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Lithologic Study Of Ceramic Water Pipes And Bricks From The Ottoman-Period Aqueducts In The Northern Israeli Coastal Plain, Anastasia Shapiro Dec 2025

Lithologic Study Of Ceramic Water Pipes And Bricks From The Ottoman-Period Aqueducts In The Northern Israeli Coastal Plain, Anastasia Shapiro

'Atiqot

An assemblage of 109 ceramic water pipes and bricks that originated from Ottoman-period water-supply systems along the northern Israeli coastal plain were studied. The aim of this study was to define the raw materials used in their production and identify possible sources, as well as to access technological aspects of their manufacturing process. It was found that the high percentage of sand in the clay, the vitrification obtained due to the use of seawater and the high firing temperatures made the water pipes less prone to leaks and more durable—qualities of outmost importance for items used to convey water. It …

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A Crusader-Period Pithos-Type Jar From Petaḥ Tiqwa, Mulabbis, Itamar Taxel Dec 2025

A Crusader-Period Pithos-Type Jar From Petaḥ Tiqwa, Mulabbis, Itamar Taxel

'Atiqot

The Crusader-period (twelfth–thirteenth century CE) stratum uncovered at Mulabbis yielded a pithos broken into two halves and embedded in the ground. Both halves of the vessel exhibited remains of soot, indicating their use as sunken ovens or other fire-related installations. Pithoi are known to have commonly served as large stationary storage containers in domestic and commercial areas. While their primary use was for storing large quantities of dry or liquid foodstuffs, pithoi were commonly repurposed as ovens or hearths.

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Glass Finds From Excavations At Petaḥ Tiqwa, Mulabbis, Yael Gorin-Rosen Dec 2025

Glass Finds From Excavations At Petaḥ Tiqwa, Mulabbis, Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

This study presents the glass artifacts recovered from the excavations at Khirbat Mulabbis. Although preservation is limited, the assemblage includes items dating to the Late Roman–early Byzantine, Early Islamic and Crusader periods. The analysis focuses on manufacturing techniques, vessel forms and colors, and draws comparisons with assemblages from nearby sites and well-dated contexts at farther sites. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of glass production and use in the region and of the material culture of these periods.

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Petaḥ Tiqwa, Mulabbis: A Crusader-Period Water Reservoir And Finds Form The Byzantine, Early Islamic And Ottoman Periods (With Contributions By Lior Rauchberger, Nitzan Amitai-Priess, Amir Golani), Elie Haddad, Ruth Smadar Gabrieli Dec 2025

Petaḥ Tiqwa, Mulabbis: A Crusader-Period Water Reservoir And Finds Form The Byzantine, Early Islamic And Ottoman Periods (With Contributions By Lior Rauchberger, Nitzan Amitai-Priess, Amir Golani), Elie Haddad, Ruth Smadar Gabrieli

'Atiqot

During a salvage excavation at Mulabbis, Petaḥ Tiqwa, five massive Crusader-period fieldstone foundations were revealed. Two of the foundations supported a Crusader-period structure which stood on pillars built of large ashlars, some bearing diagonal hewing marks typical of the Crusader period. Between and above the pillar bases, two plastered chambers were built, identified as the remains of a Crusader-period water reservoir. This impressive Crusader-period complex was situated on a low hill summit overlooking a tributary of Naḥal Yarqon. Finds included an ornate stone capital and pottery dating to the twelfth–fourteenth centuries CE. This complex went out of use at the …

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Roman-Period Radiocarbon Chronology Of The Great Causeway, Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem, Johanna Regev, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Eugenia Mintz, Lior Regev, Elisabetta Boaretto Dec 2025

Roman-Period Radiocarbon Chronology Of The Great Causeway, Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem, Johanna Regev, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah, Eugenia Mintz, Lior Regev, Elisabetta Boaretto

'Atiqot

This study presents radiocarbon dating results and micro-archaeological analysis of structures related to the Great Causeway exposed in the Western Wall Tunnels excavations in Jerusalem. Stratigraphic sampling for radiocarbon and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied to various architectural structures and elements. The modeled results place the main structures in the first century CE: the massive yellowish cast dam wall and the channels built within it, between 33 BCE–21 CE, and the magnificent triclinium building, between 26–57 CE. Miqweh 564 and Vault 230 were coated with several layers of plaster, reflecting a prolonged time of use, including plastering after …

