Digital Commons Network^™

Avoiding Dupe Process, Kevin Frazier

Northern Illinois University Law Review

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) combined with increased documentation of human overreliance on AI recommendations demands a reexamination of content moderation processes. Social media platforms—reacting to internal values, social pressure, regulatory mandates, or some combination of all three—have carried over procedural due process norms to content decisions. One common procedural protection is a “human-in-the-loop” (HITL) requirement. These requirements insist that a human provide some oversight role prior to an automated decision becoming final.

A review of the core values of due process—namely, accuracy, fairness, legitimacy—and the nature of hybrid decisional frameworks—those that involve AI and human inputs—show that HITL requirements …

The Emerging Danger Of Ai-Generated Child Sexual Abuse Material And An Unprepared Criminal Code, Jessica L. Terkovich

Northern Illinois University Law Review

The development and dissemination of child sexual abuse material (“CSAM”) using artificial intelligence (“AI”) is becoming easier and easier with technological advancements. This Article argues that traditional child pornography statutes should be extended to encompass fully AI-generated images. The Article outlines the history of the nation’s current federal CSAM laws and details the results of a nationwide survey of statutes which determined that few states have effective laws on the books regarding AI-generated CSAM. This Article also offers recommendations for constructing effective laws against AI-generated CSAM and concludes that harm comes from the very existence of CSAM, no matter how …

Under The Limelight Of Fame: Life, Success, And Revenge Porn—A Public Figure’S Right To Privacy Versus Speech On Matters Of Public Concern, Jose Garcia

Northern Illinois University Law Review

The twenty-first century continues to evolve technologically and socially. However, the main constant in society is the public’s devotion to celebrity culture. Celebrity culture constantly has the public’s attention, from Travis Kelce’s and Taylor Swift’s relationship, to the controversies surrounding President Donald Trump. As a result, being a public figure in a technologically advanced society comes with a limited right to privacy. Public figures over the years have become victims of nonconsensual pornography with limited options for recovery and accountability. California Civil Code Section 1708.85 is a prime example of a statute that poses a challenge to a public figure …

Vol. 45, No. 3, Summer 2025: Table Of Contents, Northern Illinois University Law Review

Northern Illinois University Law Review

Table of Contents and Masthead for Volume 45, Issue 3 of the Northern Illinois Law Review

Lindenwood Magazine, Spring 2025, Lindenwood University

Lindenwood Magazine (2017- )

Lindenwood University news magazine.

High School Student Reflections Of In-School Suspension: A Mixed Methods Study, Daniel L. Booth

Ed.D. Capstone Reports

In response to Illinois Senate Bill 100, secondary schools have increasingly relied on in-school suspension (ISS) as a disciplinary measure for addressing major behavioral infractions. As a result, ISS has evolved into a long-term holding environment for students who repeatedly engage in misconduct. This study aimed to explore the experiences of high school students who were assigned ISS multiple times during the 2023-24 academic year. Specifically, it examined students’ perceptions of their high school environment through the lens of repeated ISS assignment. The findings offer insights into how the ISS setting can be restructured to better support students and reduce …

The Fault Line: Understanding Tension Between Industry And Higher Education Institutions In Sustained Partnerships, David Lawrence

Dissertations

This study investigates the dynamics that influence tensions in industry–higher education partnerships and identifies effective navigation factors in sustainable partnerships. Despite the increasing prevalence, such partnerships face high failure rates due to inherent tensions. This research explores how partners from industry and higher education institutions successfully navigate these tensions using a qualitative case study approach.

This investigation employed a case study design with a multi-case two-by-two holistic matrix and an interpretive, constructivist framework. Data collection involved 16 semi-structured interviews with key individuals from nine higher education institutions and five industry organizations spanning healthcare, technology, consulting, real estate development, and accounting …

Volume 45, Number 2, June 2025 Olac Newsletter, Laura Kane Mcelfresh, Michael Herrick, Janelle Zetty, Tanesa King, Nerissa Lindsey, Diana Eynon, Lisa Romano, Amanda Mack, Michelle Cronquist, Morris Levy

OLAC Newsletters

Digitized June 2025 issue of the OLAC Newsletter.

