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The Effect Of Withering Methods On Physicochemical And Sensory Properties Of Liberica Coffee Leaf Tea (Coffea Liberica), Surhaini Surhaini, Indriyani Indriyani, Rahayu Suseno, Rinaldi Rinaldi, Ferry Jie, Huda Wazzan

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This study aims to evaluate the effect of different withering methods on physicochemical and organoleptic properties of Liberica coffee leaf tea (Coffea liberica) and to identify the optimal treatment. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five withering treatments, including no withering, room temperature withering for 10 h, air withering for 10 h, oven withering at 60°C for 30 min, and steaming for 2 min, each with four replications. The observed parameters included powder moisture content, pH, color (L*, a*, b*), antioxidant activity, total phenols, total tannins, flavonoids, and sensory attributes, namely color, aroma, acidity, taste, …

Disruption Of Protein-Protein Interaction Hotspots In The C-Terminal Domain Of Mlh1 Confers Mismatch Repair Deficiency, Keri M. Fishwick, Diego Gomez Vieito, Giada Greco, Giulio Collotta, Marco Gatti, Anastasija A. Kulik, Raphaël Guérois, Ivan Corbeski, Ashutosh S. Phadte, Issam Senoussi, Petr Cejka, Anna Pluciennik, Antonio Porro, Alessandro A. Sartori

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

MutLα, a heterodimer of MLH1 and PMS2, plays a key role in DNA mismatch repair (MMR), which maintains genomic stability by correcting replication errors. Loss of MLH1 function causes MMR deficiency (MMRd), leading to elevated mutation rates and increased cancer susceptibility. However, MMRd can offer a therapeutic advantage, as high tumour mutational burden enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition. MMR also drives somatic expansion of CAG repeats linked to Huntington’s disease (HD) pathogenesis. The C-terminal domain (CTD) of MLH1 contains at least two distinct protein–protein interaction (PPI) sites. The S1 site supports heterodimerization with the PMS2 endonuclease, whereas the …

Investigating The Incorporation Of Milled Rice In Brewing Non-Alcoholic Beer To Enhance Sensory Quality, Christian Schubert, Rahul Sen, Nils Rettberg, Scott Lafontaine

Food Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

The influence of substituting barley malt with milled rice on the sensory and chemical characteristics of nonalcoholic beers (NAB) was investigated. Physicochemical and volatile analyses were conducted on the NABs. Original gravities ranged from 6.71% w/w (100% barley malt) to 7.15% w/w (100% rice), with alcohol contents between 0.33% v/v (70% barley/30 %rice) and 0.45 % v/v (100% rice). Color decreased from 10.8 EBC (100% barley malt) to 3.3 EBC (100% rice). Descriptive analysis sensory evaluations by trained panelists in the United States and European Union were used to characterize the sensory profiles of the NABs. Principal component analysis showed …

Local Communities And Tourism Development In Sultanate Of Oman: A Field Study Of The Attitudes Of The Residents In Masirah Island, Izza Bint Ali Bin Jamil Al-Owaisiya, Mustafa Babiker Abusheiba, Jalal Mohammed Hamza

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

This study aimed to uncover trends towards tourism development in the island by identifying by knowing the vision of the Ministry of Tourism and its plans. It analyzed the local residents’ attitudes, and identifying the challenges they may face, and the mechanisms that help to address them. The study was based on the descriptive and analytical approach. Three research tools were used. First, analysis of the electronic executive summary of Oman Tourism Strategy 2016-2020. Second, a questionnaire to collect data from the sample of local population numbering (358). Third, an interview guide administered with official leadership in some government departments …

E-Training And Professional Development Of Social Workers At Public Schools In Muscat Governorate, Zakiya Bint Rashid Bin Hamad Al-Hashmiya, Mohammed Salim Ahmed, Ahmed Thabet Hilal Ibrahim

