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Letter From George Savile With Engraving, Page 3 Of 4, John Calhoun

Manuscript Papers

A handwritten letter from Savile who was an independent member of Parliament that voted to repeal the Stamp Act. This letter mentions the Poor Bill.

Letter From George Savile With Engraving, Page 1 Of 4, John Almon

Manuscript Papers

A handwritten letter from Savile who was an independent member of Parliament that voted to repeal the Stamp Act. This letter mentions the Poor Bill.

Letter From Edmund P. Stimson., George Marshall

Manuscript Papers

A handwritten letter discussing family records

Letter Concerning The Sugar Trade From Francis Lewis, Page 2 Of 2, Charles Dudley

Manuscript Papers

A handwritten letter from Francis Lewis. As a representative from New York, Lewis signed the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation

Letter Concerning The Sugar Trade From Francis Lewis, Transcript, Charles Sumner

Manuscript Papers

Transcript of a handwritten letter from Francis Lewis. As a representative from New York, Lewis signed the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation

Land Claim Disputes By The Kempe Family Page 3 Of 3, Alexander Fraser

Manuscript Papers

Land claim from Elizabeth Kempe of Philadelphia and her sisters, Catherine, and Jane Kempe. Along with W. John Wetherhead, interested party also. The daughters of William Kempe, Attorney General in His Majesty's Service to the province of New York 1752 -1759, attempting to make a claim on land owned by their (loyalist) father but confiscated. Upon the death of his father in 1759, John Tabor Kempe was appointed Attorney General of New York, the last to receive a royal commission. In 1825, John Tabor Kempe's heirs obtained passage of a bill in the New York Legislature that restored to them …

Land Claim Disputes By The Kempe Family, Transcript, Alf M. Landon

Manuscript Papers

Transcript of land claim from Elizabeth Kempe of Philadelphia and her sisters, Catherine, and Jane Kempe. Along with W. John Wetherhead, interested party also. The daughters of William Kempe, Attorney General in His Majesty's Service to the province of New York 1752 -1759, attempting to make a claim on land owned by their (loyalist) father but confiscated. Upon the death of his father in 1759, John Tabor Kempe was appointed Attorney General of New York, the last to receive a royal commission. In 1825, John Tabor Kempe's heirs obtained passage of a bill in the New York Legislature that restored …

Land Claim Disputes By The Kempe Family Page 2 Of 3, Albert Gallatin

Manuscript Papers

Land claim from Elizabeth Kempe of Philadelphia and her sisters, Catherine, and Jane Kempe. Along with W. John Wetherhead, interested party also. The daughters of William Kempe, Attorney General in His Majesty's Service to the province of New York 1752 -1759, attempting to make a claim on land owned by their (loyalist) father but confiscated. Upon the death of his father in 1759, John Tabor Kempe was appointed Attorney General of New York, the last to receive a royal commission. In 1825, John Tabor Kempe's heirs obtained passage of a bill in the New York Legislature that restored to them …

Land Claim Disputes By The Kempe Family Page 1 Of 3

Manuscript Papers

Land claim from Elizabeth Kempe of Philadelphia and her sisters, Catherine, and Jane Kempe. Along with W. John Wetherhead, interested party also. The daughters of William Kempe, Attorney General in His Majesty's Service to the province of New York 1752 -1759, attempting to make a claim on land owned by their (loyalist) father but confiscated. Upon the death of his father in 1759, John Tabor Kempe was appointed Attorney General of New York, the last to receive a royal commission. In 1825, John Tabor Kempe's heirs obtained passage of a bill in the New York Legislature that restored to them …

Import Receipt Signed By E. Langworthy Page 2 Of 2

Manuscript Papers

Shipment of sugar imported by Joseph Coleman in ship from Guadelupe by Master Shubael Gardner. An import receipt for one barrel of sugar signed by E. Langworthy. Edward Langworthy (1738–1802) was an American teacher who was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Georgia. He signed the Articles of Confederation.

Import Receipt Signed By E. Langworthy Page 1 Of 2, Elizabeth Kempe

Manuscript Papers

Shipment of sugar imported by Joseph Coleman in ship from Guadelupe by Master Shubael Gardner. An import receipt for one barrel of sugar signed by E. Langworthy. Edward Langworthy (1738–1802) was an American teacher who was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Georgia. He signed the Articles of Confederation.

General Court Notice, 1776, Page 2 Of 2

Manuscript Papers

1776 General Court Notice. An act providing for more equal representation in the General Court.

General Court Notice, 1776, Transcript, King, Rufus

Manuscript Papers

1776 General Court Notice. An act providing for more equal representation in the General Court.

General Court Notice, 1776, Page 1 Of 2

Manuscript Papers

1776 General Court Notice. An act providing for more equal representation in the General Court.

Commission To Take Deposition, 1766

Manuscript Papers

Deposition taken by Sir Francis Bernard (1712-1779), royal governor of colonial Massachusetts from 1760 to 1769. It was sent to Jeremiah Powell, Enoch Freeman, and Alexander Boss of Falmouth, Maine concerning the will of James Hope.

