Analytical Chemistry Commons^™

Synthesis And Characterization Of An Europium-Porphyrin Complex, Alejandro Blinder

All Capstone Projects

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment that has continued to improve over the past thirty years when the first commercially approved photosensitizer (PS) was introduced. Although PDT has many successful applications, the terrifying number of new cancer cases reported each year makes scientists focus their efforts towards the development of new efficient PS for PDT. The biggest obstacle that prohibits PDT from becoming a more widely used therapy is the ineffective photosensitizers (PS) that are available on the market today. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the synthesized metal-porphyrin complex as a possible candidate as a PS. …

Labeling Of Fluorescein Dye On Folate Binding Protein, Sravanth Reddy Lakshmareddygari

All Capstone Projects

Discovery and development of folic acid based receptor targeting started in late 1991 and early 1992 when researchers came to know that folate receptors (FR) are over expressed on malignant tissues. The malignant tissues over express special folate receptors to capture more folate from the blood stream as folate is required for cell division. The researchers found that folate can be used as an optimal targeting ligand that would bind selectively to pathologic cells, displaying no affinity for healthy cells. Then they focused on attaching a drug molecule to the folate ligand that can be delivered directly to the cells …

Using Photoactive Vitamin Nanoparticles As Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapeutic (Pact) Agents To Treat Chronic Wounds, Rahul A. Khanke

All Capstone Projects

The objective of the proposed study is to develop new materials and methods to manage microbial growth in chronic wounds using phototherapy. Chronic wounds are considered as a worldwide health problem. The most common chronic wounds can be classified into three categories: venous ulcers, diabetic ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Venous ulcers, which usually occur in the legs, account for about 70% to 90% of chronic wounds and can become infected easily. Venous ulcers are sores that develop after veins in the legs have been damaged. These ulcers can penetrate deeply into the skin. Occasionally, if a venous ulcer persists for …

Labeling Of Folic Acid On Bovine Serum Albumin, Hari Krishna Kosuri

All Capstone Projects

Recent Clinical research focused mainly on the therapeutic safety which mainly involves the avoidance of toxicities. To prevent the toxicities, site targeted drugs are improved which exhibit their therapeutic action on the specific target or the diseased target without disturbing the healthy cells. Folic acid, a natural Vitamin (Vit B9) has shown promising results in site specificity mainly in the cancer cells where they are abundantly present.

Folic acid is of great importance because of the promising results of several clinical trials which demonstrate that Folic acid increases the potency and simultaneously reducing the toxicity of the cancer therapies. Various …

Ruthenium Complexes As Dna Photonucleases In Treatment Of Malignant Skin Carcinoma, Devi Kalyan Karumanchi

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A variety of Ruthenium complexes possessing terpyridine complexes as ligands in their coordination sphere have been investigated extensively as DNA photo nucleases in vitro. This work has led to the realization that compounds of Ruthenium bind to DNA purines and that the interactions are of an unprecedented bridging variety. Owing to the molar absorptivity of these complexes in the visible region, direct cleavage of duplex DNA by these complexes requires irradiation in the range of 400-500 nm.

Although the observation of DNA photo cleavage in vitro makes these systems good candidates for further investigation, it does not provide any information …

Total Protein Determination Using Micro Plate Assay, Julie Ruffatti

All Capstone Projects

One of the largest challenges that food manufactures are facing today is the management of food allergens. Allergenic protein in trace amounts, part per million concentrations, will trigger a reaction in some individuals. Food manufacturers need to prevent allergen cross-contamination by performing adequate sanitation after production of an allergenic containing food. Allergen detection kits are used to determine if sufficient protein was removed from the equipment surfaces during sanitation. One kit on the market is the 3M™ Clean- Trace™ Surface Protein (Allergen) swab tests. The test qualitatively detects the presence of protein based on the biuret reaction and will yield …

Synthesis And Analytical Evaluation Of Folate Conjugates For Use In Cancer Cell Detection, Sneha Reddy Kuthuru

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Recent clinical studies have shown the importance of folate receptor in drug delivery system as they increase the potency and reduce toxicity of many cancer therapies. The folate receptor alpha ( FR-a) binds with high affinity for folic acid and serves for receptor mediated transport of folate into cells. Folate is necessary for DNA metabolism and thus it is speculated that rapidly dividing cancer cells have an increased requirement for folic acid. It is known that FR-a levels are elevated in specific malignant diseases (solid tumors, leukemia) and thus the FR receptor serves as useful targeting moiety for the diagnosis …

