Economics Commons^™

The Effects Of Monetary Policies On Exchange Rates: A Multinational Panel Study (2000–2023), Yun Song

Student Research

This study investigates the impact of monetary policy tools—interest rates, reserve requirements, and money supply—on exchange rates across five major economies: the United States, European Union, China, Japan, and Canada from 2000 to 2023. The analysis incorporates control variables such as GDP growth and inflation and utilizes various econometric models, from naïve regressions to advanced fixed effects specifications. The results show that interest rates and reserve requirements significantly influence exchange rate movements, while the role of money supply is more moderate. Special attention is given to the zero lower bound (ZLB) era using shadow rates. These findings align with Inoue …

Gene X Environment Interactions: Polygenic Scores And The Impact Of A Early Childhood Intervention In Colombia, Orazio Attanasio, Gabriella Conti, Pamela Jervis, Costas Meghir, Aysu Okbay

Discussion Papers

We evaluate impacts heterogeneity of an Early Childhood Intervention, with respect to the Educational Attainment Polygenic Score (EA4 PGS) constructed from DNA data based on GWAS weights from a European population. We find that the EA4 PGS is predictive of several measures of child development, mother’s IQ and, to some extent, educational attainment. We also show that the impacts of the intervention are significantly greater in children with low PGS, to the point that the intervention eliminates the initial genetic disadvantage. Lastly, we find that children with high PGS attract more parental stimulation; however, the latter increases more strongly in …

Will Vegas Bet On Itself?, Quintez Gatewood

Undergraduate Research Symposium Podium Presentations

Abstract:

• Las Vegas faces a serious dilemma post covid, whats next? After having been decimated with the shot to hospitality it nearly collapsed the city.
• The question I am supposing is how do we prevent this?
• Like any investor would suggest, diversify your portfolio to mitigate risk. So why hasn’t Vegas done this with the job market?
• I seek to answer this by using models and illustrating how the outcome will be

Behavioral Responses To The Medicare Part D Coverage Gap And Its Closure, Selene Urbatsch

Theses and Dissertations

The author examines how exposure to the Medicare Part D coverage gap affects future prescription drug use and whether the closure of the gap under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) altered beneficiary behavior. Using 2007–2019 MEPS data, the analysis compares Part D enrollees to similarly aged, privately insured individuals, producing first-differences and difference-in-differences estimates. Before the ACA, exposure to the gap was associated with 4.9 fewer prescription fills relative to comparable non-Part D individuals. After the ACA, the effect fell to a reduction of 2.2 generic fills, with no significant decline in branded use. Sudden out-of-pocket cost increases prompted sharp …

The Economic Drivers Of Preferential Access, Kristie-Marie Sanchez

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis examines how economic theory can explain differences in preferential access across products. Preferential access is the difference between the preferential tariff and the most favored nation (MFN) tariff. This research applies the theory from Bagwell and Staiger (1990) and the empirical findings from Bown and Crowley (2013) to tariff, import flow, import demand, and export supply elasticity data, where Chile is the reporting country. The two-way fixed effects linear regression estimates how changes in import growth, the volatility of import growth, and the inverse sum of import demand and export supply elasticities affect preferential access. The estimates indicate …

Essays In Monetary Economics And Financial Frictions, Martin Arazi

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three independent articles in the field of Macroeconomics. The first chapter investigates the implications of various Quantitative Tightening strategies, examining both implementation and announcement effects. We focus on the consequences for financial stability and real variables, particularly the impact of reintroducing government bonds to the market, the role of reserves demand and balance sheet costs of financial intermediaries during the unwinding process. We also explore the dynamics associated with announcement effects. We explore optimality and compare cases of commitment and discretion, as well as credibility and limited commitment. Our findings indicate that announcing QT with sufficient …

Impact Of Remote Work On Wages In Nevada’S Labor Force, Lauren Tomlinson, Sean Atias, Renato Salazar, Ezrah Tayag