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Architectural Elements And A Statue Fragment From The Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem, Orit Peleg-Barkat Dec 2025

Architectural Elements And A Statue Fragment From The Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem, Orit Peleg-Barkat

'Atiqot

Excavations conducted in 2018–2020 inside and below Rooms 8 and 9 of the Great Causeway in the Western Wall Tunnels uncovered several architectural elements and a fragment of a Roman marble statue, all reused in later construction phases. The stone fragments include a Doric cornice, a pilaster with a simple anta capital and two parapet stones, representing elements from monumental public buildings of Early and Late Roman Jerusalem. Stratigraphic and stylistic evaluation place the Doric cornice and the parapets within the late Second Temple period Herodian building projects, while the pilaster and statue reflect later Roman activity in Aelia Capitolina. …

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Coins From The Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem, Yanniv David Levy Dec 2025

Coins From The Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem, Yanniv David Levy

'Atiqot

This report analyzes the numismatic assemblage recovered during the 2018–2020 excavations in the Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem. Thirteen coins were identified, predominantly dating to the first century CE. These finds provide critical chronological anchors for dating the monumental Herodian triclinium building. A coin minted under Tiberius (17–25 CE), discovered in a sealed context beneath the building’s fountain floor, establishes a terminus post quem of 17 CE for its construction, revising the previous Herodian dating. Subsequent numismatic evidence, including issues of Agrippa I and the Roman procurators, dates the building’s structural modifications and eventual subdivision. A coin found in the foundation …

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The Pottery From The Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem, Peretz Reuven Dec 2025

The Pottery From The Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem, Peretz Reuven

'Atiqot

The pottery presented in this study was retrieved from sealed loci excavated inside Room 8 of the Great Causeway, in Rooms 21 and 22 of the triclinium building and in Vault 230, north of Room 21 in the Western Wall Tunnel excavations, Jerusalem. The assemblages comprise imported and local vessels, which enabled refining the Roman-period dating of the monumental buildings and elements constructed at the western foot of the Temple Mount.

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Monumental Construction And Water Management At The Foot Of The Temple Mount, Western Wall Tunnels Excavations, Jerusalem, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Dec 2025

Monumental Construction And Water Management At The Foot Of The Temple Mount, Western Wall Tunnels Excavations, Jerusalem, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

The 2018–2020 excavations in the Western Wall Tunnels yielded the remains of a massive wall, identified as a cast dam across the confluence of the Tyropoeon and Transversal Valleys. Incorporated into the wall’s core were water channels and vaulted tunnels that served to regulate water flow and drainage. Based on stratigraphic considerations, radiocarbon dating and small finds, the dam wall dated to the latter half of the first century BCE, the days of King Herod. In the first half of the first century CE, a magnificent stone-paved triclinium building, with a central fountain flanked by two triclinia halls, was built …

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The Glass From The Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem, Tamar Winter Dec 2025

The Glass From The Western Wall Tunnels, Jerusalem, Tamar Winter

'Atiqot

The 2018–2020 excavations in Rooms 8, 21 and 22 in Jerusalem’s Western Wall Tunnels yielded glass finds dated mostly to the Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic and Mamluk periods. Noteworthy among the Early Roman period vessels is a bichrome piece adorned with opaque-white flecks, of a type rarely found in excavations. This fragment, and a similar piece from the Jewish Quarter, probably belonged to imported modioli, attesting to the affluence of Jerusalem’s inhabitants in the Early Roman period.

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A Unique Historical Water Lifting System In Southern Palestine, Avraham (Avi) Sasson Dec 2025

A Unique Historical Water Lifting System In Southern Palestine, Avraham (Avi) Sasson

'Atiqot

The high water-level of the aquifer in the southern coastal plain of Palestine sets the stage for many private wells in villages. Various researchers mentioned a unique method of drawing water in this region, the “self-emptying bucket,” which entailed attaching a rope rolled on a drum to a container and an animal that would pull it by walking away from the well. Once the container reached the surface, the water poured into a small collection pool. In order to ease the burden, the animal was guided downslope. This method was only useful for irrigating small areas, but since groundwater was …

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A Spring Tunnel, Aqueducts And Water-Powered Flour Mills Along Naḥal Qeni: A History Of Water Exploitation, Yotam Tepper Dec 2025

