Digital Commons Network^™

The M-Clean Graph Of A Finite Commutative Ring, Susan F. El-Deken, Harald Fripertinger, Aya Gamal

Sustainable Machine Intelligence Journal

We study m-clean graphs of finite commutative rings R, which are a generalization of clean graphs. Their vertices are pairs of m-potent elements and units of R. These graphs can be described as Cartesian sums or co-normal products of two graphs. In particular we explore under which conditions the subgraph involving only non-zero m-potent elements is connected and we determine the degrees of its vertices. Moreover, we characterize under which conditions on two rings the corresponding m-clean graphs are isomorphic.

Agentic Ai In 6g Wireless Security: Methods, Applications, And Challenges, Zekra Sakr, Mona Mohamed

Sustainable Machine Intelligence Journal

The move from 5G to 6G networks brings new opportunities but also major challenges, especially in security. Static machine learning and deep learning models are two examples of traditional AI techniques that frequently fail because they are unable to adequately adapt to rapidly evolving threats or provide a clear explanation for their choices. Agentic AI presents an achievable strategy to enhance the security, adaptability, and reliability of 6G systems through its capacity for perception, reasoning, and autonomous action. In this study, we present a comprehensive evaluation of 6G cybersecurity in relation to agentic AI. We evaluate current research, point out …

Batf2 Is A Glutamine-Responsive Tumour Suppressor Required For Type-I Interferon-Dependent Anti-Tumour Immunity, Wang Gong, Hülya F Taner, Yuesong Wu, Yumin He, Xingwu Zhou, Zaiye Li, Xin Hu, Charisse Ursin, Kala Chand Debnath, Kohei Okuyama, Qiang Hu, Christopher R Donnelly, Felipe Nör, Chamila D Perera, Emily Bellile, Arash Yunesi, Zhiqian Zhai, Mei Zhao, Wanqing Cheng, Zackary R Fitzsimonds, Luke Broses, Jiaqian Li, Shadmehr Demehri, Deepak Nagrath, Gregory T Wolf, Andrew G Sikora, Yanbao Yu, Haitao Wen, Lei Wei, Steven B Chinn, Jeffrey N Myers, Shizuo Akira, Yuying Xie, James J Moon, Yu Leo Lei

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Recent evidence highlights the significance of a new type of tumour suppressors, which are not frequently mutated but inhibited by metabolic cues in cancers. Here, we identify BATF2 as a tumour suppressor whose expression is epigenetically silenced by glutamine in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSCC). BATF2 correlates with type-I interferon and Th1 signatures in human HNSCC, with correlation coefficients even stronger than those of the positive control, STING. The phosphorylation of BATF2 at serine 227 promotes the oligomerization of STING. BATF2 deficiency or high glutamine levels result in higher oxygen consumption rates and metabolic profiles unfavorable for …

Improved Reannotations Of Aegilops Umbellulata (Pi 554389) Genome And Transcriptomics Data Provide Candidates For Leaf Rust Resistance For Wheat Improvement, Jatinder Singh, Santosh Gudi, Peter J. Maughan, Rajeev Gupta, Upinder Gill

APC Fund Awardees

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is a yield limiting disease of cultivated wheat throughout the world. Ae. umbellulata is a diploid species of wheat wild relatives containing high genetic diversity for resistance to multiple races of leaf rust. Here, we used short-read data along with long-read transcript data to reannotate (version 2) the Ae. umbellulata acc. PI 554389 reference genome. In this annotation, we reported 62,434 gene models consisting of 41,906 high confidence (HC) gene models and 20,992 low confidence (LC) gene models. Comparative transcriptome profiling of resistant (PI 554389) and susceptible (PI 554417) accessions challenged with TNBJS revealed …

Communication Factors Influencing Smallholder Farmers' Adoption Of Climate Change Adaptation Measures In Kenya’S Embu County, Olive Wanjiru Ndwiga, Dominic Mutambu, Daniel Manguriu, Monicah Mucheru-Muna

Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development

Climate change in Kenya has severely impacted the agricultural sector, affecting food security. It is crucial to enhance farmers’ adaptive capacity to cope with these threats. Effective communication of climate variation risks and coping measures is essential to improve farmers' adaptive capacity. Nevertheless, the adoption of adaptation measures remains low. This is because the influence of communication factors remains underexplored. Therefore, this study focuses on exploring the communication factors affecting the adoption of climate variation adaptation measures in Embu County. The study was conducted in 2023 and 2024 and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The …

Konsumenckie Usługi Finansowe W Świetle Najnowszego Orzecznictwa Sądów Polskich (Wybrane Przykłady), Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska, Marta Fabiszewska

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

This study contains an overview of Polish case law and aims to present selected judgments of common courts and the Supreme Court issued between 2023 and 2025 concerning the enforcement of consumer protection laws in the financial services market, in the most ‘active’ areas of recent times that are of relevance to legal practice. It presents judgments relating to four main issues, i.e. so-called free credit sanctions, unauthorised payment transactions, mortgage loans linked to foreign currencies, and loans where the interest rate mechanism is based on the WIBOR index.

Systemy Ochrony Instytucjonalnej W Sektorze Bankowym – W Świetle Rozporządzenia Crr, Rozdziału 10a Prawa Bankowego Oraz Regulacji Banków Spółdzielczych, Marta Stepniewska

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

This article is devoted to a discussion of the Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS) model, in the context of both EU and national legislation. The following sections discuss the legal and economic aspects of IPS. The largest such system in Europe – the German savings bank system – is used as the main example in the paper, while the comparative analysis also covered models from Italy, Austria and Spain.

With regard to Polish law, analyzed in detail were self-help mechanisms in the sector of cooperative banks, in operation since 2015, which represent modern solutions for the protection of solvency and liquidity …

Entire Issue Vol. 14 No. 4

internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny (internet Quarterly on Antitrust and Regulation)

Vol 14(4)

Isg15 Dysregulates Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondrial Contacts And Calcium Homeostasis In Ataxia Telangiectasia, Oygul Mirzalieva, Ryan E. Reed, Arthur L. Haas, Meredith A. Juncker, Patrick Logarbo, Jennifer M. Klein, David Worthylake, Shyamal D. Desai

School of Graduate Studies Faculty Publications

Dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial (ER:Mit) contacts and mitochondrial calcium (mitCa2+) homeostasis are found in several neurodegenerative disorders, including Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T). However, the cellular basis of these defects remains unclear. Previously, we demonstrated that the aberrantly elevated Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) pathway inhibits protein polyubiquitylation, its dependent protein turnover, and mitophagy pathways in A-T. Literature indicates that silencing of mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase 1 (MUL1) stabilizes mitofusin2 (MFN2) and attenuates mitCa2+ uptake from ER to Mit (mitCa2+influx) in primary neurons. We have replicated these findings in apparently healthy fibroblasts. We hypothesized that elevated ISG15 may inhibit ubiquitin-dependent MUL1-mediated degradation …

Microglial Expression Of Serotonin Receptors Reveals Parallel Regulation Of 5-Ht2b And Bdnf In The Rat Hippocampus, Andrei Turkin, Maria Sidorova, Ekaterina Kurilova, Natalia Alenina, Oksana Tuchina, Friederike Klempin

School of Graduate Studies Faculty Publications

Growing evidence suggests that psychiatric disorders are characterized by a prolonged inflammatory state, which may influence the efficacy of compounds targeting serotonin. Serotonin is a key signaling molecule in neuroplasticity of the adult hippocampus and involved in antidepressant action. Recent in vitro studies indicate the neurotransmitter may also facilitate the response to inflammation and potentially modulate microglial function towards neuroprotection. Using Tph2−/− rats depleted of brain serotonin, we examined microglial expression of various serotonin receptors (5-HTRs) in vivo in both the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and assessed mRNA levels of cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We observed age-dependent and …

