically validates a unified, …


Standardizing Safe Sleep Education In An Outpatient Pediatric Cardiology Clinic: A Quality Improvement Initiative, Casey Hrbacek Jul 2026

Standardizing Safe Sleep Education In An Outpatient Pediatric Cardiology Clinic: A Quality Improvement Initiative, Casey Hrbacek

Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Project Abstract

Purpose: This quality improvement (QI) project aimed to increase the reliability of standardized, evidence-based safe sleep education for caregivers of infants aged 0–12 months in an outpatient pediatric cardiology clinic within an academic health system

Background: Sleep-related death is the leading cause of death among infants aged 1-11 months and the third leading cause of infant mortality overall and is closely associated with modifiable unsafe sleep practices. Safe sleep education is delivered inconsistently across settings, particularly during the hospital-to-home transition for infants with complex cardiac disease.

Methodology: A caregiver-completed Safe Sleep Screening Checklist was embedded into clinic workflow. A medical …


Bridging The Gap In Science Research: Preparing Students For College- Level Research In The Sciences, Victoria Helwig, Yaoguang Li Jul 2026

Bridging The Gap In Science Research: Preparing Students For College- Level Research In The Sciences, Victoria Helwig, Yaoguang Li

UConn Library Presentations

Many first-year students enter college unprepared to fully engage with scientific literature and academic library resources. Drawing on experiences from academic librarians working with STEM students, this session explores common gaps in science research skills, including navigating databases, identifying scholarly sources, and understanding the structure of scientific literature. Participants will be introduced to practical strategies and classroom-ready activities to better prepare students for college-level research. Discussion questions: What science research skills do students struggle with most when entering college? How can high school instruction better support these skills? Where can librarians and educators collaborate to support student success?


Postcolonial Cosmogram: Modern Interiority Of The Methodist Heritage Gallery In Sibu, Sarawak, Sanjeh Kumar Raman, Tong Jia Chian Jul 2026

Postcolonial Cosmogram: Modern Interiority Of The Methodist Heritage Gallery In Sibu, Sarawak, Sanjeh Kumar Raman, Tong Jia Chian

Interiority

This study examines the conservation and transformation of the Ching Ang Methodist Church into the Methodist Heritage Gallery (MHG) in Sibu, Sarawak, highlighting its role in placemaking and identity construction within the Foochow-Methodist community. By exploring the interplay between colonial modernity, heritage interpretation, and ethno-religious provenance, the research situates MHG as a critical site of memory and cultural articulation. Using an interpretivist approach, this study employs building surveys, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis to investigate the architectural, social, and symbolic dimensions of the MHG. The findings reveal that the gallery's adaptive reuse not only preserves Methodist-Foochow heritage but also serves …


Rural Youth Activism Amid Multi-Arena Contestations Of Infrastructure, Industry, And Conservation Landscapes, Rajib Gandi, Lala M. Kolopaking, Didin S. Damanhuri, Sofyan Sjaf Jul 2026

Rural Youth Activism Amid Multi-Arena Contestations Of Infrastructure, Industry, And Conservation Landscapes, Rajib Gandi, Lala M. Kolopaking, Didin S. Damanhuri, Sofyan Sjaf

Forest and Society

Rural youth in Indonesia are increasingly entangled in overlapping pressures of industrial expansion and ecological conservation that redefine local livelihoods and participation. In Cigombong, Bogor, West Java, where the Lido Special Economic Zone borders Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, youth confront intertwined political-economic and ecological exclusions that marginalize them from both development and conservation benefits. While state narratives portray youth as agents of rural transformation, many remain symbolically included but materially excluded from decision-making. This study examines how rural youth activists exercise agency and negotiate structural power within these contested arenas, analyzing how such interactions shape their livelihoods, participation, and …


Fabo V. 89 Hicks St., Llc Jul 2026

Fabo V. 89 Hicks St., Llc

All Decisions

Tenants in a rent overcharge class action moved to amend their complaint to add a claim that legal regulated rents and resulting overcharges should be calculated using the default formula under RSC § 2522.6(b)(3). The Appellate Division reversed Supreme Court's denial of the amendment, finding the proposed claim not palpably insufficient, and citing a DHCR determination in a similar case as support. The court also clarified that appellate courts are not bound by the law of the case doctrine as applied at the trial court level.


Ssj Realty Development Llc V. Seyedzadeh Jul 2026

Ssj Realty Development Llc V. Seyedzadeh

All Decisions

Handwritten opinion. Court granted reargument of its prior decision dismissing nonpayment petition for failure to plead 421-a tax credit status, but adhered to the original decision, reaffirming that the existence of a 421-a tax credit is a material term of the description of the premises that must be pled in the petition.


