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Articles 1141 - 1170 of 11583
Full-Text Articles in Plant Pathology
Effects Of Sheep Grazing On Dry Matter Production And Persistence Of A Lucerne Crop, I Delgado Enguita
Effects Of Sheep Grazing On Dry Matter Production And Persistence Of A Lucerne Crop, I Delgado Enguita
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In Spain, lucerne is mainly grown on irrigated areas for hay production and dehydration industry. The utilization of lucerne under grazing is very infrequent, due to the detrimental effects on both, animal health and plants persistence that have been attributed to it. However, lucerne dry matter (DM) production and quality in addition of being its cultivation more economical than grasses, offer interesting advantages to be used as a green forage (Delgado, 1984). New Zealand workers (Agronomy Society of New Zealand, 1982) have stressed that lucerne could be successfully managed under grazing when long resting periods were provided between short grazing …
The Survival Of Seed Of Subterranean Clover Following Ingestion By Sheep, C T. De Koning, E D. Carter
The Survival Of Seed Of Subterranean Clover Following Ingestion By Sheep, C T. De Koning, E D. Carter
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Shortage oflivestock feed is common in the summer-autumn period in the Mediterranean-type environment of southern Australia. There is a gradual decline of both quality and quantity of dry pasture residues and heavy grazing may severely deplete seed reserves. Carter (1981) showed how sheep progressively eliminated medic pods and seeds from hard-setting soil. Pastures based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), hereafter referred to as sub clover, can also be severely depleted of seed reserves even though some seed is buried in the soil. While the survival of ingested seed has long been recognized as a means of spreading legumes …
Effect Of Regrowth Interval Upon Canopy Structure And Utilization Of Aeschynomene-Limpograss Pastures, J E. Moore, L E. Sollenberger, K A. Albrecht, P T. Beede, W F. Brown
Effect Of Regrowth Interval Upon Canopy Structure And Utilization Of Aeschynomene-Limpograss Pastures, J E. Moore, L E. Sollenberger, K A. Albrecht, P T. Beede, W F. Brown
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
During mid-summer through early autumn, limpograss ( Hemarthria altissima) herbage may have crude protein concentration below 7 %, and performance of growing cattle on limpograss pasture is often low (Sollenberger et al., 1988). Overseeding with Aeschynomene americana may improve for age intake and nutritive value. Deferred grazing of an aeschynomene-limpograss association has potential to provide high-quality forage into mid-autumn. Because grass and legume do not have similar growth rates, changes in canopy structure may occur during late season which influence forage utilization by grazing cattle. The objective was to compare plant canopy characteristics to diet composition and ingestive behavior of …
Effects Of Variation In Seasonal Grazing Pressure And Mechanisms Of Adaptation To Grazing In Lotononis Bainesii, H Fujita, L R. Humphreys
Effects Of Variation In Seasonal Grazing Pressure And Mechanisms Of Adaptation To Grazing In Lotononis Bainesii, H Fujita, L R. Humphreys
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Lotononis bainesii is valued for its ready acceptance by stock, high nutritive value and cold tolerance, but its utility has been limited by the inexplicably high year to year variation in its contribution to the farm feed supply. Pott et al. (1983) showed that lotononis is short-lived; the persistence of yield depends more upon seedling regeneration than upon vegetative replacement through nodal rooting. No continuous fixed stocking regime from 7 to 28 sheep ha-1 favoured lotononis (Poot and Humphreys, 1983), and this paper discusses the effects of variations in seasonal stocking rate and of factors influencing the development of a …
Response Of Perennial Vigna Species To Grazing On A Subtropical Spodosol, W D. Pitman
Response Of Perennial Vigna Species To Grazing On A Subtropical Spodosol, W D. Pitman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Evaluations of persistence of tropical legume accessions in single-row plantings in bahiagrass ( Paspalum notatum) pastures at Ona, Florida (27° 26' N latitude) have identified the perennial Vigna species, V. adenantha and V. parkeri cv. Shaw creeping vigna, as adapted plants with potential for pasture use (Pitman and Kretschmer, 1984; Pitman et al., 1988). Both of these species flower indeterminately and in response to decreasing day length. Thus, only small quantities of seed have been obtained each year prior to defoliation of plants by frost. Evaluation of V. adenantha in small pastures has been facilitated by the …