Identifying Research Priorities For Post-Collision Care In The United Kingdom: Protocol For A Road Injury Priority Setting Partnership, Tim Nutbeam, Caroline Leech, Claire E Baker, Elizabeth Box, Lauren R Rodgers, Kerry Dungay, Louise Johnson, Brian Lee, Marilyn Macqueen, Rob Fenwick, Ian Marritt, Ian Dunbar, Ed B.G. Barnard

Peninsula Medical School

Background: Road traffic injury remains a significant global health challenge, causing over 1.2 million deaths and tens of millions of non-fatal injuries each year. In the United Kingdom (UK), more than 1,600 people died and nearly 30,000 sustained serious injuries on the roads in 2024. While improvements in vehicle design, road infrastructure, emergency response, and road user behaviour have contributed to a sustained reduction in road deaths over recent decades, outcomes for those injured remain variable, and post-collision care has received comparatively less research attention. The Road Injury Chain of Survival framework identifies five interdependent stages where timely, coordinated interventions …

Comment On Shamsaei Et Al. The Role Of Fuel Characteristics And Heat Release Formulations In Coupled Fire-Atmosphere Simulation. Fire 2023, 6, 264, Aurélien Costes, Adam K. Kochanski

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

Accurate vertical distribution of fire-induced heat fluxes in the atmosphere is critical for realistic coupled fire–atmosphere simulations. In response to concerns raised by Shamsaei et al. (2023) regarding potential energy conservation issues in the WRF-SFIRE heat distribution scheme, this study first conducts a comprehensive theoretical analysis, demonstrating that the original exponential formulation exhibits negligible error under typical domain configurations. Then, it introduces a novel formulation, called the Versatile Energy-Conservative Distribution scheme, that rigorously guarantees energy conservation while providing enhanced flexibility in specifying vertical distribution profiles. The proposed method accommodates multiple profiles, including exponential, Gaussian, and gamma, and enables the independent …

Eucommia Ulmoides Extract Attenuates Oxidative Stress And Promotes Melanogenesis Via Wnt/Β-Catenin Signaling In B16 Cells And Mice, Xiaojin Liu, Yaqian Qiu, Xiaobing Lv, Lei Chang, Tiancheng Ji, Yefan Gu, Shuyue Chen

Turkish Journal of Biology

Background/aim: Oxidative stress is a major contributor to melanocyte dysfunction and hair graying by impairing key signaling pathways. Eucommia ulmoides bark extract (EUE), rich in antioxidant phytochemicals, has shown potential in combating oxidative damage. This study investigated the protective and promelanogenic effects of EUE under hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress, with a focus on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Materials and methods: An oxidative stress model was established using B16 cells and a C57BL/6 mouse hair follicle model. Results: EUE significantly improved melanocyte survival and reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, EUE activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, leading to upregulation of …

Non-Invasive Diagnosis Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using Face Mask Sampling: A Prospective Study In Adults, Dariusz Woelk, Lennard Meiwes, Nelly Ciobanu, Valeriu Crudu, Anna-Marya Comanac, Stela Kulcitkaia, Anca Vasiliu, Anna Maria Mandalakas, Christoph Lange, Thomas Theo Brehm, Dumitru Chesov

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objectives: Sputum-based diagnostic methods for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), including culture and nucleic acid amplification tests, provide high sensitivity and specificity. However, these methods rely on the patients' ability to produce sputum. In cases where sputum cannot be obtained, invasive procedures like bronchoscopy may become necessary. Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of face mask sampling (FMS) as a non-invasive alternative.

Methods: Adults with microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB who had received fewer than three days of anti-TB therapy were recruited in Chişinău, Moldova. FMS was conducted and samples were analyzed on-site using Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra. Diagnostic performance was compared …

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

No abstract provided.

