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Governing Economic Statecraft: Procedural Guardrails From State Practice, Wto Rules, Multilateral Trade, Dah-Wei Yih

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

National security exceptions have long been part of international trade law, but their use has expanded alongside the rise of economic statecraft. States now increasingly rely on geoeconomic tools such as sanctions, subsidies, tariffs, and investment and export controls to pursue geopolitical goals. This phenomenon, described by political scientists as “weaponized interdependence,” has blurred the boundary between economic policy and national security, thereby straining the integrity of WTO rules and the multilateral trading system.

Against this backdrop, how can states promote rule-of-law values such as transparency and predictability on the international plane as they implement geoeconomic policies?

This Article makes …

The Zaporizhzhia Gambit: Great Power Conflict, Nuclear Hostage-Taking, And The P5'S Accountability Crisis, Arete Tsoukalas

Loyola University Chicago International Law Review

In a troubling precedent for modern warfare, Russian forces seized Europe’s largest nuclear facility, converting the delicate infrastructure of the Zaporizhzhia plant into a fortified military garrison rigged with explosives. Inside, Ukrainian engineers were reportedly held hostage, forced to operate the controls at gunpoint while enduring torture and the psychological terror of impending meltdown.¹ This is known as the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant (“ZNPP”) Crisis.²

Within the reactor itself, the processes of producing nuclear energy cannot be abandoned, and constant custodianship is paramount.³ The intricacies and vulnerabilities of the fission process must be safeguarded, even during a …

The Right Of Access To The Court In The Practice Of The European Court Of Human Rights And Constitutional Courts In Europe, Filip Novaković

Loyola University Chicago International Law Review

The right of access to a court is recognized as a fundamental component of the right to a fair trial under Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (“ECHR”) and has emerged as a cornerstone of the European human rights system. Initially conceived as an implicit guarantee, the right has been progressively shaped by the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (“ECtHR”) and further developed through the practice of constitutional courts across Europe. This article examines the evolution of the right of access to courts, focusing on its scope, permissible limitations, and relationship to the broader …

Outsourcing Migration: A Comparative Analysis Of Border Externalization And The Future Of International Refugee Law, Shawn Yousefelahi

Loyola University Chicago International Law Review

The contemporary international refugee protection regime is formally anchored in the principle of non-refoulement (the prohibition against forcibly returning refugees and asylum seekers to the territories where their fundamental rights would be threatened) and the right to seek asylum at or near territorial borders. These principles have been increasingly undermined by state practices that relocate border enforcement and asylum processing beyond their territorial borders. This Article examines how the United States, the European Union, and European states operationalize a global non-entrée regime through safe third country removals and border externalization agreements that purport to comply with international law while functionally …

Table Of Contents, Loyola University Chicago International Law Review

Loyola University Chicago International Law Review

No abstract provided.

Treating Social Media Corporations As Quasi-State Actors To Address The Use Of Artificial Intelligence In Content Moderation, Michael T. Tiu Jr.

Emory International Law Review

Corporations have become powerful actors in the international system. They have the potential to disrupt the protection of values that states have been performing for decades. One of these values–freedom of expression–has been the recipient of impact of emerging technologies owned by corporations. Social media platforms have become new governors of expression. Content moderation rules cause adverse impacts on freedom of expression. The vagueness of certain criteria and the inconsistency of their application have led to censorship of speech which would have been protected offline. This situation is exacerbated by the use of artificial intelligence in content moderation, owing to …

Lost, Never Found: Syria's National Commission For The Missing, Sara Jordan

Loyola University Chicago International Law Review

This article discusses the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 19, enacted by interim Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa, which established the National Commission for the Missing. This body was created in May 2025 and is tasked with researching missing and forcibly disappeared persons, including creating a national database, providing legal and humanitarian support to victims’ families, and documenting cases. The Commission’s findings, however, cannot be used in criminal trials, and the international community, including groups such as Amnesty International, has voiced concerns about its potential ineffectiveness. Following a brief history of conflict under the Assad regime, this article offers an analysis …