Temporal Dynamics Of Sleep Value: How Momentary States And Individual Differences Shape The Valuation Of Sleep, Brandon Pattillo Jul 2026

Temporal Dynamics Of Sleep Value: How Momentary States And Individual Differences Shape The Valuation Of Sleep, Brandon Pattillo

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Objectives Sleep value is the relative worth individuals place on sleep. Although previous work has validated trait-level measures of sleep value, little is known about the valuation process that determines sleep’s value over time. This study examined hourly fluctuations in sleep value and identified predictors of these changes.

Methods Ninety undergraduates completed baseline questionnaires assessing demographic, sleep, and health variables, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Values Inventory (VI), and Monetary Sleep Value Questionnaire (MSVQ). Participants completed hourly 24-hour surveys assessing activity, activity value/pleasure, sleepiness, sleep ability, sleep/wake desires and intentions, and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sleep. Confirmatory factor analyses …


Shichin Chang V. Attorney General United States Of America Jul 2026

Shichin Chang V. Attorney General United States Of America

2026 Decisions

Agency


Kantilal Patel V. Attorney General United States Of America Jul 2026

Kantilal Patel V. Attorney General United States Of America

2026 Decisions

Agency


Erik Yarmey V. University Of Pennsylvania Jul 2026

Erik Yarmey V. University Of Pennsylvania

2026 Decisions

USDC for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania


The Near-Optimality Of Two-Part Tariffs For Nonlinear Pricing, Dirk Bergemann, Yang Cai, Jinzhao Wu, Konstantin Zabarnyi Jul 2026

The Near-Optimality Of Two-Part Tariffs For Nonlinear Pricing, Dirk Bergemann, Yang Cai, Jinzhao Wu, Konstantin Zabarnyi

Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers

The optimal mechanism for selling a divisible good under convex production costs can be arbitrarily complex, yet firms overwhelmingly use two-part tariffs: a fixed fee plus a constant markup over production cost. We quantify the profit this simplicity sacrifices. For regular value distributions, a two-part tariff guarantees a fraction of the optimal profit that depends only on a lower bound m on the elasticity of the marginal cost, independent of the value distribution. The guarantee approaches 1 as m grows, and is impossible without such a bound. Beyond regularity, no two-part tariff guarantees a constant fraction, but a menu …


Comment On: Managing Sickle Cell Disease And Related Complications In Pregnancy: Results Of An International Delphi Panel, Deva Sharma, Ilknur Pamuk, Kenneth I. Ataga, Alexandra Benachi, Selim Büyükkurt, Sophie Lanzkron, Hakan Ozdogu, Shivan Pancham, Lydia H. Pecker, Susan E. Robinson, Safak Yilmaz Baran Jul 2026

Comment On: Managing Sickle Cell Disease And Related Complications In Pregnancy: Results Of An International Delphi Panel, Deva Sharma, Ilknur Pamuk, Kenneth I. Ataga, Alexandra Benachi, Selim Büyükkurt, Sophie Lanzkron, Hakan Ozdogu, Shivan Pancham, Lydia H. Pecker, Susan E. Robinson, Safak Yilmaz Baran

Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research

Consensus-based recommendations on managing sickle cell disease in pregnancy were recently published in a hematology journal. As this topic is also of great interest to obstetricians and gynecologists, we summarize some of these recommendations, while highlighting the challenges of providing evidence-based medical care to pregnant individuals with sickle cell disease.


Human And Ai Editing Tool Use Among Online Professional Practice/Applied Practice Doctoral Students, Valerie A. Storey, Tracy Greene, Lori Salgado Jul 2026

Human And Ai Editing Tool Use Among Online Professional Practice/Applied Practice Doctoral Students, Valerie A. Storey, Tracy Greene, Lori Salgado

All Faculty and Staff Scholarship

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore online professional practice doctoral students' and recent graduates' (2022-2025) use of editing software, GenAI/AI browser extensions, and human editors, examining their practices and institutional policy perspectives. Using Lentz's (2024) ethical authorship framework, researchers analyzed 29 participant responses. Four themes emerged: Foundational Academic Excellence and Support, Innovative Learning and Development, Quality Assurance and Professional Growth, and Inconsistent Institutional Practice and Ethical Oversight. Findings identified distinct functional purposes and five commonalities across editorial resources. Participants strategically employed different resources while maintaining authorial agency and critical judgment, yet reported widespread inconsistency in faculty guidance, …