Characterizing Risk And Protective Factors For Alzheimer's Disease And Related Dementias In American Samoa, Danielle Eakins, Jessica Williams-Nguyen, Nancy Schoenberg, Va'atausili Tofaeono

Anthropology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Ahms 144.51: Medical Terminology, Luke M. Alford

University of Montana Course Syllabi, 2021-2025

No abstract provided.

Defining The Logic And Risk Of Terrorist Uas Attacks In The United States, Austin C. Doctor, Suat Cubukcu, George Grispos, Joel S. Elson, Tyler Mccoid

Reports, Projects, and Research

In support of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the interdisciplinary project team conducted a one-year study to characterize the logic and emerging trends in terrorist use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS). The project team completed three rapid review reports which focus on key dimensions of the issue. Following the completion of these reports, the team hosted an in-person subject matter expert focus group meeting in spring 2025. The interagency workshop brought together counterterrorism and counter-UAS partners from federal and state law enforcement as well as the intelligence community. This report identifies five core findings – i.e., high level analytical …

Deepfakes And Fraud: Real-World Examples Of Ai Misuse, National Counterterrorism Innovation, Technology, And Education Center

Reports, Projects, and Research

In early 2024, criminals used deepfake technology to carry out high-level fraud. Arup Incident: $25.6 Million Lost In February 2024, the Hong Kong office of Arup, a global design firm, was targeted in a deepfake scam. An employee received a video call from what appeared to be the company's CFO and other executives. In reality, AI-generated video and voice cloning had been used to impersonate leadership. The employee, believing the meeting was real, transferred $25.6 million to fraudsters across multiple transactions. WPP Attempt: Fraud Thwarted In another case, scammers tried to fool employees at WPP, a global communications firm, by …

How Domestic Institutions Shape The Global Tech War, Anu Bradford, Eileen Li, Matthew C. Waxman

Faculty Scholarship

The United States (U.S.), China, and the European Union (EU) are engaged in a national security-driven economic competition over advanced technology. Many scholars and commentators focus on the external dimension of this geopolitical contest; that is, they describe the strategic choices by each actor in terms of geopolitical realities, threat perceptions, and relative power. However, this Article brings to the fore the internal dimension of the global tech war. We argue that each player’s strategy in the tech war is a function of its internal features, including basic constitutional powers, domestic legal institutions, and the relationships between the government and …

The Administrative State's Second Face, Emily R. Chertoff, Jessica Bulman-Pozen

Faculty Scholarship

We often assume that there is one administrative state, with one body of administrative law that governs it. In fact, the administrative state has two distinct faces: one turned toward regulation and benefits distribution, and one turned toward physical force and surveillance. The two faces are growing further apart under the Roberts Court, which has hemmed in the first face with decisions like Loper Bright while showing solicitude for national security and law enforcement agencies.

This Article delineates the two faces of the administrative state. It provides a descriptive account of the second face and the distinctive administrative law that …

Addressing Missingness In Serialized Bureaucratic Data: The Case Of Chinese Courts, Xiaohan Wu, Margaret Roberts, Rachel E. Stern, Benjamin L. Liebman, Amarnath Gupta, Luke Sanford

Faculty Scholarship

Courts around the world are putting their data online, making information about caseloads, parties, and decisions available to the public. Yet, this data is far from complete, and often only reflects a portion of courts’ dockets. We offer and validate a set of tools for leveraging serialized bureaucratic data from courts to estimate the proportion of cases available to the public and the time courts take to make decisions. Using data from more than 3,000 courts in China, our methods allow us to assess patterns of missingness in court data across provinces and cities by type of case and to …

After Notice And Choice: Reinvigorating “Unfairness” To Rein In Data Abuses, Lina M. Khan, Samuel A.A. Levine, Stephanie T. Nguyen

Faculty Scholarship

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has long served as America’s default privacy enforcer. Yet for much of its history, the agency relied on self-regulation through a “notice and choice” framework that left the public vulnerable in an era of rampant data collection and digital surveillance. Businesses overwhelmed users with dense privacy notices while amassing and exploiting vast troves of personal data. The agency’s historical approach, rooted in outdated assumptions about self-correcting markets and an ideologically cramped view of the FTC’s authorities and mandate, helped usher in a digital economy where data abuses became routine.

During the Biden Administration, the FTC …

Bound: The Imaginative Surplus Of Contractual Intent, Elizabeth F. Emens

Faculty Scholarship

Contract law is generally understood in terms of enforcement. The legal definition of a contract is a promise that the state will enforce. Individuals are empowered by contract law to create legal arrangements that the state will step in and enforce. And yet most contracts never make it to court.