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

The study aimed to explore the reality of e-training in developing the professional performance of social workers at public schools in Muscat Governorate as well as identifying the justifications, requirements and challenges of using e-training in the development of social workers’ professional performance. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach. A comprehensive social survey was distributed among 162 male and female social workers and 7 male and female social counseling supervisors in the Directorate General of Education in Muscat. An electronic questionnaire was used with the social workers, and an interview was conducted with the social counseling supervisors. The study …

Challenges In Implementing Artificial Intelligence In Academic Libraries In Oman: The Case Of University Libraries, Asma Abdullah Alabbadi, Jamal Matar Al-Salmi, Sallam Osman Fageeri, Nour Eldin Mohamed Elshaiekh

Journal of Arts and Social Sciences

This research explores the challenges encountered by Omani academic libraries in adopting and using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Through qualitative research that included interviews with decision-makers and technical staff, the research identified four main categories of challenges: financial, human, administrative, and technical/security. The findings revealed that high costs, limited budgets, inadequate training, resistance to change, and weak infrastructure were among the key obstacles, with most libraries relying on basic AI functionalities while advanced applications remain largely underutilized. Despite these challenges, the research uncovered a willingness among institutions to adopt AI, supported by efforts such as organizing workshops, employing cost-effective tools, …

Cfd Modeling Of A 120 Kwth Chemical Looping Combustion System, Tabasat Ahmad, Fazl E Rabi, Muhammad Zaman, Atta Ullah