Purification And Analysis Of Folate-Dye Conjugate, Dilipkumar Sakhiya

All Capstone Projects

The folate receptor has achieved great importance for use in targeted drug delivery and in vitro and in vivo diagnostic assays. The folate receptor (FR) is over-expressed on several cancer cell types and activated macrophages, but exists in relatively low abundance on the surface of non-cancerous tissue and non inflammatory cells. This unique attribute is the hallmark of folate-targeted methodologies allowing the diagnostic agent and/or drug to be ferried to the specific disease sites while preventing “off target” effects in normal tissues. Protein toxins, chemotherapeutic agents, radioimaging agents, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents liposomes with entrapped drugs, radiotherapeutic agents, …

Degree Of Labeling Of Folate-Bsa With Rhodamine Dye, Prathibha Yazala

All Capstone Projects

Folic acid is a very important vitamin. It is needed by cells for various physiological functions. It plays an important role in growth and multiplication of cells and therefore is needed very much by cancerous cells. One of the ways folate reaches the cells is the folate receptor mediated endocytosis. Therefore folate binding proteins are abundant on cancerous cells. Clinical trials proved that the folate receptor targeted drug delivery is very promising to increase the drug exposure to malignant cells and to reduce the toxicity to healthy cells. It was recently discovered that folate receptor is also over expressed on …

Synthesis And Analysis Of N-Acetyltyrosine-N-Ethyl Amide From N-Acetyl Yyrosine Ethyl Ester, Ravinder Reddy Akkuluri

All Capstone Projects

Amino acids gets oxidized when they are interacted with oxygen and light. And it is always difficult for the researchers to find and isolate a particular amino acid from a protein, unless they completely know how it behaves when interacted with light. For this we are synthesizing amide form of the amino acid which mimics the structure of a protein, and we induce light and find out the exact behavior of the particular amino acid. Here, the aim is to know the tyrosine interaction with light, so we synthesize amide form of tyrosine which is N-Acetyl tyrosine ethyl amide from …

Characterization Of Atmospheric Aerosols By Using Infrared Spectroscopy, Kristy Lynn Kelley

Theses and Dissertations

Although aerosol radiative effects have been known for sometime and are considered one of the major uncertainties in climate change modeling, most of the studies have focused on the forcing due to scattering and absorption of radiation in the uv-visible region.1 Infrared spectral information allows the confirmation of key functional groups that are responsible for enhanced absorption observations from secondary organics in the uv-visible region. This work evaluates the infrared absorption by aerosols, particularly organics that are now found to be a major fraction of urban and regional aerosols in the 0.1 to 1.0 micron size range and to help …

Determination Of Cyanide Exposure By Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis Of Cyanide-Exposed Plasma Proteins, Stephanie L. Youso, Gary A. Rockwood, John A. Lee, Brian A. Logue

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Exposure to cyanide can occur in a variety of ways, including exposure to smoke from cigarettes or fires, accidental exposure during industrial processes, and exposure from the use of cyanide as a poison or chemical warfare agent. Confirmation of cyanide exposure is difficult because, in vivo, cyanide quickly breaks down by a number of pathways, including the formation of both free and protein-bound thiocyanate. A simple method was developed to confirm cyanide exposure by extraction of protein-bound thiocyanate moieties from cyanide-exposed plasma proteins. Thiocyanate was successfully extracted and subsequently derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide for GC–MS analysis. Thiocyanate levels as low …

The Mechanism Of 13CoAd/12Co Isotope Exchange At Pt Electrode,A Combined Study By Electrochemical In-Situ Infrared Spectroscopy And Dipole-Dipole Coupling Analysis, Sang-Zi Liang, Shao-Xiong Liu, Ling-Wen Liao, Qian Tao, Jing Kang, Yan-Xia Chen

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this contribution,we have analyzed the IR spectra of saturated CO adlayer at rough Pt film electrode as a function of fractional surface coverage of ¹³CO_ad /¹²CO recorded during ¹³CO_ad /¹²CO isotope exchange process according to dipole-dipole coupling theory and coherent potential approximation. By properly choosing the parameters of adlayer structure and dipole-dipole coupling interaction under coherent potential approximation, we demonstrated that we can successfully simulate the IR spectra as a function of the surface coverage of CO adlayer at rough Pt film electrodes by assuming that CO_ad molecules with low …

Preliminary Investigation Of Iron Protoporphyrin Sams On Platinum Electrodes By Surface Enhanced Vibrational Spectroscopies, Min Ma, Yao-Yue Yang, Han-Xuan Zhang, Wen-Bin Cai

Journal of Electrochemistry

In situ SERS and ATR-SEIRAS were applied to investigate the electrochemical and structural properties of iron protoporphyrin IX (FePP) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Pt electrodes in 0. 1 mol· L -1 HClO₄. The potential dependent SERS spectra of the FePP SAM on a roughened Pt electrode with the enhancement factor of ca. 40 were acquired with the excitation line of 514 nm. Analyses of SERS data over the potential region from 0. 5 to -0. 3 V enabled to obtain potential dependent adsorption isotherms,from which the formal redox potential could be estimated to be ca. -0. 2 V. …