Environmental Dna For Endangered Freshwater Mussel Monitoring: A Review On Global Synthesis Of Edna Methods, Challenges, And Innovative Strategies, Mizanur Rahman, Md. Saydur Rahman, Richard J. Kline Jul 2026

Environmental Dna For Endangered Freshwater Mussel Monitoring: A Review On Global Synthesis Of Edna Methods, Challenges, And Innovative Strategies, Mizanur Rahman, Md. Saydur Rahman, Richard J. Kline

School of Earth, Environmental, & Marine Sciences Faculty Publications

Freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most endangered aquatic species worldwide, making effective monitoring vital for their conservation. Traditional surveys are laborious, time-consuming, and often miss rare or low-density populations. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a highly sensitive, non-invasive approach for freshwater mussel detection and monitoring; however, uncertainties in ecological interpretation continue to limit its broader application in freshwater biodiversity monitoring. We conducted a systematic review of 49 peer-reviewed studies, identified through an extensive literature search, to assess temporal research trends, methodological advancements, ecological contexts, and regulatory readiness of freshwater mussel eDNA monitoring. Findings show that freshwater mussel eDNA research …


Lessons From A Medically Tailored Meals Program, Rachel Filippone, Evan England, Tyrus Parker, Harshita Sarup, Jess Carson Jul 2026

Lessons From A Medically Tailored Meals Program, Rachel Filippone, Evan England, Tyrus Parker, Harshita Sarup, Jess Carson

Carsey Publications

After a pilot program in 2021, the New Hampshire Food Bank launched a full medically tailored meals program in 2023, which is evaluated in this brief.


Interpretable Ai-Enabled Decision Support For Drinking-Straw Substitution Using Per-Use Greenhouse-Gas Indicators And User-Review Evidence, Ahmed Barakat Hosseny, Marwa Said Hassan, Shymaa Khamis, Randa Osman, Gassan Hodaifae, Jie Tang, Shaoshan Liu Jul 2026

Interpretable Ai-Enabled Decision Support For Drinking-Straw Substitution Using Per-Use Greenhouse-Gas Indicators And User-Review Evidence, Ahmed Barakat Hosseny, Marwa Said Hassan, Shymaa Khamis, Randa Osman, Gassan Hodaifae, Jie Tang, Shaoshan Liu

Basic Science Engineering

Plastic drinking straws are a visible single-use plastic product, yet selecting suitable substitutes remains challenging because literature-derived climate evidence and reported user experience are rarely evaluated together. This study develops and demonstrates an interpretable AI-enabled decision-support workflow that integrates literature-derived per-use greenhouse gas (GHG) indicators with review-derived user evidence extracted from online customer reviews using natural language processing (NLP). Drinking-straw alternatives were used as an information-rich case study. The integrated assessment combined a GHG-derived score, a user-experience feature score, and rating-based consumer approval within a transparent multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) under four predefined decision-priority scenarios. Among the five shortlisted materials …


Analysis Of The Atypical Temperature Dependence And Conformational Changes During Turnover Of A Lactobacillus Chlorogenic Acid Esterase, Nathaniel Carl, Yianni Tsigaris, Dan Ji, Nora K. Anpree, Kellie K. Omori, Cedric P. Owens Jul 2026

Analysis Of The Atypical Temperature Dependence And Conformational Changes During Turnover Of A Lactobacillus Chlorogenic Acid Esterase, Nathaniel Carl, Yianni Tsigaris, Dan Ji, Nora K. Anpree, Kellie K. Omori, Cedric P. Owens

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Many bacterial chlorogenic acid esterases (ChlEs) exhibit atypical temperature behavior, featuring activities that barely change with temperature and activity maxima that fall below the thermal denaturation point. This work focuses on a ChlE from Lactobacillus helveticus (Lh–ChlE), which has a flat temperature dependence. First, it was determined that conformational changes during Lh–ChlE turnover are not rate-limiting and that the overall rate depends on the chemical step at all temperatures. Next, Lh–ChlE’s temperature dependence was investigated using a conformational equilibrium model that assumes the existence of a temperature-dependent equilibrium between an active and an inactive conformation and an activation heat capacity …


Food Amongst The Trees: Growing Unh’S Agroforestry Program, Mark Wanner Jul 2026

Food Amongst The Trees: Growing Unh’S Agroforestry Program, Mark Wanner

UNH Today Archive

No abstract provided.