Platform: A Journal of Engineering (PAJE)

```python text = """Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has evolved as a promising technique for carbon capture. In view of the above, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of the existing 120 kWth circulating fluidised bed (CFB) has been carried out. The fuel used in the existing reactor is CH4, and NiO supported by Al2O3 particles is employed as the oxygen carrier. Transient Two-dimensional CFD simulations have been conducted for the DCFB–CLC system. Eulerian –Eulerian method with heterogeneous reaction kinetics has been applied. The CFD simulation yielded results comparable to those obtained from the experimental data. The same approach was then …

From Editor, Rahayu Surtiati

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year 2026.

In this edition readers will find ten articles plus one book review proposing an idea of how culture survives modernization. The four articles (1, 2, 4, and 8 show how culture and ecology or culture and traditions can reshape collective memory and identity. Two articles: 6 and 7 discuss Japanese culture: first elderly people show learning a foreign language can keep their spirit of life; second Japanese urban culture in contemporary context. Last but not least three articles (3, 5, 9, and 10) describe three different situations: roads represent symbolic dimensions; priestly …

Third Place And Nostalgia In Postcolonial Jakarta: Adaptive Reuse Of Cikini Post Office, Ade Ariyani Sari Fajarwati, Mochamad Aviandy

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

The transformation of space in postcolonial cities extends beyond the restoration of old buildings; it involves cultural practices that reshape collective memory and identity. Through adaptive reuse, colonial-era heritage spaces are revitalised as social hubs. This study examines Post Kantoor cafe, a former colonial post office turned into a “third place” within urban spatial culture. Using qualitative methods—visual observation, spatial documentation, and a literature review—the study finds that nostalgic aesthetics, evident in antique artefacts, colonial atmospheres, and curated visuals, foster emotional connections across generations and social classes. More than a site of consumption, the cafe becomes a space for dialogue, …

Gender Differences In Japanese Elderly Learning Motivation, Yesy Tri Cahyani, Kurniawaty Iskandar, I Ketut Surajaya, Kosuke Mizuno, Jumanto Jumanto, Emila Ligia

Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya

Ageing is likely to become a 'gender issue' with a big number of women surviving into very old age in almost all the countries of the world. Japanese women have longer longevity than Japanese men. What is the secret behind the higher lifespan of Japanese women compared to Japanese men? Is it related to their ikigai? In this qualitative approach research, we chose the subjects as elderly men and women who participated in Easy English Conversation Courses in Kitakyushu Nenchousha Daigakkou (Kitakyushu Elder University). We assumed that to participate in Easy English Conversation Courses may change their life and …

Effectiveness Of Haptic Feedback Devices In Reducing Pain Perception During Intra-Articular Corticosteroid Injections In Rural Guatemala And Kenya – A Randomized Controlled Trial, Tyler Perleberg, Alfeil Felipe, Carmen Tong, Jordan Konstanty, Gautam Desai

Student Publications

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease worldwide and a leading cause of disability, affecting most individuals by age 65 due to cartilage degradation, eburnation, osteophyte formation, and inflammation. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections (IACIs) are widely used for moderate to severe OA and are especially beneficial in low-resource areas where long-term medications and physical therapy may be inaccessible. However, IACIs can induce substantial pain and anxiety, particularly when anesthetics or imaging guidance are unavailable. Haptic feedback, such as tactile stimulation through handheld vibration devices, has demonstrated the ability to modulate pain perception in clinical settings. As a simple, low-cost method, …

A Study Of Perceptions, Readiness, Benefits, And Barriers Related To Exoskeleton Adoption In New Jersey’S Warehousing Sector, Terry Asante

Theses

The warehousing industry in New Jersey remains a vital component of the region's logistics network, employing more than 200,000 workers who routinely engage in lifting, bending, overhead reaching, and other physically demanding activities. These exposures contribute to musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) rates that exceed national averages, particularly affecting the low back and shoulders. Nationally, MSDs account for an estimated $420 billion in combined direct and indirect costs each year, underscoring the need for interventions that can effectively reduce biomechanical strain. Industrial exoskeletons have emerged as a potential solution, with prior research demonstrating reductions in muscle activation, perceived exertion, and fatigue during …

Frailty, Home Accessibility, And Falls In Later Life, Bonnie Albright

Graduate Doctoral Dissertations