Undergraduate Research Symposium Podium Presentations

Remote Work Evolution and COVID-19

• In 2019, 7% of full paid workdays were done remotely. During the pandemic, that number substantially grew to 60%, and by 2023 it shrunk down to 28%. Elements of remote work have even spread to multiple industries such as healthcare, finance, and education (Barrero et al., 2023).
• Direct relationship between self-perceived job performance and remote work productivity. However, living with children under 18 negatively impacts remote work engagement and productivity (Toscano & Zappalá, 2021).
• Remote work can be associated with increases in Total Factor Productivity (TFP). Between 2019 and 2021, a 1% increase in the …

High Stakes & High Heels: The Economic Potential Of Merging Gambling With Gentlemens Clubs, Anthony Hernandez, Tony Nohmy

Undergraduate Research Symposium Podium Presentations

Purpose:

• Vegas used to be “Vegas”
• Gambling Hotspot
• Lost the “magic”
• On Property Gentlemen’s Clubs
• Similar to property exclusive restaurants or nightclubs

Live Entertainment Tax, Khalea Demesma

Undergraduate Research Symposium Posters

The Live Entertainment Taxis a 9% tax that is exclusively for casinos, nightclubs, and venues that have a minimum occupancy of 200. The Live Entertainment Tax is managed by both the Nevada Gaming Control Board, which oversees events that are held at gaming establishments, and the department of Taxation, which handles events held at all other venues. Clark County is home to the Las Vegas Strip, which is where the majority of the revenue from this tax is collected.

Random Notes, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

• Handwritten notes titled My comments on Ira & Nelson's path (April 6, 1983)

• Handwritten scrap notes regarding travel and Ricardo's theory

• Handwritten notes discussing the development of Marxism after Marx

• Handwritten notes discussing the delayed publication of Capital and the subsequent divergence of Marxist thought

• Handwritten notes on monopoly theory and theoretical gaps

• Handwritten scrap note to call Michel

• Handwritten notes on the Bernstein-Kautsky debates (March 7, 1984)

• Handwritten annotated notes discussing various Marxist theorists (Luxemburg, Bauer, Grossmann, etc.)

• Handwritten notes on the theme of incompleteness in Marx's …

The Campaigner, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

• Cover page for National Caucus of Labor Committees. (1975, Winter). The Campaigner. New York, NY

• Article: National Caucus of Labor Committees. (1975, Winter). Anti-Kritik: The accumulation of capital or what the epigones have done to Marxian theory [First English translation]. The Campaigner. New York, NY: Rosa Luxemburg

• Contact list for Labor Committee members

• Table of contents page from The Campaigner, 5(1) (January–February 1972)

• Editorial: The Campaigner. (1972, January–February). Nixon, McGovern... then Von Papen? [Editorial]. The Campaigner, 5(1), 6–7 (duplicate)

• Article titled Local control vs. socialism: Exchanges with …

Article By Edward Nell, Anwar Shaikh Phd

Archives of Anwar Shaikh

This collection includes:

• Biographical dictionary entry on Rosa Luxemburg, including a reading

• Apparently unpublished article by Edward Nell titled Endogenous money, the quantity theory and the mark-up equation

The Struggles For Equality And Democracy In Modern China: Which Was More Influential?, Angelina K. Lambros

Publications and Research

This paper analyzes the struggles for democracy and equality in modern China, from the fall of the Qing Dynasty to the Tiananmen Square movement. It considers which struggle was more influential, evaluating the recurring theme of a fight for democracy in China since the New Culture Movement, and a quest for social and economic equality that Mao and the Chinese Communist Party committed themselves to. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the struggle for democratic norms and institutions was always present among the Chinese people, but it did not succeed in pushing the government or the Party to adopt political reforms. …

Leaving California: The Price Impact Of Announcing A Headquarters Relocation, Marilyn Giselle Hazlett

Behavioral and Computational Economics (MS) Theses

Over the past decade, people and companies have left California for myriad reasons. This paper examines the effect of announcing a headquarters relocation on a firm's stock price. Using traditional event study methodology, I analyze over 400 move announcements from 2004-2024 to find a positive abnormal return in the short run when firms announce that they are moving their headquarters. There is a pronounced impact on stock prices for firms leaving California and moving to Texas.