A Spring Tunnel, Aqueducts And Water-Powered Flour Mills Along Naḥal Qeni: A History Of Water Exploitation, Yotam Tepper

'Atiqot

Naḥal Qeni (Wadi el-Lajjun) is a perennial stream that flows east of Ramat Menashe to Naḥal Qishon, passing south of Kibbutz Megiddo. Along this stream, the remains of aqueducts and flour mills were recorded, reflecting its long-standing importance. From the Roman period onward, the area was settled by a Jewish village (Kefar ‘Othnay), a Roman legionary base (Legio) and a city, Maximianopolis, continuing through the Byzantine period, following as Lajjun (el-Lajjun) during the Islamic, Crusader, Mamluk and Ottoman periods. This paper examines the water sources, aqueducts and mills of Naḥal Qeni, based on historical accounts and modern surveys. It is …

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The Water-Supply System To Ramla In The Early Islamic Period, Ron Toueg, Yuliya Gummeny, Oren Shmueli, Omri Danziger Dec 2025

The Water-Supply System To Ramla In The Early Islamic Period, Ron Toueg, Yuliya Gummeny, Oren Shmueli, Omri Danziger

'Atiqot

For many years, several reservoirs for storing drinking water were known in Ramla, some of which were described by nineteenth- and twentieth-century travelers and scholars. The best-known examples are three reservoirs under the White Mosque courtyard: Birket Bint al-Kāfir, Birket al-Jammūs and the most famous of all, Pool of the Arches. Until about a decade ago, these were the only reservoirs identified in Ramla, and it was assumed—based on excavations in the White Mosque and in the Pool of the Arches—that all except Birket al-Jammūs, were supplied by the aqueduct. Since then, three additional subterranean reservoirs have been uncovered: a …

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Strategic Water Management In The Fortified Monasteries Of Western Samaria As A Tool For Controlling An Agricultural Region, Yair Elmakayes, David Ben-Shlomo, Naomi Hadad, Amos Frumkin Dec 2025

Strategic Water Management In The Fortified Monasteries Of Western Samaria As A Tool For Controlling An Agricultural Region, Yair Elmakayes, David Ben-Shlomo, Naomi Hadad, Amos Frumkin

'Atiqot

Toward the end of the Roman and the beginning of the Byzantine periods, similar, impressive, fortified structures were built in Western Samaria. During the latter period, these structures began to function as fortified monasteries of martial character, all possessing highly sophisticated water systems that share a common construction plan. This article reviews the water systems of four sites—Deir Sam‘an, Deir Qal‘a, Deir Daqle and Deir el-‘Arab—as part of a renewed survey of water reservoirs in the area. The study revealed that their water storage capacities exceeded their inferred populations’ needs. Thus, it is concluded that the monasteries’ water infrastructure had …

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The Naḥal ‘Avedat Reservoirs: A Unique Road Site In The Negev Highlands, Tali Erickson-Gini, Ofer Sion Dec 2025

The Naḥal ‘Avedat Reservoirs: A Unique Road Site In The Negev Highlands, Tali Erickson-Gini, Ofer Sion

'Atiqot

Multiple water reservoirs and structures on a bend of Naḥal ‘Avedat, south of Oboda (‘Avedat), have attracted the attention of researchers for some 70 years. The resercoirs lay along a road suggested to be the biblical Way of the Spies (Derekh Ha-Atarim, דרך האתרים), leading through the dry streambeds of Naḥal Niẓẓana, Naḥal La‘ana and Naḥal ‘Avedat, connecting ancient Qadesh Barneʻa to the central and northern Negev. This site includes a tenth-century BCE Israelite structure, a Nabataean fort (Meẓad Naḥal ‘Avedat), a small Byzantine-period hamlet and other structures, all built in the close vicinity of the reservoirs cut into the …

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Exploring The Wall Graffiti In The Raqafot Reservoir, Be’Er Sheva‘, Davida Eisenberg-Degen, Deborah Cvikel Dec 2025

Exploring The Wall Graffiti In The Raqafot Reservoir, Be’Er Sheva‘, Davida Eisenberg-Degen, Deborah Cvikel