As more people remain in their homes as they age, the risk of living at home with frailty and reduced function increases, which may also increase the risk for falls in the home. The scientific literature shows that frail people are more likely to experience falls, which leads to many negative outcomes, such as hospitalization, placement in a skilled nursing facility, and even death. The preference to age-in-place (AIP) is more likely to be met if older people live in accessible housing. Accessible homes may mitigate the risk for falls and promote AIP, especially among frail older people.

While there …

How What We Feel Is Associated With What We Hear Early In Development: The Role Of Vision In Audio-Tactile Association, Shibo Cao

Graduate Doctoral Dissertations

Sound-shape correspondences, also known as bouba-kiki effect, is the preferential mapping of nonsense sound like “baluma” to rounded abstract shapes while mapping nonsense sound like “takete” to spiky abstract shapes. Such association was seen for auditory and visual stimuli (AV), and auditory and tactile stimuli, which are touched but not seen (AT). Literature comparing typically-developing and early-blind adults showed AT association differ as a function of level of visual experience, and similar finding was also found comparing typically-developing adult and children. Specifically, typically-developing younger children benefited from prior AV experience of abstract shapes and nonsense sounds. While these findings suggest …

Non-Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphomas: A Narrative Review Of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, And Treatment Strategies, Humza Mallick, Varun Karri, Samir Dalia

Student Publications

Background and objective: Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) are indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) that can arise in various extranodal organs, often due to chronic inflammation. Gastric MALT lymphomas are well characterized; however, MALT lymphomas may occur in diverse sites such as the ocular adnexa, salivary glands, thyroid, lung, skin, and the small intestine. These site-specific MALT lymphomas have distinct etiologic associations, clinical presentation, and management considerations. This review provides an updated, site-specific overview to guide the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to non-gastric MALT lymphoma in adults.

Methods: We reviewed peer-reviewed articles [2015-2025] on non-gastric MALT …

Navigating The Role Of Ai In Research In The Global South: A Collective Autoethnography From Researchers In The Philippines, Iraq, And Malaysia, Louie Giray, Ahmed Alkhaqani, Nurliana Kamaruddin

Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper investigates the transformative impact and ethical dilemmas of integrating artificial intelligence into the workflows of researchers from the Global South, specifically the Philippines, Iraq, and Malaysia. Through collective autoethnography, the authors analyze how AI tools function as both equalizers and disruptors in resource-constrained academic environments. The findings reveal that AI significantly enhances productivity by dismantling language barriers for non-native English speakers, streamlining literature searches, and democratizing access to global scholarship. However, these benefits are accompanied by profound challenges, including the risk of over-reliance, the proliferation of AI hallucinations, and the potential erosion of critical thinking skills. The authors …

Ai Detection Tools: A Systematic Review Of Empirical Evidence And Their Implications For Education, Halime Nuran Caner

Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence has significantly transformed academic writing practices, prompting institutions to implement tools designed to verify authorship and uphold academic integrity. Artificial intelligence detection systems have emerged as a prominent, albeit increasingly debated response to these challenges. This systematic review synthesizes empirical evidence to assess the reliability, fairness, and pedagogical implications of artificial intelligence text-detection tools in educational settings. Adhering to PRISMA 2020 standards, this review identified twenty-five peer-reviewed empirical studies, 18 of which were conducted directly within educational settings. This review synthesizes empirical studies published between 2022 and 2025, encompassing quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods …

Biomarker And Age At Onset Endophenotypes Offer New Insights Into The Genetic Etiology Of Alzheimer’S Disease, Joseph Bradley

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Introduction: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) remains among the top 10 causes of death in the United States and is projected to affect nearly 14 million people by 2050. To this point, studies of Alzheimer’s genetics and endophenotypes have yielded a bounty of results that culminated in the first disease-modifying drugs, lecanemab and donanemab, in 2022. Most of the genetic studies for Alzheimer’s disease to date have been focused on late-onset AD or Autosomal dominant AD, leaving a critical need for studying sporadic early-onset AD (EOAD; ~10% of cases). Furthermore, the demand for clinical portability has created a need for high-sensitivity proteomic …

Cost Of Illness Analysis In Total Knee Replacement At Public Hospital Jenderal Ahmad Yani, Lampung, Indonesia, Dina Fatma Alia, Dwi Endarti, Tri Murti Andayani

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