The Institutions Of Exceptions: Justification In Trade And Investment Treaties, Julian Arato

Michigan Journal of International Law

International economic law binds states in the interest of liberalizing markets, including in cross-border trade in goods and services (trade) and capital (investment). The treaty regimes for both trade and investment do this by disciplining states through legal rules, while preserving a modicum of governmental authority over domestic policy. The preservation of policy space in these regimes usually involves a process of exceptions-based justification – through formal exceptions clauses in most trade treaties and some investment agreements, and also through informal exceptions-style reasoning by adjudicators in the investment treaty regime more generally. This “exceptions paradigm” of justification has worked well …

Discovering The Power Of Invention Education Workshops: An Examination Of Entrepreneurial Mindset And Self-Efficacy Among Rio Hondo College Students., Marissa Young

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)

A profound symbiotic relationship exists between innovation and entrepreneurship; entrepreneurs have changed the world through dynamic innovations and inventions that drive economic success. Two factors central to this development are entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), or confidence in one’s entrepreneurial abilities, and entrepreneurial mindset (EM), the thinking and attitudes that support entrepreneurial action. Both are linked to entrepreneurial success. Invention Education (IvE) is a pedagogical approach that enables students to develop creative solutions to complex problems. IvE remains more common in K-12 settings, with a limited presence in postsecondary institutions. Rio Hondo College, a community college in Whittier, California, has been developing …

What Keeps Us Here: A Qualitative Inquiry Into Trust, Belonging, And Retention For Black Women Nonprofit Professionals, Tyra Edmond

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)

This qualitative transcendental phenomenological study examined how belonging influences retention among Black women nonprofit professionals. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eight participants and analyzed using Moustakas’ (1994) approach Social Decision-Making Theory (SDMT) guided interpretation. The study identifies belonging as central to retention and introduces the Dynamic Contribution Model (DCM) in nonprofit organizations. Findings show that belonging is an evolving experience shaped by daily interactions, leadership behavior, and alignment between values and practice. When belonging was present, participants remained engaged. When it weakened, participants disengaged and left. Retention emerged as an ongoing evaluative process.

Return To Work Mandates And Employee Engagement: The Moderating Role Of Generational Cohorts, Emily Widen

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between return-to-office (RTO) mandate intensity and employee engagement and to determine whether generational cohort moderated this relationship. Grounded in Kahn’s (1990) theory of employee engagement, the study examined total employee engagement as well as the three dimensions of engagement as defined by Shuck et al. (2017): cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. Data were collected through an online SurveyMonkey survey administered to employed adults in the United States, yielding 482 eligible responses. Employee engagement was measured using the Employee Engagement Scale (Shuck et al., 2017), while RTO mandate intensity was operationalized …

Participation Of Non-State Actors In International Climate Change Advisory Opinions, Matei Alexianu, Hannah Sweeney

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

This Article offers an analysis of the unprecedented participation of non-state actors (“NSAs”), including nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions, grassroots movements, and individuals, in the three recent landmark international climate change advisory proceedings. After mapping the distinct procedural regimes of the three international fora involved, the Article catalogues the diverse avenues through which NSAs have shaped these proceedings: initiating and coordinating advisory requests, submitting written and oral arguments, supplying scientific and legal expertise, orchestrating advocacy campaigns, and mobilizing post-decision implementation. The Article then identifies the principal benefits of expanded NSA engagement—enhanced representativeness, richer technical inputs, and accelerated norm diffusion—before highlighting the …

Evaluation Of A Novel Re-Crosslinkable Preformed Particle Gel For Conformance Control In Ultra-High Temperature Reservoirs, Yanbo Liu, Tao Song, Caleb Kwasi Darko, Thomas P. Schuman, Mingzhen Wei, Baojun Bai