Elected To Die: The Effect Of Municipal Assassinations On Remittances In Mexico, Victor M. Mendez Robles

Latin American Studies Honors Projects

This paper looks at localized violence in Mexico through both a qualitative and quantitative approach. Looking at some motivating factors behind violence against political institutions at the municipal level in Mexico. In addition, this paper looks at the relationship between assassinations of municipal mayors in Mexico to see if their assassination leads to changes in remittances in those municipalities in the following periods. This paper uses various difference in difference models to come to its conclusion. There is suggestive evidence of a relationship between remittance growth in municipalities in the periods following an assassination of a mayor currently in office.

Ai's Impact On The Labor Market: Shaping The Present And Forecasting The Future, Emma Ryan

Honors Projects in Mathematics and Economics

Artificial Intelligence is one of the fastest growing technologies, providing humans with a tool to assist them in their daily lives. While this is an advantage, there is also the downside that AI has the ability to remove routine and repetitive tasks. This paper takes a closer look at the impacts of Artificial Intelligence on the labor market and analyzes the implications of AI, both positive and negative. It elaborates on both the job opportunities present due to AI and the job displacement that may occur. A detailed survey was distributed to college students to understand their perceptions of AI …

Industrial Parks And Domestic Power: Work, Industrialization, And Intimate Partner Violence In Nigeria, Faye X. Dingle

Economics Honors Projects

This paper examines the effect of industrial zone openings on women's employment, relative earnings, and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Nigeria. I exploit variation in the timing of industrial zone openings to use a staggered difference-in-differences model. I compare women near industrial zones to women near not-yet-built industrial zones and capture the effect of the average treatment effect on the treated. I perform this analysis for women within 10, 15, 20, and 25 kilometers of an industrial zone. I find that being within all distances of an industrial zone increases a woman's relative earnings compared to women in non-industrialized zones. …

The Economic Impact Of The World Of Winter Festival 2025, Grand Valley State University, Christian Glupker

Other Faculty Publications

The World of Winter 2025 festival (WoW) is estimated to have generated or supported economic benefits for the city of Grand Rapids in the following ways:

• The total economic impact on the Grand Rapids area is estimated at $38 million in economic output, supporting 335 jobs.
• The total annual fiscal impact (tax revenue) of WoW is estimated at $311,000 for municipalities and $238,000 for Kent County.
• WoW attracted 2.3 million visitors, with 67% visiting from outside the local region.
• 44% of local visitors and 55% of all nonlocal visitors stated that WoW was their primary reason for visiting the area. …

Differentiated Instruction For Students With Special Needs: “How Can We Better Equip Students, School Systems, And Society For Differentiated Instruction For Students With Special Needs In Career And Technical Educational Environments?”, Mikala A. Highsmith

Creativity and Change Leadership Graduate Student Master's Projects

Career and Technical Education (CTE) plays a vital role in preparing students for the demands of the modern workforce by providing essential knowledge, technical skills, and industry-recognized certifications. As the number of students with disabilities, including neurodivergent learners, continues to rise, CTE programs face increasing pressure to adopt innovative, inclusive educational practices. Integrating creative teaching strategies and leveraging technology are now critical tools in addressing diverse learning needs that promote effective classroom management and enhance student engagement. Moreover, CTE programs emphasize the development of professional competencies, workforce protocols, and transferable skills that strengthen students’ employability across industries. This paper examines …

The Value Of A Value: The Benefits Of Improved Decision Making Informed By Non-Market Valuation, David J. Pannell, Robert Johnston, Michael P. Burton, Md Sayed Iftekhar, Abbie A. Rogers, Cheryl Day

Economics

Information on non-market values has the potential to improve decision making but approaches to measure these values are costly and may be inaccurate. This study develops a Bayesian value of information (VOI) model to evaluate when and if the benefit of conducting a non-market valuation (NMV) study exceeds the cost, and which method of those considered delivers the highest expected net benefit. The approach is illustrated using a water quality improvement decision, with VOI estimated for stated preference, revealed preference and benefit transfer methods, the first two implemented at varying degrees of best practice. Information on the anticipated accuracy of …

Essays On Macroeconomics, Krishna Sharma

All Dissertations

The first chapter examines the role of return migration in driving innovation within India’s tech startup ecosystem, using a novel dataset constructed from web scraping of startup profiles, LinkedIn data, and patent databases. By capturing founders’ international experience, education, and innovation outcomes, the analysis reveals that returnees significantly contribute to higher inno- vation levels, particularly through patent filings. Returnee-founded startups exhibit an 18% higher rate of patent filings compared to those led by locals. The study employs OLS, Poisson regression, Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM), and Instrumental Variables (IV) to address selection bias and endogeneity concerns. U.S. immigration policy changes provide …