Total knee replacement (TKR) is one of the most economical and frequently successful orthopedic procedures. Cost-of-illness studies of TKR in Indonesia are scarce and lack an analysis of the relationship between characteristics and costs. This study aims to examine the cost-of-illness of TKR from a social perspective and explore the relationship between the characteristics and the cost of TKR. This is an observational cross-sectional study of all patients who underwent TKR from 1st January 2022-31 st December 2023. The characteristics were collected from the medical records. Cost of illness was conducted from a social perspective with a bottom-up approach. Hospital …

Global Preferences And Determinant Variables Of Caesarean Delivery Among Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Mitiku Tefera, Lijalem Jemberu, Eyob Getachew, Getnet Alemu Andarge, Kedir Seid, Gebeyehu Lakew, Amlaku Nigusie Yirsaw, Eyob Ketema Bogale

Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal

A caesarean section (CS) is a lifesaving procedure. With rising rates, women’s delivery choices have become a global concern. This review assesses global CS preference and determinants. A search of 6 databases was conducted (PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar and Maternity and Infant Care) in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, including papers published between 2013 and 2024. Egger’s test and funnel plot assessed publication bias, while the I2 statistic and Cochrane Q-test evaluated heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis considered sample size, publication year and economic condition. Initially, 73 articles were identified, of which 13 were deemed suitable, with a total sample size …

Netrin-1 Promotes Pancreatic Tumorigenesis And Innervation Through Neo1, Hiroki Kobayashi, Yosuke Ochiai, Junya Arai, Masahiro Hata, Feijing Wu, Masaki Sunagawa, Tadashi Iida, Taisuke Baba, Ermanno Malagola, Takayuki Tanaka, Zhengyu Jiang, Ruth A White, Xiaofei Zhi, Jin Qian, Quin T Waterbury, Ruhong Tu, Biyun Zheng, Yi Zeng, Hualong Zheng, Puran Zhang, Shuang Li, Leah B Zamechek, Jonathan S Labella, Takahiro Sugie, Atsushi Enomoto, Holger K Eltzschig, Carmine F Palermo, Iok In Christine Chio, Kenneth P Olive, Timothy C Wang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Nerves can regulate tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, clarification of the role of axon guidance molecules in tumorigenesis, innervation, and metastasis is required to better understand the tumor-promoting functions of nerves. Using murine KrasG12D-mutant pancreatic organoids, we screened axon guidance molecules and identified netrin-1 upregulation. Netrin-1 was also upregulated in vivo during pancreatic tumorigenesis in humans and mice. Mutant KRAS and β-adrenergic signaling upregulated netrin-1 and its receptor NEO1 in epithelial cells in part through the MAPK pathway. Ex vivo culture of celiac ganglia showed that netrin-1 promoted the axonogenesis of sympathetic neurons through nerve NEO1. In the Pdx1-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D/+ model, …

Sequential Tav-In-Tav Resolves Lvot Pseudoaneurysm-Related Paravalvular Leak., Zeryab A Khan, Steven J Yakubov, Laura D Flannery, Carlos E Sanchez

Heart and Vascular Articles

No abstract provided.

Speeding Up Interval Estimation For R2-Based Mediation Effect Of High-Dimensional Mediators Via Cross-Fitting, Zhichao Xu, Chunlin Li, Sunyi Chi, Tianzhong Yang, Peng Wei

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Mediation analysis is a useful tool in investigating how molecular phenotypes such as gene expression mediate the effect of exposure on health outcomes. However, commonly used mean-based total mediation effect measures may suffer from cancellation of component-wise mediation effects in opposite directions in the presence of high-dimensional omics mediators. To overcome this limitation, we recently proposed a variance-based R-squared total mediation effect measure that relies on the computationally intensive nonparametric bootstrap for confidence interval estimation. In the work described herein, we formulated a more efficient two-stage, cross-fitted estimation procedure for the R2 measure. To avoid potential bias, we performed …

Health Workers’ Perspectives On Family Medicine And Family Physicians In Karbala City, Iraq, Haneen Nadhim Jawad, Ali Abdulridha Abutiheen, Hasan Alwan Baiee, Salam Sahib Obiad

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: The opinions and experiences of health workers can provide valuable insights into the current state of family medicine and its potential to improve healthcare services in any country, including Iraq.

Objectives: To identify health workers’ perceptions in Karbala Governorate regarding the role of family medicine and family physicians, and to explore their opinions on the performance of primary health care centers.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out from March through May 2024, involving health professionals from various health service settings in Karbala Governorate, Iraq. Data were collected through a structured, self-administered validated questionnaire covering demographic …

Study The Metabolic And Hormonal Changes In Obese And Non-Obese Women With Polycystic Overy Syndrome: Case-Control Study, Hawraa Shakir Issa, Hanaa Addai Ali