Dynamics Of A Tropical Grass-Legume Sward In The Subtropics And Its Effect On Animal Performance, M J. Williams, A C. Hammond, W T. Butts, W E. Kunkle
Dynamics Of A Tropical Grass-Legume Sward In The Subtropics And Its Effect On Animal Performance, M J. Williams, A C. Hammond, W T. Butts, W E. Kunkle
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Rhizoma perennial peanut ( Arachis glabrata Benth.) is a forage legume species adapted to the well-drained soils of subtropical United States (Prine et al., 1981). Management studies with perennial peanut have concentrated on hay production and animal performance based on pure stands (Prine, 1981 ; Sollenberger et al., 1987). Mixtures of perennial peanuts and various tropical grasses have performed well in small plot studies, but the interrelationship of grass and perennial peanuts under grazing and the consequence this relationship has on stand productivity and animal performance has not been investigated. The summer grazing phase of a backgrounding systems trial, which …
Influence Of Winter Treading On Lucerne, R B. Wynn-Williams, M B. Rea, R G. Purves, B T. Hawthorne
Influence Of Winter Treading On Lucerne, R B. Wynn-Williams, M B. Rea, R G. Purves, B T. Hawthorne
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Most lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in New Zealand is grazed at some time during the year. In the growing season it is recommended that the grazing duration be short, 2-4 days, although it can be extended to 14 days without much effect. However during the dormant season, normally mid June to late July in Canterbury, using lucerne stands as a run-off or for feeding hay for extended periods has been recommended. Lobb (1967) showed that feeding hay to sheep on dormant lucerne significantly reduced perennial weed invasion especially on irrigated stands. Throught and Kain (1977) showed that winter grazing …
Rates Of Destruction Of Growing Points Of Pasture Legumes By Grazing Cattle, R J. Clements
Rates Of Destruction Of Growing Points Of Pasture Legumes By Grazing Cattle, R J. Clements
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Twining tropical pasture legumes such as Siratro ( Macroptilium atropurpureum) are unable to persist under sustained heavy grazing, whereas prost��ate legumes such as white clover (Trifolium repens) persist well. The reasons for this are not fully understood. Survival of individual Siratro plants is reduced by heavy grazing (Jones and Bunch, 1988). The destruction of growing points of erect legumes during grazing may reduce growth and weaken the plants. The effects of grazing pressure on the demography of growing points and on turnover of plant tissue have been studied at this Laboratory since 1984. Some results are reviewed briefly …
Response Of Stargrass To Grazing Management, P Mislevy, F G. Martin, B J. Downs, K L. Singer
Response Of Stargrass To Grazing Management, P Mislevy, F G. Martin, B J. Downs, K L. Singer
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grazing management as it relates to stubble height (SH) and plant height above the stubble (PH) is important in maintaining herbage in a juvenile stage while producing high forage yield and maintaining good species persistence (Adjei et al., 1980, Crowder, 1985). The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of grazing management treatments (SH and PH) on yield, quality and persistence of three stargrass cultivars. However, due to brevity, quality will not be presented in this paper.
Seasonal Variation Of Cattle Daily Gain, Plant Characteristics And Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency In Grazing Pastures Of Dactylis Glomerata And Of Festuca Arundinacea, T Okubo, Y Kurokawa, M Hirakawa, K Matsui
Seasonal Variation Of Cattle Daily Gain, Plant Characteristics And Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency In Grazing Pastures Of Dactylis Glomerata And Of Festuca Arundinacea, T Okubo, Y Kurokawa, M Hirakawa, K Matsui
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Herbage intake, digestibility and leafiness or bulk density are well known as the main factors affecting the performance of grazing animals. But even in case where these factors are not so different, daily gain still varies among seasons or individuals (Blaser et al., 1981). In order to solve these problems by modeling approach (Okubo & Jacquard, 1985), seasonal changes in plant production, daily gain of cattle live-weight and seasonal variations in solar energy conversion into cattle gain were measured, and the importance (Okubo et al., 1985) of gross efficiency of digestible energy to net energy was discussed.