The Impact Of Green Credit Ratio On Return On Assets, Liao Wang

All Theses

How does the green credit ratio affect a bank return on assets? This study uses panel data from 2012 to 2019, covering 18 large banks in China, including 6 state-owned banks and major 12 important joint-stock and city commercial banks. I use regression models to measure the effect of the green credit ratio (GCR) on return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE), and we focus on how bank ownership and fixed effects matters.

The results show that the effect of green credit ratio (GCR) on ROA depends on the model design. When bank fixed effects are included, green …

The Influence Of Political Uncertainty On Financial Markets During U.S. Elections: A Comprehensive Analysis, Ryan Hale

Finance Undergraduate Honors Theses

This thesis examines the impact of U.S. presidential elections on financial market performance, focusing on volatility, investor behavior, and market returns. Political uncertainty during election years often triggers market fluctuations, influencing investor confidence, policy expectations, and sector-specific reactions. By analyzing historical election-year data, this study identifies consistent patterns of increased volatility, shifts in investor sentiment, and post-election market stabilization. Findings suggest that while short-term uncertainty affects market behavior, long-term investment strategies should prioritize broader economic trends over election-driven fluctuations. These insights provide practical guidance for investors navigating politically uncertain environments.

Preying For A Spot At The Table Examining Regulatory Policies And Solutions To Combat Predatory Microfinance Practices, Nicholas R. Brenner

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

Microfinance involves financial services such as small loans, savings accounts, and insurance to low-income populations typically excluded from traditional financial markets. While the services it provides can encourage entrepreneurship and work to alleviate poverty, insufficient regulation can lead to borrower exploitation and continued cycles of debt. This thesis explores the regulations leading to successful microfinance outcomes. Particularly, the variance in outcomes between Ghana and Jordan will be examined as a case study. In Ghana’s Wa West District, effective policies and financial literacy programs have enabled microfinance to promote economic growth. In the country of Jordan, however, a lack of strict …

Changing The Game: Examining The Impacts Of Name, Image, And Likeness Legislation On Dominance Within Ncaa Division 1 Men’S Basketball, Jaclyn Noel Lawrence

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

On July 1, 2021, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) implemented a policy change allowing collegiate athletes to benefit from their name, image, and likeness (NIL), enabling them to earn additional income through partnerships without penalty. This shift sparked widespread debate regarding its potential impact on competitive balance and dominance within college athletics—a principle the NCAA has long cited in defense of its amateurism model. Controlling for player, coach, and institutional characteristics, this study estimates a comprehensive model to assess the relationship between the presence of NIL opportunities and team success. We found no evidence that NIL alone has significantly …

The Economic Impact Of Fitness And Recreational Sports Centers On The U.S. Economy Using State-Level Data, Nicholas M. Schramm

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

This study utilizes state-level data to investigate the effect of fitness and recreational sports centers on the United States economy. Personal per capita income and the employment rate serve as the dependent variables. The explanatory variables consist of three fitness and recreational sports center sector proxies: the number of establishments, employees, and total annual payroll. The study will use a pooled regression model that includes fixed effects to examine the impact of the three explanatory variables on each dependent variable. The analysis showed positive and significant effects on the personal per capita income for each of the three explanatory variables. …

Strategic Thinking Skills: A Key To Collective Economic Success, Syngjoo Choi, Seonghoon Kim, Wooyoung Lim

ROSA Journal Articles and Publications

We conduct a large-scale experiment to measure elementary aspects of strategic thinking skills and their linkage to labor market outcomes. Two incentivized measures of higher-order rationality and backward induction are developed. Males' (females') strategic thinking skills are positively (negatively) associated with individual labor income. However, among married individuals, strategic thinking skills are significantly and positively associated with their household labor income regardless of gender, highlighting the importance of strategic thinking skills for collective economic success. We argue that the intrahousehold channels encompassing collective labor supply with home-to-workplace spillover and marriage assortative matching offer the most plausible explanation for our findings.