'Atiqot

Graffiti depicting ships, animals and human/anthropomorphic figures were incised into the late Byzantine plaster layer of an Early Roman period rock-cut reservoir, located c. 4 km north of ancient Be’er Sheva‘, Israel. Although the reservoir was in use over the centuries, and as late as World War I, the latest plaster layer was applied in the late Byzantine period. The ship graffiti, seemingly incised with a sharp thin-edged tool shortly after the plaster was applied, depict the outlines of the hulls and rigging elements, and the ships are depicted as square-rigged merchantmen, typical of the period. The knowhow displayed in …

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The Water Cisterns In The Roman-Period Jewish Town Of Bet She‘Arim, Danny Binshtok, Adi Erlich, Tsvika Tsuk Dec 2025

The Water Cisterns In The Roman-Period Jewish Town Of Bet She‘Arim, Danny Binshtok, Adi Erlich, Tsvika Tsuk

'Atiqot

Bet She‘arim (Beth She‘arim) in the western Lower Galilee was a Jewish town in the Roman period, renowned for its elaborate necropolis that served local and Diaspora Jews. Since there was no natural water source within the town, the local population collected rainwater in cisterns, pools and reservoirs. Water was required for daily life, and for the ritual purification baths that were an integral component of Jewish settlements in the second–third centuries CE. This paper presents a survey of rock-hewn and plastered bell-shaped cisterns distributed throughout the town, only a few of which were excavated. Some of the cisterns exhibit …

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The Circular Structure At ‘Ein Al-Qastal: A Springhouse?, Jacob Sharvit, Ofra Barkai Dec 2025

The Circular Structure At ‘Ein Al-Qastal: A Springhouse?, Jacob Sharvit, Ofra Barkai

'Atiqot

‘Enot Ẓippori, situated approximately 2 km west of Nazareth in Lower Galilee, are a group of springs, the most prominent of which is ‘Ein al-Qastal, marked by a distinctive circular structure traditionally interpreted as a ‘springhouse.’ Following recent investigations conducted by the Maritime Unit of the Israel Antiquities Authority, including a geophysical survey and targeted excavations of the installation and a nearby British Mandate-period pumping station, it is suggested that the structure was a Roman-period settling pool. The associated hydraulic system, comprising subterranean channels and pools, appears to have transported water from ‘En Rabi to supply domestic and agricultural needs …

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Revisiting The ‘Aujah Aqueducts: New Insights And Discoveries, Yevgeny Aharonovich, Hananya Hizmi, Tal Orenshtein, Haim Shkolnik Dec 2025

Revisiting The ‘Aujah Aqueducts: New Insights And Discoveries, Yevgeny Aharonovich, Hananya Hizmi, Tal Orenshtein, Haim Shkolnik

'Atiqot

The spring of ‘Ein el-‘Aujah emerges from the seam between the ‘Aujah Valley and the Samaria Hills. Being the most abundant of the Jordan Valley springs, a complex water conveyance system was established there under Hasmonean rule, further developing under King Herod and his family, when water was conveyed from ‘Ein el-‘Aujah to the king’s palace complex in Jericho and to Archelais. This article presents the results of excavations conducted in recent years in two different sections of the main ‘Aujah aqueduct and in a survey that incorporated new measuring techniques. The findings indicated that the ‘Ein el-‘Aujah aqueduct from …

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The Date And Function Of The Horizontal Gutter-Like Water Channels Along The Walls Of The Herodian Temple Mount, Nahshon Szanton, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Dec 2025

The Date And Function Of The Horizontal Gutter-Like Water Channels Along The Walls Of The Herodian Temple Mount, Nahshon Szanton, Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

Elongated channels, some of which preserved traces of plaster, run across the upper courses of the western and southern walls of the Herodian Temple Mount. These were previously explained as gutters, cut and utilized during the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods (or later), or as the negatives of floors of a three-story building that had once stood adjacent to the western Temple Mount wall. This article challenges these interpretations, arguing that the channels were cut exclusively in the Herodian courses of the wall, with no evidence of continuation following later renovations. Based on similar channels carved into first-century CE high-standing …

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Front Matter, Editorial Board, Zvi Greenhut Dec 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board, Zvi Greenhut

'Atiqot

Front Matter

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Association Of Aerobic Performance With Balance, Anaerobic Power, Agility, And Visual Reaction Time In Fencers, Aysel Gökçe Kurt, Manolya Acar Dec 2025