Commission To Take Deposition, 1766

Manuscript Papers

Deposition taken by Sir Francis Bernard (1712-1779), royal governor of colonial Massachusetts from 1760 to 1769. It was sent to Jeremiah Powell, Enoch Freeman, and Alexander Boss of Falmouth, Maine concerning the will of James Hope.

Commission To Take Deposition, 1766, Nathaniel Freeman Jr.

Manuscript Papers

Deposition taken by Sir Francis Bernard (1712-1779), royal governor of colonial Massachusetts from 1760 to 1769. It was sent to Jeremiah Powell, Enoch Freeman, and Alexander Boss of Falmouth, Maine concerning the will of James Hope.

The Model Printed It. The Host Ran It.: Binding Execution Finality To Ai Tool Calls, Function Calling And Mcp Before Any Side Effect Occurs, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

When an AI model emits a tool_use block, a function call or an MCP tools/call request, the host usually executes whatever name and arguments the model produced. Alignment training, system prompts, schema validation, allow-lists and OAuth surround that moment but do not control it: injected content can turn a search into an email send, valid arguments can pay the wrong vendor, a substituted MCP server can answer under a trusted name, and a retry can execute twice. This disclosure binds execution finality to the tool-call interfaces of Anthropic, OpenAI and the MCP ecosystem without changing models, schemas or servers. Each …

Child Safety Architecture : Handed The Phone, Not The Permission: Keeping Adult Content From Reaching Children At The Moment It Would Appear On Screen, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

Hardware-Rooted Rendering Finality for Age-Restricted Content — Temporary Under-18 Handover Mode and Protected Key-Release, Decoder, GPU, Compositor and Display Enforcement

ABSTRACT :

Child-safety controls usually act before the screen: account-age flags, parental settings, content labels, recommender filters, server-side classification, age assurance and app restrictions decide whether adult or age-restricted content should be available. Those controls matter, but an upstream decision does not guarantee that the content cannot later be decrypted, decoded, composited, displayed, cast or mirrored through another path — or that a parent's adult-configured phone, handed to a child after repeated asking, will not keep its adult viewing authority. …

Approval Is Not Permission: Appointing, Bounding And Retiring The Evaluators That Judge Autonomous Ai Agents, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

Location-Independent Evaluator Architectures, Protected Appointment, Evidence Verification and Authority-Separated Decision Control for Multi-Agent and Cross-Organization Systems

As autonomous AI agents increasingly negotiate, plan and act together — often across organisations — systems rely on evaluators to judge them: rule engines, AI "judge" models, simulations, human reviewers, panels or hybrid services. Yet the evaluator itself is rarely governed: it may appoint itself, claim neutrality, see evidence it should not, keep authority after a project ends, issue verdicts that silently go stale, or have its approval treated as permission to move money, release data, change production systems or actuate equipment. This disclosure …

Every Tensor Needs A Permit: Stopping Ai-Factory Hardware From Acting On Stale Or Unauthorised Commands, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

Execution Finality for AI-Factory Silicon: 98 Enforcement Profiles for GPUs, Chiplets, Memory Fabrics, CXL, RDMA, DPUs, Photonics and Package Interconnect

In an AI factory, the part that computes a result is rarely the part that makes it real. A GPU calculates a tensor, but a DMA or RDMA engine moves it; a scheduler picks a placement, but a partition controller commits it; a model selects an output, but a NIC, optical lane or token gate releases it; a controller decides a cooling change, but a pump actuates it. Authentication, access control, workload identity, attestation, confidential computing, IOMMU and SMMU isolation, …

Cleared To Fly Is Not Cleared To Act: Actuator-Level Execution Finality And Compact Broadcast Act Evidence For Drones (Uas) And Autonomous Vehicles — With Implementation Variations And Industry Alignment, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

Drone trust infrastructure answers two questions well: Remote ID and the IETF Drone Remote ID Protocol (DRIP) say who an aircraft is, and UTM, U-space and geo-awareness say whether a flight may take place. Neither decides whether a specific act — arming motors, entering a newly restricted volume, releasing a payload, switching on a camera over a protected area, transmitting on a band, or joining a coordinated manoeuvre — may take effect at the actuator now, under current airspace and revocation state. Authorisations are granted at take-off, while acts are executed continuously by mission computers and autonomy stacks that can …