Effect Of Grazing Interval On Yield, Quality And Persistence Of Swazigrass (Digitaria Swazilandensis Stent) In Southern Ghana, A Larbi, M B. Adjei, F K. Fianu
Effect Of Grazing Interval On Yield, Quality And Persistence Of Swazigrass (Digitaria Swazilandensis Stent) In Southern Ghana, A Larbi, M B. Adjei, F K. Fianu
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Swazigrass ( D. swazilandensis Stent) is a little known perennial grass introduced to Ghana from South Africa. It spreads rapidly, forms a low dense sward and grows well on poor soils (White et al., 1959; Bogdan, 1977). Therefore, it has a high potential for pasture improvement in the grassland regions of Ghana, which are dominated by grass species of low productivity, growing on soils deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus (Nye and Bertheu.i-, 1957). Swazigrass compared favorably in yield and quality to most introduced and native species under cutting management (Nkrumah-Antiedu, 1981). Since cutting provides an imperfect guide to grazing, this …
Hay Quality And Marketing Improved With Wyoming Hay Evaluation And Listing Service, A M. Gray
Hay Quality And Marketing Improved With Wyoming Hay Evaluation And Listing Service, A M. Gray
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Hay production in the United States of America (US) is about 140 million metric tons/year. In 1987 most US hay producers had fewer marketing opportunities because of surplus production and lower demand due to a continuing national decline in livestock numbers. In Wyoming, marketing hay on the basis of forage quality is becoming critical for the economic survival of many haygrowers, particularly in years of low demand for hay. Demand for high quality hay by specialty markets (dairy and horse hay) is greater than supply throughout the US. However, buyers for such markets insist that quality hay is difficult to …
Conditioning Effects And Field Variation In Dry Matter Concentration Of Alfalfa Hay, M Collins
Conditioning Effects And Field Variation In Dry Matter Concentration Of Alfalfa Hay, M Collins
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Research indicates that precipitation causes losses of yield and quality during field curing of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay (Collins, 1983 ; 1985). Time requirement for field curing is positively associated with the probability that rain damage will occur during haymaking. Thus, desiccants that hasten field drying could reduce the probability of rain damage. Preservatives, such as propionic acid, could also reduce curing time by allowing baling at higher moisture levels (Knapp et al., 1976). Variable topography, yield and moisture levels in the standing crop may cause variation in hay DM and make determination of effective preservative rates difficult. …
Effects Of Ammoniation Of Rice Straw On Its Feeding Value For Lambs, J Q. Ferreira, R Garcia
Effects Of Ammoniation Of Rice Straw On Its Feeding Value For Lambs, J Q. Ferreira, R Garcia
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Great quantities of crop residues are produced in Brazil at harvest time. The production of rice straw reachs approximately ten million of tons each year and very small quantity is used for animal feeding. The interest on utilization of rice straw increased in the last years mainly due to possibility of ammonia use for improvement of nutritive value of crop residues (Sundstol el al., 1978 ; Saenger el al., 1983 ; Herrera-Saldana el al., 1982; Streeter and Horn, 1984; Grotheer el al., 1986; Horton and Steacy, 1979). The objective of this study was to measure the effect to ammoniation on …
Effect Of Ammonia Level, Time Of Exposure To Ammonia And Period Of Storage On Chemical Composition And Digestibility Of Two Tropical Grasses Hay, R A. Reis, R Garcia
Effect Of Ammonia Level, Time Of Exposure To Ammonia And Period Of Storage On Chemical Composition And Digestibility Of Two Tropical Grasses Hay, R A. Reis, R Garcia
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The production of good quality hay in Central Brazil has been limited by the nature of cultivated species and constant presence of rainfalls. However, at the end of summer and part of fall seasons the environmental conditions are adequate for hay making but the forages show lower nutritive value. An alternative to improve the quality of tropical grasses hay would be the use of ammonia. Several studies (Buettner et al., 1982; Grotheer et al., 1986; Brown et al., 1987; Moore and Lechtenberg, 1987), showed decreases in NDF and hemicellulose on forages treated with ammonia. The influence of levels of ammonia …
Effect Of Windrow Inversion On Hay Drying And Losses, P Savoie, S Beauregard
Effect Of Windrow Inversion On Hay Drying And Losses, P Savoie, S Beauregard
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Mowing-conditioning alone is not enough to adequately dry high quality hay windrows in Eastern Canada conditions. Young leafy forages tend to pack down in the windrow and dry very slowly (Savoie et al., 1984). Additional mechanical handling is necessary to fluff or turn the windrow. The hay tedder increases the drying rate by about 40 % on the day it is applied (Pattey et al., 1988). Tedding losses per application are about 0,5 % in grass but can be higher than 4 % in alfalfa (Savoie, 1988). In addition, close to 75 % of the alfalfa losses are composed of …
Haymaking From Tropical Grasses, J L. Costa, J A. Gomide
Haymaking From Tropical Grasses, J L. Costa, J A. Gomide
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Haymaking from pasture growth surplus is an alternative way to provide winter feeding to cattle. Some interest has recently been developed toward making hay from tropical grasses in their vegetative stage. The main hazard with this approach being the occurence of likely rains during field drying. This can be helped by shortening drying time through the use of appropriate harvester (Savoie et al., 1982) as well as selection fo species with higher drying rate (Morris, 1972; Person and Sorenson, 1970).