This Article inverts the conventional focus on enforcement through a study of extralegal contracts. These are formal written agreements that parties call contracts but are not intended for legal enforcement. Examples of these extralegal contracts include no-suicide contracts and contracts for sexual slavery.

Examining extralegal contracts offers multiple insights. First, …

The Past, Present, And Future Of Proxy Voting Choice, Dorothy S. Lund

Faculty Scholarship

This article provides an early attempt at understanding what voluntary pass-through voting could mean for the marketplace. I first provide an overview of my argument in my 2018 Journal of Corporation Law article and the events that followed. I then survey passthrough voting initiatives that have taken hold at three asset managers — BlackRock, Vanguard, and State Street. I then conclude with some preliminary observations about how voting choice is likely to affect the proxy voting landscape and outline open questions.

Litigating National Security In The Wto Era, Petros C. Mavroidis

Faculty Scholarship

From one dispute between 1948 and 1994, there have now been 14 requests for a panel establishment (based on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Article XXI – the exception for national security) during the World Trade Organization (WTO) era (1995–now). The majority of them ended up in the issuance of a panel report, all of which were issued after 5 April 2019. As the WTO Appellate Body has been dysfunctional as of November 2019, no appellate report has been issued. Appeals have been lodged, but as there is no Appellate Body to entertain them, they were lodged …

Tort Law Heterodoxy In China, Benjamin L. Liebman, Rachel E. Stern, Eva Wenwa Gao, Xiaohan Wu

Faculty Scholarship

Chinese courts routinely ask defendants to pay damages without evidence of negligence while relying on concepts such as fairness, substantive justice, or discretion. This chapter examines how Chinese courts arrive at decisions that feel fair or just in cases where they refer to those ideas. Analysis of a dataset of 10,000 judicial decisions in personal injury cases suggests that Chinese courts refer to these concepts when they impose liability on two types of parties: (1) participants in a shared activity and (2) those who control a physical space. By assigning legal responsibility in these cases, Chinese courts acknowledge traumatic harm, …

The Financial Sector And Global Dollar System, Gary Gensler, Lev Menand, Joshua Younger

Faculty Scholarship

The second Trump administration’s approach to financial markets and institutions mixes familiar deregulatory policies with a range of other policies (financial and non-financial) that are largely without precedent and may lead to significant structural change in the long term. Combined, these policies have the potential to affect the financial sector in at least four ways. First, they could threaten the foundations of the global dollar system – mutual cooperation, trust, and interdependency, both between the producers and consumers of financial instruments and among the nations that constitute the dollar bloc. Second, they may undermine financial stability by loosening prudential standards, …

The Changing Architecture Of Trust, Kathryn Judge

Faculty Scholarship

Trust has always been vital to the healthy functioning of financial markets and the stability of the financial institutions. The mix of public and private institutions that undergird this trust, however, can vary. Often these forces are ignored or taken for granted until something goes wrong. With a marked turn toward deregulation taking hold on both sides of the Atlantic, against a backdrop of central banks having played a very active role intervening to allay distress, it is a good time to revisit these fundamentals. This essay examines the importance of trust, how it is created, how it can be …

(De)Funding Family Separations, Joshua Gupta-Kagan

Faculty Scholarship

Federal foster care funding exists in tension with foundational family law principles. The law protects family integrity: the state may only separate parents and children in extreme cases, and, when it does, the state must work to reunify families. Yet the federal funding system directs billions of federal dollars to support CPS agencies and pay subsidies to foster parents, adoptive parents, and guardians. It does so via an open-ended entitlement, so that the more families a state separates, the more federal funds it receives. This system makes it relatively cheaper for CPS agencies to take custody of children, incentivizes states …

Top Management Green Commitment And Employee In-Role Green Performance: An Emerging Economy Study, Hung Trong Hoang, Nhat Tan Pham, Pi Shen Seet, Janice Jones, Nga Thi Thuy Ho