Association Of Aerobic Performance With Balance, Anaerobic Power, Agility, And Visual Reaction Time In Fencers, Aysel Gökçe Kurt, Manolya Acar

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity

Background: The study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic performance on balance, anaerobic power, agility, and visual reaction in fencers and was designed as a prospective cohort study. Materials and methods: This study involved 26 fencing athletes (age = 20.35 ± 5.12 years, sports experience: 8.44 ± 4.33 years). The 20-m shuttle test, the vertical jump test, the Y-balance test, the fencing-specific 4-2-2-4 forward-back step method, and the Nelson hand reaction test were used to evaluate aerobic performance, anaerobic performance, balance, agility-change of direction, and visual reaction, respectively. Results: The maximum oxygen consumption determined with a use of the …

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Reassessing Indonesia's In-Kind Benefit Tax Regulation: Insights From Australia, Florencia Irena Gunawan, Maria Na Uli Salsabilah Sabililah Dec 2025

Reassessing Indonesia's In-Kind Benefit Tax Regulation: Insights From Australia, Florencia Irena Gunawan, Maria Na Uli Salsabilah Sabililah

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

This research critically assesses Indonesia's in-kind benefit tax regulatory framework based on the principles of equity, certainty, and neutrality, drawing comparative insights from Australia's fringe benefits tax system. Utilizing a normative juridical method, this study finds that integrating in-kind benefits into Indonesia's income tax framework poses several challenges. First, under the equity principle, current valuation methods do not accurately reflect employees' ability to pay, potentially resulting in inequitable tax burdens. Second, under the certainty principle, ambiguities in the exemption rules may create risks of differing interpretations between taxpayers and tax authorities. Third, under the neutrality principle, differential treatment across industries …

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Achieving Judicial Consistency Through The Establishment Of Civil And Criminal Chambers In Indonesia's District And High Courts, Dwi Bintang Satrio, Efa Laela Fakhriah, Artaji Artaji Dec 2025

Achieving Judicial Consistency Through The Establishment Of Civil And Criminal Chambers In Indonesia's District And High Courts, Dwi Bintang Satrio, Efa Laela Fakhriah, Artaji Artaji

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia has implemented the chamber system to achieve judicial consistency and fulfil the fundamental objectives of law, namely legal certainty, justice, and expediency. However, despite this effort, inconsistencies in judicial decisions remain prevalent, particularly in civil and criminal cases at the district and high court levels. This study employed a normative juridical approach supported by case analysis to examine the effectiveness of the current chamber system in achieving judicial consistency and to identify structural weaknesses that hinder its optimal implementation. The results reveal that judicial inconsistencies are found in several court decisions, such …

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The Death Penalty For Bribery-Related Corruption In Social Assistance During Non-Natural Disasters: A Legal Certainty Perspective, Elly Sudarti, Sahuri Lasmadi, Andi Agus Salim, Riana Devi Lestari, Mohammad Thoriq Bahrie Dec 2025

The Death Penalty For Bribery-Related Corruption In Social Assistance During Non-Natural Disasters: A Legal Certainty Perspective, Elly Sudarti, Sahuri Lasmadi, Andi Agus Salim, Riana Devi Lestari, Mohammad Thoriq Bahrie

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

This article analyzes the judge's verdict regarding the bribery corruption of social assistance during a non-natural disaster committed by Juliari Batubara. It questions whether such bribery corruption can be punishable by the death penalty. Juliari was not sentenced to death because the law only threatens the death penalty under natural disaster conditions, and COVID-19 is not considered a natural disaster. The death penalty is only threatened for corruption under Article 2, paragraph 2, not for bribery corruption. The judge's decision followed conventional legal norms, resulting in a verdict that was overly normative and failed to address the issue. This article …

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Reapproaching International Law Through Twail: Reclaiming Marine Sovereignty And Rights Of The Global South Within Law Of The Sea, Ria Wierma Putri, Febryani Sabatira, Orima Melati Davey, Afandi Sitamala Dec 2025

Reapproaching International Law Through Twail: Reclaiming Marine Sovereignty And Rights Of The Global South Within Law Of The Sea, Ria Wierma Putri, Febryani Sabatira, Orima Melati Davey, Afandi Sitamala