Hayval : A Microcomputer Program For Evlauting The Winter Feeding Needs Of Beef, Sheep, And Horses, D B. Hannaway, S A. Dahl, P J. Ballerstedt, P E. Shuler, W Rogers, F Shafabakhsh, J Smith, M Lawyer
Hayval : A Microcomputer Program For Evlauting The Winter Feeding Needs Of Beef, Sheep, And Horses, D B. Hannaway, S A. Dahl, P J. Ballerstedt, P E. Shuler, W Rogers, F Shafabakhsh, J Smith, M Lawyer
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
HA YV AL is a microcomputer programm which was developed to teach concepts of hay quality and animal nutrition. HA YV AL answers the question, 'Will the hay I have available meet the nutritional needs of the animals I am feeding ?'. It does so by using an interactive teaching technique ; asking questions about the animals and the hay being fed.
Culture Et Utilization Du Sorgho Grain Ensile En Plante Entiere Pour L'Alimentation Des Ruminants En Zones Seches Du Sud De La France, G Didier
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Le sorgho grain est cultive dans de nombreux pays du monde pour l'alimentation humaine, l'alimentation animale et l'industrie. Dans le sud de la France, cette culture s'est developpee a partir de 1960 (Cotte, 1966) et !es travaux conduits par l'INRA et l'ITCF concernaient son adaptation a la zone consideree ainsi que !'utilisation du grain par !es monogastriques. A partir de 1972, des essais d'utilisation de la plante entiere par des bovins-viande ont ete entrepris dans le cadre du Centre Experimental d'Elevage du Sud-Ouest (Soual-Tarn) avec des varietes riches en tannins (Bonnefoy et Didier, 1978). Mais c'est en fait des 1981 …
Increasing The Contribution Of Grass Silage For Milk Production, C Thomas, A Reeve
Increasing The Contribution Of Grass Silage For Milk Production, C Thomas, A Reeve
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The conservation of grass as silage rather than hay has become increasingly popular in Northern Europe. The increase in silage making has been associated with the increased intensification of animal production and improvements in our knowledge of the fermentation process. Despite the ability to produce grass silages with consistently high metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) contents it has been calculated that on UK dairy farms silage barely meets the maintenance requirement of the cow (Phipps, 1986). The objective of the work reported here is to devise methods to increase the contribution of silage in the diet of the …
The Influence Of Nitrogen Fertilization On Fermentation And Digestibility Of Wilted Grass Silage, S Knotek, J Zilakova
The Influence Of Nitrogen Fertilization On Fermentation And Digestibility Of Wilted Grass Silage, S Knotek, J Zilakova
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Ensiling characteristics of herbage are reduced by increasing nitrogen fertilization (Gordon et al., 1969; Izumi et al., 1982; Knotek and Zilakova, 1981; Knotek and Zilakova, 1986). From practical point of view, the evaluation of devided N fertilization in three cuts system is very important.
Influence Of N Fertilization On The Chemical And Microbial Composition Of Wilted Grass Silage, M Zimkova
Influence Of N Fertilization On The Chemical And Microbial Composition Of Wilted Grass Silage, M Zimkova
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In many countries of Europe more and more forage has been made into silage in the past 25 years. Silage-making developed as a technology which enables feed of a more predictable quality to be made from herbage than was possible before. Silage quality depends also on moisture content of harvested grass and it can be manipulated by fertilization and wilting. The advantages and disadvantages of using unwilted and wilted grass for ensiling have been discussed for many years. System of direct cutting of short prewilting and ensiling at 15 to 25 % dry matter (DM) is preferred in rnaritirne and …
An Evaluation Of The Silage Additive < Kofasil Plus > Applied To First Cut Grass Under Northern Ireland Conditions, T A. Stewart, S J. Kennedy
An Evaluation Of The Silage Additive < Kofasil Plus > Applied To First Cut Grass Under Northern Ireland Conditions, T A. Stewart, S J. Kennedy
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The silage additive« Kofasil Plus», manufactured by Deutsche Atochem Werke, has been used for many years in various European countries, particularly in West Germany and Norway with favourable results. It was first introduced to Ireland in 1988 following the outcome of the trial reported here, where it is marketed by Co.rbeca Ltd under the trade name« Kofasalt ». « Kofasil Plus » is a white, free flowing, non-caustic powder containing 61 % calcium formate, 25 % sodium nitrite, 14 % hexamethylene tetramine, sodium chloride and trace elements.