Utilization Of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles And Bacterial Agents For The Management Of Citrus Canker Disease, Zainab Jamil, Tariq Mukhtar, Muhammad Usman Raja, Muhammad Shahbaz, Jaya Seelan S. Seelan, Muhammed Tatar, Amjad Ali, Noor Fatima, Rahma Bejaoui, Ayşe Usanmaz Bozhüyük

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Citrus is one of the most important and widely cultivated fruit crops globally. However, its productivity is increasingly threatened by various diseases, with bacterial infections being particularly the most destructive. Among these, citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), poses a significant challenge, requiring effective management strategies. Traditional approaches have shown limited success, but nanotechnology has emerged as a promising alternative for disease control. In this study, Xanthomonas spp. was isolated from two locations: Koont Farm and the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) citrus orchards in Islamabad, Pakistan. The isolates were identified through morpho-biochemical methods. Moreover, three Bacillus …

A New Longidoridae Member, Xiphinema Brevicolle, From Citrus Orchards In Türkiye, Adem Özarslandan, Ayşenur Aslan, Lerzan Öztürk

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Individuals of the genus Xiphinema were recovered from soil samples collected during citrus surveys in south-eastern Türkiye. Morphological examination using light microscopy identified the species as X. brevicolle. The female individuals measured 2000–2050 μm in length, and displayed a slightly flattened lip region, an amphidelphic reproductive system with two well-developed branches, and a short conoid tail ending in a rounded tip. These morphometric and morphological features were consistent with those of previously described X. brevicolle specimens. For molecular confirmation, the D2–D3 segment of the 28S rDNA was amplified using the D2AD3B primer pair, and sequenced; the resulting sequence has been …

Effects Of Different Perfluoroalkyl Substances On Rice Morphology, Physiology, And Biochemistry, Maryam M. Alomran, Muhammad Aqeel, Noreen Khalid, Noreen Akhter, Muhammad Kashif Irshad, Suliman Mohammed Suliman Alghanem, Fahad Mohammed Alzuaibr, Saher Nawaz, Omar Mahmoud Alzoubi, Muhammad Usman Akbar, Ali Noman

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic organic compounds that have not been extensively studied in natural environments. The current study aimed to explore how PFASs, including perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA), perfluorotetradecanoate (PFTeDA), and perfluorobutanoate (PFBA), affect rice plants and influence their metabolism. These substances had a notable impact on root and shoot growth, reducing fresh and dry weights across various treatments compared to the control. These attributes were the least affected by PFOS treatment. PFBA treatment had significant adverse effects on chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll levels, followed by the effects of PFHxA and PFTeDA. …

Effects Of Different Mixing Ratios Of Common Vetch And Oats On Forage Yield And Quality, Meli̇h Okcu, Sedat Severoğlu, İbrahi̇m Kavuncu

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

This study investigates the optimal mixing ratios of common vetch (Vicia sativa L., CV) and oats (Avena sativa L., O) for enhanced forage yield and quality in the ecological conditions of Erzurum Province. The research was conducted over two growing seasons with three replications in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Specifically, three common vetch cultivars (Gülhan, Albayrak, Kubilay) and one oat cultivar (Kupa) were evaluated by sowing as sole crops and in different ratios (25% vetch + 75% oat, 50% vetch + 50% oat, 75% vetch + 25% oat). The analyzed parameters included hay forage yield (HFY), dry matter …

Optimizing Cultivated Land Productivity Through Integrated Fertilization Strategies And Uav-Assisted Management, Kejun Wang

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

This study investigates the impact of long-term fertilization modes on crop health and productivity using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted monitoring and a Q-learning-based approach for optimized fertilization strategies. An approximate state-matching Q-learning algorithm was developed to improve the efficiency of agricultural UAVs in fertilization tasks. The spatiotemporal patterns of cultivated land productivity under different fertilization regimes were analyzed in a long-term experiment. An evaluation system for cultivated land health productivity was established. The results indicated that the Q-learning algorithm enabled UAVs to achieve efficient task completion. QLASM outperformed traditional methods on all metrics. QLASM achieved a 92% task completion rate …