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This study examines how and when top management green commitment influences in-role employee green performance, by investigating the mediating role of employee green passion and employee green commitment, and the moderating role of adverse working conditions. Based on a two-wave survey of 397 hotel employees in an emerging economy, Vietnam, the results show that top management green commitment, directly and indirectly, influences in-role employee green performance through employee green passion and employee green commitment. Additionally, the indirect effect of management green commitment on employee in-role green performance through employee green commitment has a stronger effect than through employees’ green passion. …

A Scoping Review On The Integration Of Artificial Intelligence In Point-Of-Care Ultrasound: Current Clinical Applications, Junu Kim, Sandhya Maranna, Caterina Watson, Nayana Parange

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is used increasingly in point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS). However, the true role, utility, advantages, and limitations of AI tools in POCUS have been poorly understood. Aim: to conduct a scoping review on the current literature of AI in POCUS to identify (1) how AI is being applied in POCUS, and (2) how AI in POCUS could be utilized in clinical settings. Methods: The review followed the JBI scoping review methodology. A search strategy was conducted in Medline, Embase, Emcare, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and AI POCUS manufacturer websites. Selection criteria, evidence screening, and selection were …

Competition In The Global Law Market: Offshore Development Of The Statutory "Rule In Hastings-Bass", Andrew P. Morriss

Faculty Scholarship

This Article examines the competitive dynamics in the global law market through the lens of the statutory evolution of the Rule in Hastings-Bass across various International Financial Centers (IFCs). Following the UK Supreme Court's 2013 decision in Pitt v Holt and Futter v Futter, which significantly restricted the judiciary's ability to void trustee decisions under the Rule, seven IFCs (Jersey, Bermuda, The Bahamas, the Dubai International Financial Center, the Cayman Islands, and the British Virgin Islands) enacted statutes to preserve and clarify the Rule within their jurisdictions. These legislative actions highlight the strategic adaptations by IFCs to enhance their legal …

Water Flowing Down Wall Street, Vanessa Casado-Pérez

Faculty Scholarship

Water scarcity is a perennial problem with dire consequences for the United States and governments around the world. A lack of adequate water resources is a systematic cause of environmental harm, economic damage, and societal division. Climate change has exacerbated these problems making water even more valuable and essential.

Financial actors have turned water into the new oil. These large financial actors profiteer from buying and selling water without any interest in its actual use as an input of production. Instead, they typically seek to hold these rights until dire situations, like droughts and fires, cause temporary, but large, spikes …

Curative Identity Formation Themes To Counteract Law School’S Hidden Curriculum, Aric K. Short

Faculty Scholarship

Especially given the sensitive and malleable life stage that many of our students are in, law schools should take meaningful steps to blunt and counteract the negative effects of the hidden curriculum, including in ways suggested in other articles in this symposium. One direct way to present countervailing messaging is through a required 1L course on professional identity formation (PIF). As described in this article, there are a number of benefits of explicitly addressing PIF topics early in law school, and doing so not only more effectively prepares our students to become practicing attorneys, it also responds directly to some …

Nato Self-Defense – Is Article 5 The Right Framework For Responding To Sub-Kinetic Cyber Aggression?, Shreyas Kumar, Gary D. Brown, Srividhya Ragavan, Maddalena Cerrato, Gourav Nagar

Faculty Scholarship

Cyber aggression presents a significant challenge to traditional frameworks of collective defense, particularly under Article 5 of the NATO Washington Treaty, which obligates member states to respond collectively to an "armed attack." While NATO has acknowledged that cyber incidents may trigger Article 5, ambiguity persists over what constitutes a cyber "armed attack," especially in the absence of kinetic effects. This uncertainty complicates NATO’s ability to address increasingly prevalent sub-kinetic cyber threats, such as economic disruption, data manipulation, and interference in democratic processes. Unlike conventional military threats, cyber operations often fall below the traditional threshold of armed conflict while still exerting …

Ai For Good: Expanding Legal Services For Immigrants, Huyen Pham, Bryan Garcia

Faculty Scholarship

In this Essay, we explore the possibilities for putting AI technology in the hands of clients themselves, considering the advantages and disadvantages. Thinking about the specific context of immigration law, we could envision apps that help individuals to prepare for interviews for affirmative asylum, visas, or naturalization; to educate them about their rights in ways that are more specific, timely, and convenient than current know-your-rights formats; or, in a more attorney-adjacent interaction, using an app to conduct the initial intake interview and organize that information, making the usual time-consuming intake process more efficient and effective. We are not envisioning apps …