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Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Android Pada Materi Berpikir Komputasional, Achmad Faisal Bahri, Widiyanti Widiyanti, Arif Kurniawan

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

Problems in Informatics learning are often associated with low student interest and engagement, leading to limited understanding of the material. Optimizing smartphones as instructional media has the potential to increase student participation. This study aimed to develop Android-based learning media to support computational thinking content in Grade 10 Informatics. The application was expected to facilitate independent learning and improve students’ interest and understanding. The study was based on observations at SMK Negeri 9 Malang, which indicated that conventional instruction tended to be passive and unengaging. The media were developed using Unity3D and the 4D model: define, design, develop, and disseminate. …

Pengaruh Budaya Sekolah Terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Siswa Sekolah Dasar, Dwi Fitria Indriani, Nur Afni Anggraini, Wahyu Ezy Asmi Hasanah, Lilik Bintartik, Ana Dwi Lestari

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

Character education is important from an early age, particularly in elementary school, because it provides a foundation for future generations facing the challenges of globalization and rapid technological development. These challenges may influence children’s character, making it necessary to instill noble values consistent with Indonesian culture and national identity. This study aimed to explore and describe the character traits of students at SDN Percobaan 1 Malang as shaped through school culture. Using a qualitative narrative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and photographic documentation. The participants were students of Class 5A. The findings show that school routines—such …

Peningkatan Motivasi Dan Pemahaman Ppkn Siswa Smp Melalui Implementasi Model Pbl Berbasis Tgt, Arlinda Dewi Arini, Didik Sukriono

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

The implementation of a Teams Games Tournament (TGT)-based Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model to improve students’ motivation and understanding of Civics Education at SMPN 8 Malang was conducted as a community service initiative aimed at improving the quality of Civics instruction at the junior high school level. This study used a descriptive qualitative method by combining a review of previous studies, a program needs analysis, and implementation of the program’s core activities. The results show that the TGT-based PBL model was effective in improving students’ learning motivation and understanding of Civics content. Concrete implementation steps—such as opening lessons by emphasizing religious …

Survei Status Gizi Dan Keterampilan Motorik Pada Peserta Didik Kelas Vii Smp Kota Malang, Syarif Hidayatullah, Usman Wahyudi, Dian Firmanto

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

This study aimed to determine the nutritional status and motor skills of seventh-grade students at SMPN 3 Malang. It used an observational approach with a descriptive research design. The participants were 32 seventh-grade students. Data were collected using Body Mass Index (BMI) measurements and the Kids Athletics test. The results show that the largest proportion of students was in the severely underweight category, accounting for 42.5% or 14 students. In the turbo-throw event, the highest proportion of boys was in the fair category (35.4%), whereas the highest proportion of girls was in the poor category (47.2%). In the frog-jump event, …

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Teams Games Tournament Untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas 1 Sekolah Dasar, Rika Anjarwati, Radeni Sukma Indra Dewi

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

Cooperative learning is a teaching strategy that reflects the nature of human beings as social individuals who depend on one another. It emphasizes shared goals and responsibilities, division of tasks, and a sense of common purpose. In cooperative learning, students are trained to share knowledge, experiences, tasks, and responsibilities. Helping one another and practicing interaction, communication, and socialization create a learning environment that resembles a miniature society and enables students to recognize one another’s strengths and weaknesses. This classroom action research used a descriptive qualitative approach and aimed to increase students’ learning engagement through the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) cooperative …

Keterampilan Kolaborasi Peserta Didik Kelas V Sd Dalam Kegiatan Diskusi Kelompok, Batricia Albafirda Fazhari, Yuniawatika Yuniawatika

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

This study aimed to analyze the implementation of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in a fifth-grade elementary classroom using a qualitative approach. The participants were 25 fifth-grade students at SD Negeri Gadingkasri, Malang. The study was conducted over Cycles I–III during the first teaching practicum of the Pre-Service Professional Teacher Education Program at Universitas Negeri Malang from January to February 2024. Observation and interview sheets were used to capture students’ collaboration skills. Direct observation and field documentation were used to understand collaborative behavior during PjBL, while interviews provided insight into students’ learning experiences. The findings show that PjBL encouraged students to interact …

Inovasi Pembelajaran Informatika Di Sekolah Menengah Pertama: Tinjauan Publikasi 2023-2024, Alfeina Zakkya Meriatami, Novita Tri Indrasari, Bayu Koen Anggoro, I Made Wirawan