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), also understood as a theory of decolonizing international law, offers a critical framework for analyzing the historical evolution of international law and its continuing impact on Global South nations. This article examines TWAIL's perspective within the Law of the Sea, with particular attention to the ways in which the dominance of marine resource use by industrialized states perpetuates structural inequities over less powerful states. Since the 1950s, TWAIL scholars have emphasized the importance of amplifying Global South voices to challenge entrenched colonial legacies and reshape the future of international law. The purpose of …

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Debating Expert Authority In Corruption Cases: The Challenge Of Interpreting State Financial Losses Under The 2023 Indonesian Criminal Code, Wendy Kenafiana Assanti, Hendry Julian Noor Dec 2025

Debating Expert Authority In Corruption Cases: The Challenge Of Interpreting State Financial Losses Under The 2023 Indonesian Criminal Code, Wendy Kenafiana Assanti, Hendry Julian Noor

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

The 2023 Indonesian Criminal Code revises the formulation of corruption offenses, including rules on proving state financial losses; however, the elucidation of Article 603 raises questions regarding the competent institution and the evidentiary weight of audit results. This study examines how the provision may perpetuate ongoing debates over experts’ authority to determine state financial losses, which are often perceived as affecting legal certainty, and proposes a reformulation to provide clearer legal guidance. This doctrinal study employs statutory and case law approaches, utilizes qualitative methods, and applies Gustav Radbruch’s perspective as an analytical lens. It finds that Article 603’s elucidation uses …

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Legal Implication And Solution: The Exemption For Apartment And Flat Developer's Bankruptcy Request As Insufficient To Meet Simple Proof Requirements, Veri Antoni, Azka Farrell Razaga Dec 2025

Legal Implication And Solution: The Exemption For Apartment And Flat Developer's Bankruptcy Request As Insufficient To Meet Simple Proof Requirements, Veri Antoni, Azka Farrell Razaga

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

Supreme Court Circular (SEMA) 3/2023 states that apartment and/or flat developers do not meet the simple proof requirements referred to in Article 8 paragraph (4) of Law 37/2004. This paper aims to answer what is the legal implication of the exception to the bankruptcy request against apartment and/or flat developers that were considered insufficient to meet the simple proof requirement in SEMA 3/2023? and what the solutions as a recommendation that can be provided? This research is normative legal research that employs legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches through document studies to obtain secondary data. Simple proof in bankruptcy law refers …

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Antitrust In Practice: Case-Based Comparative Analysis Of Predatory Pricing Enforcement In Indonesia And The United States, Anna Maria Tri Anggraini, Ahmad Sabirin, Farhandi Himawan Dec 2025

Antitrust In Practice: Case-Based Comparative Analysis Of Predatory Pricing Enforcement In Indonesia And The United States, Anna Maria Tri Anggraini, Ahmad Sabirin, Farhandi Himawan

Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)

Business entities employ predatory pricing as a strategy primarily aimed at eliminating competitors. The regulation and detection of predatory pricing are complex processes, and each country adopts distinct mechanisms to address the issue. The scientific contribution of this study lies in its comparative analysis of two different legal systems—Indonesia’s civil law and the United States’ common law—in addressing predatory pricing practices under competition law. It examines how differing legal frameworks influence the methods of proof, the application of the rule of reason principle, and the pattern of sanctions imposed on business actors. In addition, this study adopts an interdisciplinary approach …

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System For Real-Time Selective Visual Filtering In Augmented Reality Based On Object Segmentation, Tamar Yakar, Ilia Labzovsky Dec 2025

System For Real-Time Selective Visual Filtering In Augmented Reality Based On Object Segmentation, Tamar Yakar, Ilia Labzovsky

Defensive Publications Series

Systems and methods can provide real-time, selective visual filtering on a wearable computing device (e.g., augmented reality glasses, a smartphone, a smart watch, etc.). The technology may utilize a multi-stage pipeline that can employ object detection to identify predefined subjects and image segmentation to generate a pixel-level mask. An overlay generation module can then apply a configurable visual filter, for example, a blur or a solid color, over the masked area. This approach can help mitigate the visual impact of stimuli while helping to preserve the clarity of the surrounding environment, which may allow a user to maintain situational awareness.

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