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

Preferential fluid flow remains a major challenge in subsurface energy production and gas storage operations, resulting in excessive water production in mature oil fields, reduced heat extraction in geothermal reservoirs, and low sweep and storage efficiency in CO₂-EOR projects. Polymer gels are widely used to mitigate high-permeability channels; however, conventional systems exhibit limited plugging efficiency and short lifetimes in ultra-high-temperature reservoirs due to poor thermal stability. This study presents a novel ultra-high-temperature-resistant preformed particle gel (UHT-PPG) developed for conformance control in reservoirs with temperatures of 150–275 °C and severe super-K or channeling problems. The material was evaluated in …

Progression Toward Terminal Oxidation Of Starch Via Hybrid Organic–Enzymatic Bioanode For Renewable Carbohydrate Conversion, Adam Milam, Jose Intano, Shelley D. Minteer

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

The performance of starch-based biofuel cells is fundamentally limited by inefficient utilization of the fuel's inherent energy density. Sequential oxidation of carbohydrate fuels, such as glucose, the monomeric unit of starch, using minimal catalyst systems has therefore emerged as a promising strategy to improve biofuel cell efficiency. Here, we extend a previously reported three-catalyst, organic–enzymatic glucose oxidation cascade to polymeric carbohydrate fuels by integrating enzymatic starch depolymerization with downstream electrochemical oxidation. To our knowledge, this represents the first demonstration of a defined hybrid organic–enzymatic cascade designed to drive progression of starch-derived glucose equivalents toward terminal oxidation using a minimal catalyst …

January 2026 Cafe Newsletter - Special Events Edition, Missouri University Of Science And Technology

CAFE Faculty Newsletters

No abstract provided.

Settlers In Syria: Turkey’S Population Transfers And The Geneva Conventions, Eugene Kontorovich, Erielle Azerrad

Emory International Law Review

This Article is the first work of legal scholarship to examine Turkish population transfers in northern Syria, which constitute perhaps the most aggressive movement of settler populations into occupied territory in current times. In particular, it examines the lawfulness of such movements under Article 49(6) of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which prohibits an occupying power from “deport[ing] or transfer[ring] parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.”  In a series of major military operations beginning in 2018, Turkey has seized nearly 3,000 square miles of territory in two sectors in northern Syria and established control. While it …

Corporate Culpability And The Tragedy Of The Commons: Extraction And Enforcement Schemes In Brazil And Nigeria, Jane Ijeoma Onuoha

Emory International Law Review

Natural resources that were abundant decades ago are now at an all-time low. Meanwhile, corporations continue to benefit from using the Earth and its resources for their profit. Rather than enforcing established legal frameworks designed to protect the environment and human rights, governments often allow corruption, control, and competition to create opportunities for gain through complicity. In countries like the Federative Republic of Brazil and in the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the effects of inaction are taking a toll on the natural resources that each country relies on. Multinational corporations are not held accountable for their corrupt and illegal extractive …

Preventing "Judgment Laundering" In Transnational Litigation: Comparative Analysis And Recommendations, Hsin-Hui Hsu

Fordham International Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Privacy In Peril: When Unchecked Surveillance Power And Unbalanced Presidential Power Collide, Rebecca Kelly Slaughter

Fordham International Law Journal

No abstract provided.

An Agrarian Force Before The Flames: A Greek Blueprint For Europe's Wildfire Prevention Strategy, Panayotis (Baki) Giorgos Agelarakis

Fordham International Law Journal

No abstract provided.

International Transfers Of Personal Data In Latin America: From The Brussels Effect To The Washington Effect, Pablo A. Palazzi

Fordham International Law Journal

No abstract provided.

The Pure Yang-Mills Field: I: Fixed Time Existence, James Glimm, James Glimm

Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics Faculty Publications

The convergence of renormalized perturbation theory to all finite orders is defined and shown to be valid for the fixed time perturbation theory of a pure Yang-Mills field.

Two pure Yang-Mills quantum gauge field theories are constructed, one based on short distance asymptotics and the other based on long distance asymptotics.

The construction depends on an assumed principle of a maximum rate of entropy production.