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

Informatics has been designated a compulsory subject under the Merdeka Curriculum. In the previous curriculum, it was incorporated into Craft and Entrepreneurship and was therefore treated as an elective subject. As a result, Informatics is a relatively new area for both teachers and students. This article aimed to analyze innovations in Informatics instruction between 2023 and 2024. The analysis used the Google Scholar database with the assistance of the Publish or Perish application. A literature review method was employed, with inclusion criteria limited to articles published from 2023 to 2024 using the keywords “innovation in junior high school Informatics learning” …

Tantangan Dan Inovasi Dalam Pembelajaran Ips Sekolah Menengah Pertama Di Era Globalisasi, Fianisya Widyarini, Yusuf Suharto

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

Innovation refers to the application of new ideas intended to bring about positive change, particularly by people who are strongly committed to creating a better world. It is especially important in education, where new techniques are developed to prepare future generations. Education is required to equip students with mastery of technology and scientific knowledge. This study aimed to describe challenges and innovations in social studies learning. A descriptive qualitative model was used to provide an in-depth explanation of the data, and relevant references were obtained through a literature review of Google Scholar sources. The findings show that, in preparing for …

Integrasi E-Modul Pembelajaran Pemrograman Dasar Berbasis Project-Based Learning Dengan Cai Untuk Meningkatkan Kemandirian Belajar Siswa Smk, Sagita Regina Putri Ananda, Heru Wahyu Herwanto

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

Basic Programming is a foundational subject in vocational high schools within the Computer and Informatics Engineering program and is intended to develop students’ fundamental computer programming abilities. This study aimed to develop a Project-Based Learning and Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)-based e-module as an instructional medium for Basic Programming to support effective learning. The e-module was developed using the 4D model: define, design, develop, and disseminate. It was tested with tenth-grade Software Engineering students at SMKN 6 Malang to examine improvement in learning independence. Media expert validation yielded a feasibility score of 94.53%, while content expert validation yielded 92.74%, producing a combined …

Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Ipa Dengan Media Edukatif Berbasis Permainan Tradisional Di Kelas Viii Smp, Dewi Novitasari, Munzil Munzil, Anang Widodo, Athiyatus Sholihatul Fadhilah, Hana Naqiyya Nada, Nabela Aqiella Fadia Ariesta, Rafida Azizah, Savilla Nadya Saharani, Suci Nurhayati

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

Learning activities presented through games can stimulate students’ competitive spirit and, in turn, increase their motivation. Observations and interviews showed that approximately 70% of eighth-grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Pakis had low learning interest. The researchers therefore implemented the traditional game Congklak to increase students’ interest in science. The study aimed to examine the implementation of an educational traditional game—Congklak—to improve science learning interest, competitiveness, active participation, and motivation among all eighth-grade students. It used a qualitative case-study approach. Data were collected through observations and interviews using observation and interview sheets and analyzed descriptively. The findings show that the …

Pengaruh Penerapan Kode Etik Guru Terhadap Kualitas Interaksi Pembelajaran Dan Kedisiplinan Di Sekolah, Riska Elvia Annisa, Bayu Koen Anggoro

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

This article aimed to identify the implementation of the teacher code of ethics in elementary school instruction and explore its effects on the quality of learning interactions and discipline between teachers and students. It used a descriptive qualitative methodology based on an in-depth literature review. The teacher code of ethics was defined as a set of professional rules that educators must follow to protect professional integrity, ensure teachers’ welfare, and strengthen commitment to educational development. The findings show that implementing the code of ethics plays an important role in maintaining teacher professionalism, establishing healthy relationships with students, creating a positive …

Media Pembelajaran Presentasi Materi Operator Pemrograman Untuk Model Discovery Learning Dengan Asesmen Berbasis Filter Instagram, Diyah Rochmawati, Hari Putranto

Journal of Innovation and Teacher Professionalism

Discovery Learning is a problem-based instructional method that provides students with opportunities to actively explore and learn new concepts, including operator types in programming. In digital learning, Instagram offers interactive features that have potential for use in this method. This study aimed to develop presentation materials integrating the Discovery Learning model for programming operators with assessment delivered through Instagram filters. A research and development method using the ADDIE model—analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation—was employed. The resulting interactive presentation covered basic concepts and the implementation of logical operators in programming and incorporated quiz-based assessments through Instagram filters. The filters enabled …

Intervensi Booklet Bermarkah Terhadap Peningkatan Perilaku Pencegahan Leptospirosis Pada Ibu Rumah Tangga, Na'wa Nurmalytasari, Heru Subaris Kasjono, Ibnu Rois, Sugianto Sugianto