Implementation Science Intervention Adaptation To Address Maternal And Neonatal Health In Cameroon, Hanne Sybil Harbison, Henna Budhwani, Comfort Enah, Alan Tita, Eric Wallace, Waldemar Carlo, Mary Glory Ngong, Pius M. Tih, Rahel Mbah Kyeng Jul 2026

Implementation Science Intervention Adaptation To Address Maternal And Neonatal Health In Cameroon, Hanne Sybil Harbison, Henna Budhwani, Comfort Enah, Alan Tita, Eric Wallace, Waldemar Carlo, Mary Glory Ngong, Pius M. Tih, Rahel Mbah Kyeng

International Nursing Research Congress (INRC)

Background: The World Health Organization aims to reduce the global maternal mortality rate (MMR) to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Mobile health interventions, particularly those adapted from high income settings, are increasingly recognized for their potential usefulness in addressing gaps to quality maternal and neonatal care in low-income countries. However, few studies protocolize the adaptation process, including stakeholder feedback and side-by-side adjustments required to ensure contextualize relevance.

Design: We used the 8 sequential phases of the ADAPT-ITT framework to iteratively transform the medical intervention service via Telephone (MIST) to mobile phone-based solution (mMIST) intervention, incorporating qualitative …


The Role Of Media And The Digital World In The Formation Of Digital Identity And First Impressions, Author Information Removed Jul 2026

The Role Of Media And The Digital World In The Formation Of Digital Identity And First Impressions, Author Information Removed

JMLE Submissions Open for Review

This study investigates the relationship between media literacy, identity structures, and social perception among Georgian higher education students and explores how Media Literacy affects the Formation of First Impressions through the mediating roles of Social Identity and Digital Identity. The results demonstrate a strong positive correlation between Media Literacy and both Social Identity and Digital Identity. While the direct link between literacy and impression formation was non-significant. The mediation model revealed a psychological mechanism: Media Literacy significantly reduces superficial reliance on digital profiles only by strengthening a conscious and reflective Digital Identity. In the Georgian context, these findings suggest that …


Accessible Media Literacy Education: A Universal Design For Learning Framework For Including Disabled And Deaf Learners, Author Information Removed Jul 2026

Accessible Media Literacy Education: A Universal Design For Learning Framework For Including Disabled And Deaf Learners, Author Information Removed

JMLE Submissions Open for Review

Media literacy education has built a robust evidence base for interventions that strengthen resilience to misinformation, yet its pedagogies presuppose a nondisabled learner: participants with disabilities are rarely reported, materials are rarely accessible by design, and disability is absent from the field's equity turn. Disabled and deaf learners consequently face a double exclusion, from the media environment by inaccessibility and from media education by protectionist safeguarding. This conceptual article develops the Accessible Media Literacy Education (AMLE) framework through a four-step synthesis of three literatures: media literacy education, research on disabled and deaf people's media practices, and Universal Design for Learning. …


From Exposure To Action: Ai-Generated Media, Student Trust, Content Reliance, And Responsible Digital Engagement In Higher Education, Author Information Removed Jul 2026

From Exposure To Action: Ai-Generated Media, Student Trust, Content Reliance, And Responsible Digital Engagement In Higher Education, Author Information Removed

JMLE Submissions Open for Review

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed how students encounter, evaluate, and use digital information. However, research has largely examined AI adoption and acceptance rather than how AI-generated media shapes trust, reliance, decision-making, and responsible digital engagement. This study examines AI-generated media engagement as a media and information literacy issue through an extended Uses and Gratifications Theory perspective, recognizing AI interaction as a hybrid process shaped by student motivations and algorithmically influenced exposure. Using responses from 220 undergraduate Business students in Cebu, Philippines, this quantitative study employed correlation and regression analyses to examine relationships among AI-driven media exposure, student engagement, trust …


Integration Of Media Pedagogy In Teacher Education Classrooms, Author Information Removed Jul 2026

Integration Of Media Pedagogy In Teacher Education Classrooms, Author Information Removed

JMLE Submissions Open for Review

In an era where classrooms are increasingly influenced by media and socio-cultural dynamics, teacher education must evolve to incorporate critical dimensions like gender sensitization and media literacy. This study explores the role of media pedagogy in developing gender awareness among pre-service teachers in India. The study focuses on conceptualization of media pedagogy, intersectionality and teacher education classrooms and adopts an interdisciplinary approach for media and gender. A module was developed and then implemented with 30 preservice teachers, followed by focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with 10 teacher educators. The research study is guided by Methodology for Interdisciplinary Research (MIR) …