Studies Of Oxidation Processes Of Adsorbed And Solution Co On Pt(110) Electrode By Cyclic Voltammetry And In Situ Ftirs, Li Tian, Jun-Tao Li, Jin-Yu Ye, Chun-Hua Zhen, Shi-Gang Sun

Journal of Electrochemistry

The oxidation processes of adsorbed CO (COad) and solution phase CO (COsol) on Pt(110) electrode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and in-situ FTIR spectroscopy. It has revealed that in comparison with COad on Pt(110) in a CO-free solution,the oxidation current peak of COsol in a CO-saturated solution is positively shifted ca. 168 mV,and the peak current density has been increased by 6. 70 times. Linear adsorbed CO (COL) is determined by in-situ FTIR spectroscopy as the main species,which is uniformly distributed on Pt (110) surface. In a CO-free solution,the onset potential of COL is measured by in-situ FTIRS ca. 0. …

Phenomena Characterization Of Energy Materials By X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, Ming-Yao Cheng, Chun-Jen Pan, Ju-Hsiang Cheng, Bing-Joe Hwang

Journal of Electrochemistry

The aim of this review is to introduce the characterization of energy materials by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) . This technique allows us to probe changes in the valance state and the local environment of the targeted element in the active material; thereby,leading to a better understanding of its electrochemical behavior,and hopefully showing the way to improved performance. Here,electrocatalysts for fuel cells and active electrode materials for Li-ion batteries are taken as the examples that illustrate the capability of XAS and allow observation and theory to be correlated with electrochemical phenomena.

Comparative Study Of Nanoporous Pt, Ptru And Ptruir Catalysts Using Electrochemical Ftir Spectroscopy, M. Amussen Robert, Holt-Hindle Peter, Nigro Samantha, Aicheng Chen

Journal of Electrochemistry

In recent years much effort has been put towards developing efficient Pt-based electrocatalysts for applications in fuel cells. With the rising cost of precious metals such as Pt,the need to enhance the activity and to decrease the load of catalysts is prominent. Herein we report on the synthesis and comparative study of nanoporous Pt,PtRu and PtRuIr electrocatalysts. The nanoporous electrodes were fabricated using a hydrothermal method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ,energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) ,X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) . The electrocatalytic activity of the fabricated nanopo- rous materials was evaluated using both CO …

In-Situ Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Electrochemical Investigation Of 4-Aminoantipyrine On Silver Electrode, Li-Jun Zhang, Wei Song, Ling Chen, Zong-Rang Zhang, Hai-Feng Yang

Journal of Electrochemistry

In this paper, 4-AAP was self-assembled on silver surface to form monolayers. Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) was used to in-situ investigate the adsorption mechanism of the 4-aminoantipyrine(4-AAP) on silver surface dependent on shifting potentials and the effect of solution pH. Based on density functional theory(DFT) calculation of vibration modes,approximate assignment of 4-AAP SERS spectrum was conducted. In situ SERS spectral electrochemical experiments indicated that the 4-AAP monolayers experience a dynamic adsorption process from a tilted fashion to a more vertical mode for benzene ring and more parallel for pyrine ring with the potential applied toward more negative voltages. The complete …

In Situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopic Study Of Sulfur Adsorption On Polycrystalline Platinum Electrode Surface, Bolian Xu, In-Su Park, Ying Li, De-Jun Chen, Yuye J. Tong

Journal of Electrochemistry

The paper reports the first in situ surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroelectrochemistry study of sulfur adsorption and electro-oxidation on highly roughened polycrystalline Pt surface in both acidic and basic supporting electrolytes. The SERS spectra were taken at a constant electrode potential after accumulative electro-oxidation CVs of the Pt electrode with pre-adsorbed sulfur species and at different electrode potentials that were varied stepwise of the Pt electrode immersed in sulfur-containing electrolytes without pre-adsorbed sulfur species. In both cases,a dominant vibrational band at 299 cm^-1 in acidic electrolyte but at 310 cm^-1 in basic electrolyte was observed,which was assigned …

An In Situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroelectrochemical Study On Alcohols Electrocatalytic Oxidation At Pd Electrode In Acidic Solution, Hai-Ping Huang, Lian-Qin Wang, Pei-Kang Shen

Journal of Electrochemistry

The methanol and ethylene glycol electrooxidation on palladium electrode in acidic solution has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroelectrochemistry. It shows that the oxidation of methanol and ethylene glycol at Pd electrode cannot proceed until over 1.5 V in acidic and neutral media. The overpotential decreases and the peak current density increases with the reduction in pH values. The formation of the oxygen-containing species significantly affects the alcohol oxidation on Pd electrode. The in situ FTIR spectroscopic measurements show that the oxidation products of ethylene glycol on Pd electrode are CO₂ and oxalic …