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Leptospirosis remains a public health concern in Indonesia, including in Bantul Regency. Data from Sewon I Public Health Center (Puskesmas) indicate a high incidence of cases, particularly among housewives who are considered a high-risk group. Effective education is essential to improve leptospirosis prevention behavior. This study aimed to determine the effect of a marked booklet as an innovative health education medium on improving knowledge, attitudes, and preventive actions against leptospirosis among housewives. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group approach. A total of 60 respondents were divided into two groups, namely the experimental group, …

Analisis Potensial Kejadian Luar Biasa Dbd Berdasarkan Kasus Dbd 5 Tahun Terakhir 2019-2024 : Studi Ekologi Di Kota Lubuklinggau Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, Sely Anggraini, Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono, Fitria Fitria, Nadia Putri

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an endemic disease in Indonesia, with a high potential for outbreaks, particularly in tropical and densely populated regions such as Lubuklinggau City. This study aimed to assess the outbreak potential of DHF in Lubuklinggau by analyzing the five-year trend of minimum and maximum case numbers (2019–2023) and comparing them with 2024 data using the epidemic threshold approach. A descriptive ecological study design was employed, with all primary health centers (puskesmas) in the city as units of analysis. Data sources included annual DHF surveillance reports from the District Health Office, field observations, demographic data from the …

Anthropology Of Cultural Transformation I: Togetherness And Separation (Xudong Zhao 2024), Komang Ariyanto

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

The book Anthropology of Cultural Transformation I: Togetherness and Separation by Zhao analyzes cultural change amid globalization and technological advancement. Zhao explores the duality between togetherness and separation in modern social dynamics, demonstrating how cultural identities adapt. Through ethnographic case studies and comparisons with thinkers like Clifford Geertz and Arjun Appadurai, the book invites readers to reflect on the impact of these changes on cultural practices and social cohesion. While Zhao highlights technology's role in fostering connectivity, he also emphasizes the effects of cultural homogenization. This book is relevant for both academics and policymakers who need to support cultural diversity …

Transformasi Syair Dodaidi: Dari Tradisi Lisan Ke Komersialisasi Digital Dalam Sejarah Masyarakat Aceh, Haikal Haikal, Anifa Nurhayati

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

Syair Dodaidi, as a form of Acehnese oral tradition, has played a significant role in the social and cultural life of the Acehnese people for centuries. It originally developed as a lullaby sung by mothers to their children, with lyrics containing prayers and praise to Allah SWT. This study aims to examine the transformation of Syair Dodaidi in the context of contemporary Acehnese society. The research methodology uses a historical approach with the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results show that although Syair Dodaidi is still practiced as part of cultural heritage, there have been a …

Exploring Stunting In South Kalimantan Province Using R Programming-Based Data Visualization, Muhammad Hudaya, Wahyudin Nor, Mellani Yuliastina, Muhammad Nordiansyah

Kesmas

South Kalimantan Province continues to face the challenge of relatively high stunting prevalence despite being endowed with abundant coal resources that could serve as a source of funding for public health. Therefore, this study aimed to examine differences in stunting prevalence among cities, mining districts, and non-mining districts in South Kalimantan to raise stakeholder awareness of disparities across these regional types. This study was conducted between April and December 2024, using secondary data obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Health and the South Kalimantan Provincial Government. R programming was used to process the data, generate visualizations, and perform analysis of …

Assessment Of The Dietary Supplements Effects On Maternal Underweight In Nigeria, Chukwuebuka Jude Chiobi, Uzoamaka Angela Chiobi, Ambrose Nnaemeka Omeje, Ikechukwu Andrew Mobosi, Michael Okike Ugwu, Nnamdi Simeon Ugwu

Kesmas

Maternal underweight continues to rise and, if not properly managed, will lead to increased mortality. This contradicts the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of reducing maternal mortality by 2050. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the probable effect of dietary supplements on maternal underweight in Nigeria. This study employed probit estimation using the maximum likelihood technique in 2022, with the 2018 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey data as the basis for analysis. The results showed a statistically significant effect of dietary supplements on maternal underweight in Nigeria. The likelihood of dietary supplements impacting maternal underweight was approximately 0.4% lower, on average, …

The Role Of Blockchain Technology In The Quality Of Electronic Services: An Exploratory Study Of The Opinions Of Individuals Working In A Sample Of Private Banks In The City Of Mosul, Zaid Fawzi Ayoob Al-Sheikh, Bassam Mohammed Yaseen, Faraj Nghaimesh Faraj

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The current research seeks to identify the role of blockchain technology in enhancing the quality of electronic services. The research relied on testing blockchain technology as an independent variable, the quality of electronic services as a dependent variable, and an analytical field framework to identify the nature of the correlation and influence relationship between the research variables. The data was collected based on the questionnaire form prepared for this purpose. It was tested using statistical methods in the (SPSS) program. A total of 84 valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent …

Responsive Supply Chain And Its Role In Reducing Some Supply Chain Risks: A Field Study In Al- Mosul Company For Iron And Steel, Ali Waleed Hazim Al Abady

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The current research aims to attempt to demonstrate the extent of the contribution of the responsive supply chain, which represented the independent variable, in reducing some supply chain risks represented by (supply risks, demand risks, process risks, and environmental risks), which represented the dependent variable in Al- Mosul Company For Iron and Steel, at a time when companies’ interest in reducing their supply chain risks has increased, which enables them to stand up to local and international competitors. Through the researcher’s survey, it became clear that the company is facing a problem, as it cannot confront several supply chain risks. …

Factors Associated With Erectile Dysfunction In Men With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (Luts): A Symptoms Of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Research Network (Lurn) Study, Devin Boehm, Abigail R. Smith, Sarah A. Mansfield, Kathryn E. Flynn, Richard J. Fantus, Alexander P. Glaser, Brian T. Helfand, Margaret Helmuth, Tara N. Morgan, H. Henry Lai, Aruna V. Sarma, Claire C. Yang, Ziya Kirkali, James W. Griffith

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Erectile function (EF) and its associated covariates have not been extensively studied in a large covariate of patients seeking treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Our objective is to determine the relationship between urinary symptoms and comorbidities with erectile dysfunction (ED) in 447 treatment-seeking men with LUTS.

METHODS: Data from the Symptoms of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Research Network (LURN) observational cohort study were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models to quantify the relationship between LUTS and ED. Models also included anxiety, depression, obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and medication use.

RESULTS: Men reporting sexual activity were younger …

Drug-Drug Interaction Between Dolutegravir And Artemether-Lumefantrine In Hiv And Malaria Mono- And Co-Infections: A Pharmacogenetic Analysis From Ghana, Nicholas Ekow Thomford, Tracy Kellermann, Joel Adu Twum, John Anyimadu, Charné Dixon, Dennis Sappor, Dee Blackhurst, Prince Amoah Barnie, Oksana Ryabinina, Samuel Badu Nyarko, Robert Peter Biney, Martins Ekor, George B Kyei

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and malaria are significant public health challenges in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality in the region. The trajectory of HIV and malaria mono- and coinfections may be different with presentations of drug-drug and disease-disease interactions. Current medications of artemether-lumefantrine and dolutegravir (DTG) -based anti-retroviral therapy which are the preferred drugs are metabolised by CYP2B6, CYP3A4/5 and UGTs which are polymorphic and may contribute to drug disposition and clinical outcomes. This study investigated the pharmacogenetic effects of co-administration of arthemeter-lumfantrine and DTG in HIV-malaria mono and coinfection.

METHODS: Malaria and HIV mono- and coinfected …

Hosea Jakeem Williams

African American Funeral Programs

Funeral program for Hosea Williams. Service was held on August 30, 2025 in Statesboro, Georgia

Deciphering Transcriptomic Changes In Chemobrain: A Comprehensive Review, Tusar Kanta Acharya, Yuan Pan, Peter M Grace, Cobi J Heijnen, Rajasekaran Mahalingam

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairments (CICI), colloquially known as "chemobrain," represents a profound and debilitating side effect experienced by a significant number of cancer survivors, impacting their memory, multitasking, and quality of life. This review critically evaluates the molecular mechanisms underlying CICI, with a particular focus on the insights gained from transcriptomic analyses. As cancer incidence rises globally, understanding the complex interplay between chemotherapy agents and their cognitive repercussions becomes increasingly vital. Key mechanisms implicated in CICI include blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress as a result of various chemotherapy treatments, such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. We delve into advanced …

Cross-Platform Transcriptomic Data Integration Identifies An Overactive Neuro-Immune Signature In Human Osteoarthritis Synovium, Michael D Newton, Hannah Swahn, Dana E Orange, Joseph B Lesnak, Theodore J Price, Rachel E Miller, Tristan Maerz

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objective: Chronic synovitis is associated with osteoarthritis (OA) pain, but the molecular underpinnings remain unclear. Our objective was to characterize the transcriptional phenotype of OA synovium with a focus on signaling relevant to pain.