What Counts As Data? Empirical Legal Research With India’S Ecourts Portal, Lubhyathi Rangarajan, Sakshi Rai, Nikita Bansal Jul 2026

What Counts As Data? Empirical Legal Research With India’S Ecourts Portal, Lubhyathi Rangarajan, Sakshi Rai, Nikita Bansal

Socio-Legal Review

This Notes from the Field (‘NFF’) studies an attempt to build a nationwide dataset of cases instituted under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 using the eCourts portal, an open access state-led digital repository of all judicial records across India. It uses this experimental attempt to create new methodological and epistemological ways of thinking about data when undertaking socio-legal research. The paper argues that the appearance of judiciary-led digital transparency and visibility masks deeper concerns with data integrity. Through a process of manual data extraction across than 3,647 court complexes on the eCourts portal, the study reimagines technical failures and …


Solvent-Dependent Cytotoxicity Of Peperomia Pellucida Leaf Extracts Against Mcf-7 Breast Cancer Cells, Ade Arsianti, Rafael Erlangga Bagas Pratama, Steven Gill, Diyah Kristanty Jul 2026

Solvent-Dependent Cytotoxicity Of Peperomia Pellucida Leaf Extracts Against Mcf-7 Breast Cancer Cells, Ade Arsianti, Rafael Erlangga Bagas Pratama, Steven Gill, Diyah Kristanty

Indonesian Journal of Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics

Background: Breast cancer remains a major global health burden. Particularly in Indonesia, limitations of conventional chemotherapy, such as severe side effect, toxicity, and high cost, indicating the necessitate the development of alternative therapeutic agents. Peperomia pellucida, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive phytochemicals, has shown promising anticancer potential; however, its cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and the influence of solvent polarity remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of P. pellucida leaf extracts which are prepared using different polarity of solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane).

Method: Dried leaf powder of P. pellucida was …


From Fields To Flu: Mapping H5n1 Zoonotic Risk In California Rice Fields, Mariati Messinger Jul 2026

From Fields To Flu: Mapping H5n1 Zoonotic Risk In California Rice Fields, Mariati Messinger

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 threatens agriculture, wildlife, and public health in California, where flooded rice fields in the Central Valley provide surrogate wetland habitat for migratory waterfowl and may create ecological interfaces for viral spillover into poultry systems. This quantitative ecological study examined whether county-level rice acreage, Lesser Snow Goose activity, and their interaction were associated with poultry HPAI H5N1 outbreak incidence during complete winter seasons available for analysis. Guided by One Health and disease ecology frameworks, secondary data from USDA, eBird, PRISM, and public surveillance sources were analyzed for 36 county-winter observations using negative binomial regression, logistic …


Strategies Used By Silicon Valley Technology Leaders To Advance Latinx Employees Into Leadership Roles To Increase Firm Productivity, Elizabeth A. Garcia Jul 2026

Strategies Used By Silicon Valley Technology Leaders To Advance Latinx Employees Into Leadership Roles To Increase Firm Productivity, Elizabeth A. Garcia

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The underrepresentation of Latinx professionals in leadership roles remains a challenge for technology leaders. Leaders who lack effective leadership development strategies for Latinx employees may experience reduced innovation, lower productivity, and decreased organizational competitiveness. Grounded in the resource-based view, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry research project was to identify and explore effective strategies used by Silicon Valley technology leaders to advance Latinx employees into leadership roles to increase firm productivity. Participants were 10 technology leaders with experience implementing strategies to hire, develop, and promote Latinx talent. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, public organizational documents, and industry publications. …


A Data-Driven Framework For Mitigating Breast Cancer Overdiagnosis: From Estimation To Risk-Adjusted Computer-Aided Diagnosis, William M. Brown Jr. Jul 2026

A Data-Driven Framework For Mitigating Breast Cancer Overdiagnosis: From Estimation To Risk-Adjusted Computer-Aided Diagnosis, William M. Brown Jr.

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

In Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) of cancer, standard cost metrics (false-positives and false-negatives) fundamentally fail to account for overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis is a critical scenario where a disease is correctly detected (true-positive) but is biologically indolent and would never have caused the patient harm or symptoms. While widely recognized in the medical community as a major healthcare crisis driving stressful and invasive overtreatment, overdiagnosis remains severely under-researched within computer science and engineering. This dissertation addresses this interdisciplinary gap by defining the three key computational challenges of overdiagnosis: (i) accurate estimation, (ii) harm quantification, and (iii) algorithmic mitigation. To overcome the estimation challenge, …