On-Device Artificial Intelligence Solutions With Applications To Smart Environments, Fabrizio De Vita, Dario Bruneo, Sajal K. Das

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the increasing availability of computational power have accelerated the diffusion of Intelligent Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPSs), enabling smart applications with reasoning capabilities. However, the limited resources of embedded and Edge devices significantly constrain the complexity of deep learning models that can be effectively deployed. Traditional approaches rely on cloud-based training and edge-only inference, a paradigm that becomes inadequate when low latency, privacy, security, and high customization are required. In this context, On-device AI is emerging as a new paradigm in which both training and inference are performed directly on the device, avoiding data transfer …

Fairrfl: Fair And Robust Federated Learning In The Presence Of Selfish Clients, Andrea Augello, Ashish Gupta, Giuseppe Lo Re, Sajal K. Das

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Federated Learning (FL) is a paradigm that enables collaborative machine learning without disclosing the local data of the participants. However, in real-world FL deployment scenarios, some unscrupolous clients may alter the training process to skew the global model towards their local optimum, unfairly prioritizing their data distribution. Their influence can degrade overall model performance for normal clients and reduce fairness in the system. We call this novel category of misbehaving clients 'selfish'. This work proposes a Fair and Robust strategy for aggregation in the Federated Learning (FL) server to mitigate the effect of Selfish clients (FairRFL). FairRFL incorporates a novel …

Qura: Reinforcement Learning Based Routing For Quantum Networks, Tasdiqul Islam, Engin Arslan, Md Arifuzzaman

Computer Science Faculty Research & Creative Works

Quantum routing deals with identifying a set of quantum repeaters to use to create entanglement between distant endpoints. Previous approaches proposed shortest-path and linear programming methods to find a solution to this problem. While the shortest path approach results in suboptimal performance, linear programming takes too long to find a solution as the network size and constraints increase. In this paper, we apply Deep Q-Reinforcement Learning (DQRL) to optimize routing in quantum networks both in terms of execution time and performance. The proposed Quantum Routing Algorithm (QuRA) first chooses which request to schedule among all requests. It then determines which …

Thirtieth Sunday In Ordinary Time - 25 October 2026, Pina Ford

Pastoral Liturgy

No abstract provided.

Full Journal

Pastoral Liturgy

No abstract provided.

Disability And Self-Identity: Examining Their Relationship And Impact On First-Year Students’ College Transition, Caroline A. Mcpartlin

Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)

As students with disabilities enroll in college at increasing rates, higher education institutions (HEIs) are challenged to consider students with disabilities’ unique needs. Student development theory informs higher education policy and practice but lacks disability perspectives. As such, this study was designed to narrow gaps in disability literature and supplement student development theory with a needed disability perspective. Through an examination of how participants categorized their self-identities and identities as college students, this study investigated students with disabilities’ identity development and its impact on their college transition.

Utilizing qualitative interviews, 12 students with disabilities (SWDs) were prompted to share their …

Paying The Price: How Financial And Health Stress Can Impact Incidental Memory In The Survival Processing Paradigm, Bailey C. Hall

Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)

Cognitive psychologists have examined how evolutionary pressures can shape memory systems and how survival-relevant information is processed. Nairne et al. (2007) established the survival processing paradigm and showed that processing information within a survival context reliably enhances later recall. Previous research has identified academic pressure and financial stress as the most influential stressors for undergraduate students (Patel & Lewis, 2023). Financial stress is widespread and influences multiple domains of life, including health behaviors and psychological well-being (Northern et al., 2010). In this study, two scenarios were created to explore financial and health stress compared to the original grassland survival scenario. …

Genetic Diversity Of Cryptosporidium Species In New York State, Kimberly A. Mergen

Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)

The knowledge regarding Cryptosporidium infections in New York State (NYS) is severely lacking in two ways: 1) there are currently no NYS-based data regarding the subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis, which are the two most prevalent species that infect humans and 2) information regarding uncommon Cryptosporidium species that infect the New York population is also unavailable. Filling these gaps concerning this pathogenic parasite would provide a substantial amount of information when considering public health, outbreak investigations, and prevention measures. Therefore, improving Cryptosporidium subtype and species surveillance in NYS will aid in prevention and control efforts as well …