Sustained Mesenchymal Reprogramming Of Endothelial Cells After Completion Of Chemotherapy, Kass Sjostrom, Shixin Tao, Melissa S. Cobb, Shannon Landers, Amy Kwok, Ria Singh, Ralph V. Shohet, Nataliya Kibiryeva, Eugene A. Konorev

Student Publications

Cardiovascular disease is the prevailing cause of death among cancer survivors. Remarkable increase in cardiac disease burden in this group is likely due to the effects of cancer itself and, especially, cardiotoxic cancer treatments. Of the cardiotoxic cancer treatments, anthracyclines are notoriously known for causing vascular damage and severe cardiovascular complications. A defining feature of cardiac damage by doxorubicin (Dox), a prototypical anthracycline, is that it typically progresses after completion of chemotherapy. As the nature of delayed deterioration is not understood, we focused in this study on the events that occur upon completion of chemotherapy. We adopted the Dox treatment/washout …

Detection Of Ultra-Trace Levels Of Copper In Seawater Using A Bare Gold Microwire Electrode And A Portable Digital Voltammeter, Luke M. Brosnan, Wade Lonsdale, Paul Pringle, Paul Lewtas, Samantha Ridgway, Sebastien Allard, Magdalena Wajrak

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The accumulation of biomass on ship hulls (biofouling) can greatly decrease their fuel efficiency. Many antifouling coatings contain copper as a biocidal agent, which can be released during hull cleanings and is of particular concern when cleaning the hulls in situ (i.e., without dry docking). Previously established voltammetric methods for the detection of copper in seawater using a gold microwire electrode have been modified and adapted to a portable on-site voltammetric technique. Notable differences from previous voltammetric methods include the use of linear sweep voltammetry, analysis under atmospheric conditions, alternating the potential during the deposition period and the use of …

Limited Therapeutic Efficacy Of N-Acetyl-L-Leucine In A Mouse Model Of Cln1 Disease, Ewa A Ziółkowska, Nicole A Pagán Torres, Hsintsung Chen, Letitia L Williams, Elizabeth M Eultgen, Agnieszka Nowacka, Joshua T Dearborn, Hemanth R Nelvagal, Ineka T Whiteman, Frances M Platt, Jonathan D Cooper

2020-Current year OA Pubs

UNLABELLED: CLN1 disease, one of the most severe forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCLs or Batten disease), is a rapidly progressing pediatric neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-32984-x.

Many Hands Make Stronger Work: Building Cross-Institutional Undergraduate Research Experiences Using Universal Design For Learning, Stephen Podowitz, Abigail Graham, Madison E. Greene, Sarah R. Johnson, Katherine Leonard, Margaret Vander Sys, Mariel A. Pfeifer

College of Life Sciences Faculty Papers

Designing an undergraduate research experience in which all team members can meaningfully contribute and experience growth can be challenging, especially for virtual teams working across institutions. For two years, the authors worked remotely as a team that included several undergraduate researchers in a highly involved research project. Through the partnership, the two principal investigators on the project were able to involve more undergraduates in research than they could individually, using a mentoring model that drew on Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles to ensure students had opportunities for intellectual involvement in the research process. By working as an integrated team, …

Meta-Alignment Directive And Capability Card Architecture For Governance And Configuration Of Ai Systems, Fulton D. Bridwell

Defensive Publications Series

Disclosed is a system and method for configuring and governing artificial intelligence systems using a meta-alignment directive and a plurality of modular capability cards. Each capability card comprises explicitly defined axioms representing non-violable behavioral constraints, primitives representing typed state variables exposed to reasoning, and formulas representing permitted reasoning transformations constrained by said axioms. The meta-alignment directive provides inherited system-level constraints, interpretation rules, and objective dynamics applicable across capability cards. Capability cards may be bundled, selected, and activated to configure AI systems for distinct operational roles in a model-agnostic and platform-agnostic manner. The disclosure establishes structural prior art for modular AI …