Exploring Anticoagulant Prescription Disparities: A Focus On Hispanic Patient Care, Michael Acevedo, Vanessa Veltre

Rowan-Virtua Research Day

Anticoagulants play a critical role in preventing thromboembolic events, yet disparities persist in their prescription among minority populations. This presentation explores inequities in anticoagulant prescribing patterns, with a specific focus on Hispanic patient care. Using retrospective electronic health record data, we analyzed the prescription rates of warfarin versus direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) among adults with clinical indications for anticoagulation. Our findings reveal that Hispanic patients are significantly less likely to receive DOACs compared to non-Hispanic White patients, even after adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and insurance status. Contributing factors include language barriers, lack of insurance, and potential implicit bias in provider …

Indirect Cost Cap: Perspectives On Efficiency, Waste, And Equity, Neel B. Patel, Lakshman Segar

Rowan-Virtua Research Day

Background: On February 10, 2025, the NIH enacted a 15% cap on indirect costs, reallocating $4 billion from institutional overhead to direct research within a $35 billion funding framework. The policy follows longstanding concerns about unchecked growth and inefficiencies in indirect cost reimbursements, which rose from 15% in the 1950s to over 70% at some institutions by the 1990s. Notable examples include a $200 million overcharge at Stanford and millions in questionable expenditures identified in federal audits.

Objective: To evaluate the financial, operational, and equity-related impacts of the NIH’s indirect cost cap on U.S. research institutions.

Methods: …

數繪搵工 : 香港就業市場的大數據系列報告之一, 潘毅, 陳安繁, 金舒衡, 宋鑫淼, 周洋, 錢忠凱

CCRD Research Report

面對中美貿易戰爭時代的經濟格局，深入洞察香港勞動力市場的結構性特徵、最新動態與潛在挑戰，對特區政府制定前瞻性的經濟、產業及社會政策至關重要。本研究旨在通過大數據分析，精準描繪當前香港網上招聘市場的全貌。研究團隊嚴格篩選了十個涵蓋綜合、行業垂直及靈活用工的高流量求職平台，利用網絡爬蟲技術系統性搜集了於2024年12月1日至2025年1月9日期間發佈的147,026條招聘廣告。經數據清洗（剔除重複及無效數據）後，最終納入142,901條有效數據。藉助先進的大型語言模型（Deepseek V3）進行自動化文本挖掘，本研究高效提取並分析了職位屬性、技能要求、薪酬福利等多維度關鍵信息，為揭示市場趨勢奠定了堅實的實證基礎。主要研究發現如下：

一、整體市場格局：傳統主導、需求兩極、透明度堪憂

1. 結構固化，服務業驅動顯著：香港招聘市場需求高度集中於傳統服務業（進出口/批發零售、金融保險、住宿膳食佔逾四成），地域上亦極度聚集於核心商業區。

• 職位供給以全職（逾八成）、初級崗位（佔四成）為主，輔以相當數量的高級職位（逾兩成），呈現「啞鈴型」職級結構。
• 工作內容則由管理與服務類（合計逾六成）主導。這反映了香港既有的服務型經濟結構。

2. 用工市場在技能需求上呈現「實用主義」與「兩極分化」。

• 學歷與經驗要求差異懸殊，既有大量低門檻崗位（近六成無需大專以上學歷），也穩定需求高學歷專才（近三成要求大學或以上）。
• 硬技能方面，基礎數碼能力（近四成需求）已成常態，特定行業重視專業資格；然而，對尖端技術（如AI/大數據，需求不足2%）的吸納明顯滯後。
• 軟技能則高度聚焦於團隊協作、注重細節與主動性等確保執行效率的務實品質，對創造力等需求相對較低。

3. 在工作質量與福利方面呈現「基礎保障為主，但透明度嚴重不足」的特點。雖然五天工作制、月薪及核心福利相對普遍，但大量關鍵信息的缺失限制了求職者對職位「實質質量」的全面評估。