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Women with PCOS experience pathological symptoms like diabetes and insulin resistance (IR), obesity and being overweight, infertility, and irregular menstruation due to hormonal abnormalities.

Objectives: Study the association between metabolic and hormonal changes in PCOS.

Materials and methods: Forty-five Iraqi women with newly diagnosed PCOS, aged between 20–40 years, were divided into two groups X Obese Women with PCOS, Y Non-Obese PCOS. The samples were collected from private labs, Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital, and Al-Zahraa Hospital in the Najaf Governorate. Each was tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the subject’s reproductive hormones and by colorimetric methods used to …

Assessment Of Autonomic Dysfunction In Iraqi Patients With Parkinson’S Disease Using The Ssr, Ahmed Ayad Al-Janabi, Abdulnasir Hussin Ameer

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects both motor and non-motor functions, including the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic dysfunction, particularly involving sympathetic pathways, is a common but underdiagnosed feature in PD.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess autonomic dysfunction in Iraqi patients with Parkinson’s disease using the Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR) test as a non-invasive neurophysiological tool.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted at Ghazi Al-Hariri Surgical Teaching Hospital, involving 40 patients diagnosed with PD and 40 age-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent SSR testing to evaluate latency and amplitude in the hands and feet under …

Assessment Of Serum Levels Of Na, K, Mg, Fe+2, And Se As Potential Risk Markers In Women With Breast Cancer, Fatima Hussein Mahdi, Muthana Saleh Mashkour, Seyed Omid Ranaei Siadat, Hanaa Addai Ali, Abdulkadhim A. Hawi

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Breast cancer is a malignant neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of breast epithelial cells, with potential for metastasis.

Objectives: To follow the change in the level of trace elements (TEs) and the extent to which these changes are related to the risk of breast cancer before taking chemotherapy or removing the tumor.

Materials and Methods: The case-control group had 90 Iraqi women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, alongside 90 healthy women who were matched for age and body mass index. Elements and electrolytes in the serum, such as iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and selenium, were measured using a spectrophotometer. …

The Role Of Interleukin 2 And Interleukin 15 In Diagnosis And Prognosis Of Celiac Disease In Children, Mustafa Ali H. Khalaf, Israa Ketab H. Al-Yasiri, Karrar Abdil-Aziz A. Beg

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune condition that affects the small intestine, triggered by the intake of gluten and related prolamines in genetically predisposed individuals. The anti-tissue tTG-IgA transglutaminase test is a primary screening method for suspected celiac disease.

Materials and Methods: Forty-five children with celiac disease were enrolled in the study, with an age range between 2–14 years, and 43 healthy subjects as the control group in the Medical City Hospital in Baghdad. The diagnosis of the disease was confirmed by Anti tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA and IgG antibodies, IL-2, and IL-15 using the enzyme-linked immunoassay technique (ELISA). …

Role Of Serum Chemerin In Predicting Cardiometabolic Risk: Correlation With Lipid Profile In Metabolic Syndrome, Goljameen Midhat Abdulla, Ammar Hatem Abdullateef

Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Background: Chemerin, is regarded as an adipose-derived hormone regulating insulin sensitivity, lipid homeostasis, adipogenesis and inflammatory responses. It has previously been shown that serum chemerin levels are linked to metabolic syndrome and cardio-metabolic risk. More knowledge of its associations with lipid profile components might improve early cardiometabolic risk stratification.

Objective: To evaluate the association of serum chemerin as a possible biomarker for Cardiometabolic Risk (CMR) and to correlate it with lipidogram parameters in the adult population with metabolic syndrome.

Methods: A case-control study with 45 individuals with metabolic syndrome and 45 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Serum chemerin …

Uji Kelayakan Teknis Dan Performa Auvest: Rompi Pendingin Otomatis Berbasis Wearable Thermoelectric Cooler Untuk Mitigasi Risiko Heat Stress, Muchammad Adam Wildan, Amelia Avril Rayhana, Nadia Hanifan Nabila, Bian Shabri Putri Irwanto

National Journal of Occupational Health and Safety

Heat stress is a serious threat to construction workers that can reduce productivity and even threaten lives. Existing cooling vest innovations still have limitations, such as weight, manual systems, and the risk of leakage. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Automatic Vest (AUVEST), an automatic cooling vest based on Wearable Thermoelectric Cooler and the Internet of Things (IoT), in preventing the risk of heat stress. The method used is experimental with trials on one construction worker in indoor and outdoor environments. AUVEST is equipped with temperature sensors (DS18B20, TMP102) and humidity (DHT11), whose data is processed by …