Design: Eight publicly-available microarray and RNA-sequencing GEO datasets from human non-OA and OA subjects underwent quality control and re-analysis for differentially-expressed genes (DEGs). Cross-platform statistical integration was performed via a weighted Z-test to combine detection power across datasets. Gene set enrichment, cell type enrichment, and regulon analyses were performed. Human single-cell RNA sequencing data was used to map gene expression to cell types. Ligand-receptor interactions were …

Whole-Genome Sequence-Based Association Analysis Of African American Individuals With Bipolar Disorder And Schizophrenia, Matthew Flickinger, Janet L Sobell, Giulio Genovese, Adam E Locke, Rebeca Rothwell Chiu, Jonathon Lefaive, Jiongming Wang, Taylor Martins, Sinéad Chapman, Anna Neumann, Robert E Handsaker, Donna K Arnett, Kathleen C Barnes, Eric Boerwinkle, David Braff, Brian E Cade, Myriam Fornage, Richard A Gibbs, Karin F Hoth, Lifang Hou, Charles Kooperberg, Ruth J F Loos, Ginger A Metcalf, Courtney G Montgomery, Alanna C Morrison, Zhaohui S Qin, Susan Redline, Alexander P Reiner, Stephen S Rich, Jerome I Rotter, Kent D Taylor, Karine A Viaud-Martinez, National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute Trans-Omics For Precision Medicine (Topmed) Consortium;, Genomic Psychiatry Cohort Investigators, Tim B Bigdeli, Stacey Gabriel, Sebastian Zollner, Albert V Smith, Goncalo Abecasis, Steve A Mccarroll, Michele T Pato, Carlos N Pato, Michael Boehnke, James Knowles, Hyun Min Kang, Roel A Ophoff, Jason Ernst, Laura J Scott

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

In studies of individuals of primarily European genetic ancestry, common and low-frequency variants and rare coding variants have been found to be associated with the risk of bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ). However, less is known for individuals of other genetic ancestries or the role of rare non-coding variants in BD and SZ risk. We performed whole-genome sequencing (∼27X) of African American individuals: 1,598 with BD, 3,295 with SZ, and 2,651 unaffected controls (InPSYght study). We increased power by incorporating 14,812 jointly called psychiatrically unscreened ancestry-matched controls from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program for a total of …

Students’ Perceptions Of International Faculty Members In Higher Education, Pearlean Chadha

Irish Journal of Academic Practice

This paper investigates university student perceptions of international faculty members in the context of an Irish higher education institution. Though international student numbers are rising in Ireland, classrooms continue to predominantly comprise Irish and EU students. However, the faculty has growing number of non-EU lecturers due to many economic and social factors. This study uses a quantitative survey method with a sample of business students from TU Dublin. The survey, based on the study by Yao et al. (2012), employed a 7-point Likert scale to explore student perceptions of their interactions with international faculty members in both online and offline …

Assessment Of Nutritional Status In Migraine Patients, Marwa Mohammed Ali Jassim, Abeer Mohammed Ali Al-Garawyi, Hayder Saad Hanfoosh Alatabi

Muthanna Medical Journal

Background: Migraine is the most common multidisciplinary and multifactorial neurologic disorder that is characterized by recurrent attacks of headache. Migraine occurs either in episodic or in chronic form, with or without aura. Recent research suggests that nutritional deficiencies, particularly Vitamin B12 deficiency, may play a role in the pathophysiology of migraines due to its impact on neurological function and homocysteine metabolism. Although its exact cause is still under investigation, recent studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency may play a role in migraine occurrence and severity. On the other hand, one of the main roles of Mg is to conserve neurons …

Lung Cancer Mortality Trends In Brazil: Implications For Health Policy And Resource Allocation, Mariana Oliveira Santos, Rafael Almeida Costa, Camila Ferreira Barbosa

Muthanna Medical Journal

Background: Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer mortality in Brazil, with patterns shaped by historical tobacco use, environmental exposures, and disparities in healthcare access. While overall smoking prevalence has declined markedly, the impact on mortality rates varies by sex and region.

Objective: To analyze national trends in lung cancer mortality in Brazil from 1996 to 2023, assess sex- and region-specific patterns, and discuss implications for public health policy and resource allocation.

Methods: This ecological time-trend study used age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for lung cancer (ICD-10 codes C33–C34) obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM/DATASUS) and population data from …

Investigating The Effectiveness Of Stem Cell Therapy For Treating Hip Necrosis In Sickle Cell Anemia Patients: A Prospective Study Approach, Wejdi Abbass Yassin Al-Fatlawy

Muthanna Medical Journal

Objective: This prospective study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of stem cell therapy in treating hip osteonecrosis in sickle cell anemia patients, focusing on functional outcomes, pain reduction, and safety.

Methods: A cohort of patients with radiologically confirmed osteonecrosis of the femoral head (Ficat stages I-III) underwent autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapy. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Harris Hip Scores (HHS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Complications were monitored, and statistical analyses included paired t-tests, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and effect size measurements.

Results: Significant improvements in HHS were observed, …