• 工作時間安排：五天工作週雖為市場常態（佔過半數），但大量職位（逾七成）未註明具體工時。同時，對每週少於20小時工作的需求（佔一成）相對顯著，反映市場存在彈性工時空間，惟清晰度與選項不足。
• 薪酬福利：月薪制及基本福利普遍，惟薪酬透明度嚴重不足。月薪制佔主導，年假、醫療、花紅是最常提及的福利。然而，過半數職位未披露具體薪酬水平，是評估工作質量的最大障礙；已披露的薪酬主要集中於中等水平（1.5萬至2.5萬港元）。
• 平等機會聲明：普遍缺位，多元共融意識有待加強。絕大多數（近九成）招聘廣告未包含平等就業機會的聲明，反映相關實踐重視不足。

二、行業聚焦（以進出口貿易、批發及零售業為例）：放大市場特徵與問題

作為勞動力需求大戶，進出口貿易、批發及零售業的招聘特徵印證並放大了整體市場趨勢：

1. 該行業職位更聚焦前線服務與基層，兼職需求更高，深刻反映了其以客戶互動和彈性人手調配為核心的運營模式，職位結構明顯比整體市場更為「向下沉」。

• 服務職能佔絕對主導（48.8%），遠超管理類（25.5%）及市場平均。
• 兼職比例顯著偏高（19.1%），遠超市場平均（13.2%）。
• 職級需求極度偏向初級（54.5%），遠超市場平均（40.7%），高中層需求比例均低於整體。

2. 技能要求更顯著的「低門檻、重實踐」。該行業對求職者的硬技能要求普遍遠低於市場平均水平，更側重吸納能快速投入基礎崗位的人員；軟技能側重點亦有不同。

• 學歷門檻顯著更低（63.8%明確無需特定學歷）。
• 語言要求相對寬鬆，大量職位未明確要求。
• 基礎數碼技能需求偏低（28.8% vs 整體39.7%）。
• 專業資格要求極少（< 5%）。
• 軟技能更強調「熱情」（34.2%），取代了整體市場中對「注意細節」的高度關注。

3. 工作福利與質量：靈活性更高，透明度問題更嚴重。該行業提供了更多彈性選項，但伴隨著更嚴峻的信息不透明，尤其在薪酬結構和平等機會披露方面。

• 工作時間：提供低工時/彈性選項比例更高（2-3天工作合計近20%，< 20小時/週佔11.8%）。
• 薪酬福利：薪酬更集中於中低水平（1萬-2萬）；時薪制更普遍（19.3%）；薪酬月數信息缺失極為嚴重（68.4%未註明）。
• 平等機會披露：透明度極差，高達94.9%未提及平權聲明，劣於市場平均。

基於本研究揭示的香港招聘市場結構性特徵與挑戰，特別是考慮到中美貿易競爭及關稅戰對香港支柱產業（如進出口貿易）構成的直接衝擊，茲向特區政府相關部門提出以下五點核心政策建議：

1. 應對貿易衝擊，加速職業轉型： 為緩解中美關稅戰對相關行業（貿易、物流、部分零售）就業的直接影響，需要強化及調整僱員再培訓局 (ERB) 及職訓局 (VTC) 課程，重點推動受影響員工向具增長潛力的新領域（如綠色經濟、醫療保健、創科輔助崗位）進行技能轉移，並提升培訓津貼；同時，需檢討失業支援，研究設立短期失業專項援助。
2. 檢討與完善靈活就業保障： 因應零工經濟趨勢及兼職比例上升，需全面檢討現行勞工法例對靈活就業者的適用性（尤其工傷、醫保、強積金MPF等方面），並參考國際經驗探索創新的保障模式。
3. 策略性提升未來數碼技能： 儘管當前高端技術需求不高，仍需前瞻性佈局，一方面強化普及數碼素養，另一方面透過資助及課程開發，策略性提升AI、大數據等前沿技術培訓，為經濟長遠轉型及應對外部挑戰儲備人才。
4. 優先提升工時透明度： 針對大量職位未披露工時的普遍問題，建議要求招聘廣告列明預計工作時數範圍；對標準工時立法問題可考慮分階段或分行業推進。
5. 規範招聘信息披露： 解決薪酬、福利等關鍵信息缺失問題，應透過具約束力的守則或法規，要求招聘廣告披露薪金範圍、支付方式、主要福利等，並由勞工處監察執行；同時，鼓勵僱主自願加入平等機會 (DEI) 聲明。