Your Number Is Not A Key: Stopping Robocalls, Spam And Scam Calls In The 6g Era By Separating Who Knows Your Number From Who May Reach You, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

Robocalls, spam texts and scam calls persist for one structural reason: in today’s telephone and messaging networks, knowing a number is enough to ring it. Once a phone number, SIP address or messaging handle leaks — through a directory listing, a marketplace enquiry, a data breach or a broker list — it works as a permanent, reusable key to its owner’s attention. Existing defences answer different questions. STIR/SHAKEN verifies who is calling, not whether that caller is allowed to reach this recipient now. Number masking hides the real number, but the masked alias usually stays dialable while active. Spam scoring, …

Ai Agent Safety: A Lost Reply Does Not Mean The Payment Failed, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

Abstract (Part 27 of 27)

A customer-facing AI agent initiates a two-organization transaction. Organization A authorizes a ledger effect and Organization B authorizes inventory release, subject to A having actually completed its effect. A ledger commit succeeds, but the response is lost. The agent retries, B accepts an old or fabricated receipt, and a customer may be charged twice or an item released without settlement. A second case arises when an external device or payment service times out after receiving an operation whose actual outcome cannot be observed. A third arises when cancellation is described as reversing a previously committed …

Ai Agent Safety: Prove The Invoice Was Settled — Without Showing The Whole Record, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

Abstract (Part 26 of 27)

An automated purchasing assistant operated by Organization A receives a payment confirmation from Organization B. An independent evaluator operated by Organization C must determine whether a specific invoice was actually settled before a logistics assistant may proceed. B’s authoritative transaction record contains the buyer’s account number, private merchant pricing, fraud notes, unrelated financial history, and the settlement status. Copying the entire record to C would disclose unnecessary private data. Giving C only an agent-generated sentence saying “settled” would not establish authoritative completion. A signed blob without a task- and operation-binding might validate a different transaction. …

Ai Agent Safety: Ten Agents From One Company Still Count As One Vote, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

Abstract (Part 25 of 27)

Organizations A and B authorize a joint automation task. A third organization C subsequently joins as an independent evaluator; organization A also launches ten AI agents and attempts to treat these ten instances as independent committee members. After the initial work, organization D requests membership and the previous committee attempts to retire C. During the transition, B may be disconnected and a remote payment or hardware task may have an uncertain outcome. Ordinary group messaging, agent discovery, vote exchange, and session-cancellation signaling do not alone establish which principals count, whose consent is indispensable, whether the …

Ai Agent Safety: Deleting The Supervisor Does Not Stop The Queue, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

Abstract (Part 24 of 27)

Organizations A and B appoint an autonomous supervisor to schedule a distributed maintenance task. At minute 14, B revokes the appointment while A is temporarily partitioned. The old supervisor has signed messages pending in a queue, and a remote task’s completion status is unknown. Simply deleting the supervisor process does not prevent an old queued message from reaching another service. Likewise, a signed revocation broadcast does not prove it was installed at a disconnected receiver. A replacement supervisor cannot safely assume an ambiguous external operation failed and repeat it. Appointing a supervisor is different from …

Ai Agent Safety: No Central Manager — Each Domain Still Checks Its Own Work, Sangam Kumar Das

Defensive Publications Series

Abstract (Part 23 of 27)

Organization A controls a maintenance-inspection resource and Organization B controls an operational scheduling resource. Agent A is authorized to record a verified inspection; Agent B may schedule the corresponding intervention only after the inspection is confirmed. Both organizations refuse to delegate project-wide control to the other. A communications broker can route messages and show progress, but neither party permits the broker to mutate native resources. If A’s result message is lost, B must not infer that the inspection happened or did not happen. If A revokes the workflow, B must not treat an old plan …

Data: Gamified Formative Assessment In Mechanics: Insights Into Conceptual Learning Across Engineering Disciplines, Yohanna Mejia Cruz

Research Data and Datasets

Understanding how engineering students develop foundational mechanics concepts is essential for improving instructional practices and preparing students for advanced engineering coursework. This dataset supports an investigation of conceptual learning in an introductory mechanics course incorporating Kahoot!-based gamified formative assessments. Force Concept Inventory (FCI) pre- and post-test results were analyzed to quantify learning gains, examine differences across engineering majors, and identify conceptual areas where misconceptions persist. The dataset enables comparisons with established benchmarks for traditional instruction and interactive engagement. These data contribute to research on engineering education by supporting the evaluation of conceptual learning outcomes and informing the development of evidence-based …

Delancey Floyd-Jones Letter, July 6, 1862, Delancey Floyd-Jones

DeLancey Floyd-Jones Letters

Letter from DeLancey Floyd-Jones to John from the banks of the James River in Virginia following the Seven Days' battles in the Civil War.