Genesis: Advanced Systems Framework For Reasoning Over Primitives, Formulas, And Axioms, Fulton D. Bridwell

Defensive Publications Series

A production-ready computer system and method for deterministic reasoning and computation over three foundational components: primitives (atomic, typed values), formulas (expressions derived from axioms), and axioms (immutable domain rules). The system comprises a primitives registry, axiom store, formula compiler, reasoning engine, memory degradation system, and modality engines for generating natural language explanations, executable code, visual diagrams, and engineering documentation.

Key Innovation: Bidirectional English ↔ formula translation with automatic axiom grounding, deterministic auditable computation, tiered memory management, and multi-modal output generation from a single unified reasoning core.

Applications: Scientific computing, engineering design, aerospace, financial risk analysis, healthcare, manufacturing, energy systems, and …

Utilization Review Pada Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional: Implementasi, Tantangan Dan Komponen Essensial, Luh Putu Sinthya Ulandari, Putu Ayu Indrayathi

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

Indonesia has implemented the National Health Insurance (JKN) program since 2014; however, various forms of fraud continue to be found. According to regulations, BPJS Kesehatan, as the national social security agency, is required to conduct Utilization Review (UR) as an effort to control costs and improve the quality of healthcare services. The effectiveness of UR remains questionable due to several implementation challenges. This study aims to explore the implementation of UR, identify its challenges, and examine the essential components required for its effective implementation. The study was conducted in August 2023 using a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews. Samples were …

The Semiotics Of Character In Fatima Abdul Hamid’S Novel The Higher Horizon, Dr. Yasser Turki Al Medeth

UB Journal for Humanities

This study seeks to reveal the character structure in the novel “The higher horizon”, using the efforts of researcher Philippe Hamon, about three types of characters, namely: the category of reference characters, the category of indicative characters, and the category of mnemonic characters, as semiotic signs transformed because of their interaction with the elements of narrative, and as complementary signs to them. According to the project” Philippe Hamon”, the study came in three main axes: first: reference characters: represented by mythological and social characters. Second: indicative characters: represented by the presence of words that refer to the author or reader. …

The Feasibility Of Applying Hedging Strategies And Techniques Under The Requirements Of Ifrs 9 For Financial Reporting In Sudanese Banks To Hedge Against Exchange Rate Fluctuations, Awadalla Gafer Elhussin Abobaker

UB Journal for Humanities

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of applying hedge accounting strategies and techniques in accordance with IFRS 9 requirements within Sudanese banks, as well as to examine their role in mitigating the impact of exchange rate fluctuations—one of the most significant financial challenges in the Sudanese business environment. The research focuses on banks listed on the Khartoum Stock Exchange. Data were collected through both paper-based and electronic questionnaires distributed to a sample of 220 participants, including accountants, auditors, department managers, and academic staff from Sudanese universities. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The study found that the application of …

The Narrators Whose Mursal Reports Were Weakened By Imam Yahya Ibn Sa‘Id Al-Qattan: A Theoretical And Applied Study, Dr. Laila Bint Ali Bin Mohammed Al-Nassar

UB Journal for Humanities

The nation’s scholars worked hard to serve the noble hadith. They laid down rules for identifying narrators, their justice, controlling them, and explaining the condition of their narrations. Among them was Imam Yahya bin Saeed Al- Qattan. His prowess in knowing the narrators and distinguishing their hadiths was evident. He criticized the reports of trustworthy narrators, and judged most of them to be weak. Some of them were absolutely weak. Some of them made it weak, restricting it to a specific sheikh The reason for their transmitters was most likely not to select their sheikhs, and to narrate them from …