Chemical And Nutritive Values Of Three Ensiled Residues (Broad Beans, Peas And Soybean) In Comparison With Yellow Lupin Silage, J Efe Serrano
Chemical And Nutritive Values Of Three Ensiled Residues (Broad Beans, Peas And Soybean) In Comparison With Yellow Lupin Silage, J Efe Serrano
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The agro-industrial residues of legumes in Portugal has increased recently in animal feeding, but with little information about the nutritive values of these diets. The few values from literature (Economides and Hadjidemetriou, 1974; Boza and Guerreiro, 1981 ; Escandon et al., 1983) or in Tables of Food Composition are quite different. In south of Portugal, the yellow lupin is an expanding forage used in sheep diets as hay or silage. The purpose of this work, and others in progress, was to compare the feeding value of silages made from three important residues with the yellow lupin silage.
Ensiling Losses In Fresh Grass Silage, K Rinne
Ensiling Losses In Fresh Grass Silage, K Rinne
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grass-based silage is considered both a satisfactory and economical roughage for dairy cattle, especially in Northern Europe. The greatest risks to efficient and economical silage making are ensiling losses. Ensiling losses emerge immediately after cutting. If the grass is ensiled directly after cutting, respiration losses on the field will ne negligible. Instead, respiration losses may occur within the silo during ensiling and also thereafter. These will persist until the silage is compacted enough, or airtight, or on the other hand, until the additive has rendered the conditions for plant enzyme and aerobic microbial activity impossible. Silage produces a considerable quantity …
L'Ensilage En Balles Roundes Sous Film Etirable, F Gaillard
L'Ensilage En Balles Roundes Sous Film Etirable, F Gaillard
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
L'ensilage d'herbe en balles rondes est connu depuis de nombreuses annees (Gaillard, 1981) et a donne lieu a des experimentations CEMAGREF/INRA (Andrieu et al., 1981; Dulphy et al., 1984). Les enrubanneuses relancent l'interet de cet ensilage par !es pertes limitees qu'elles entrainent (Gaillard et Zwaenepoel, 1987). Les enrubanneuses realisent un emballage integral des balles rondes a partir d'un film etirable de 50 cm de large. Devant la multiplication de ces appareils en Europe du nord et leur venue probable en France, ii est apparu necessaire d'evaluer l'interet de cette technique.
The Occurrence Of Lactic Acid Bacteria On Forage Crops, Barbara Ruser
The Occurrence Of Lactic Acid Bacteria On Forage Crops, Barbara Ruser
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Lactic acid serves as a conserving agent in silage production. It is produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) developing from the epiphytic flora of the ensiled plant material. Therefore silage quality depends - besides silage management and plant composition - on the natural LAB occurrence on the crop. Up to now only little information is available about the epiphytic LAB population, which seems to grow rarely on plants (Stirling, 1953; Nilson and Nilson, 1956; Mundt, 1970; Weise and Wermke, 1973). Studies of the last ten years have shown that LAB counts vary within a wide range, also indicating high population …
Effect Of Inoculation Of Lactic Acid Bacteria On Silage Fermentation, T Masuko, K Awaya
Effect Of Inoculation Of Lactic Acid Bacteria On Silage Fermentation, T Masuko, K Awaya
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Many commercial preparations containing lactic acid bacteria are used by the farmers as a silage additive. The trials of inoculation for silage have been employed by many researchers since the beginning of this century. However, the definite conclusion of the value of inoculants for silage is not obtained yet. Most of these inoculants are based on mixed cultures of lactic acid bacterium. Beneficial effect of inoculated silage must be discussed in connection with water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content or carbohydrate source addition. The present study was carried out in order to know whether the effect of inoculation of lactic bacteria …
Effect Of Cellulase And Microbial Inoculant On The Quality And Digestibility Of Maize And Mixed Maize-Sorghum Silages, F Baintner, B Kissno, G Kelemen, F Harangozo
Effect Of Cellulase And Microbial Inoculant On The Quality And Digestibility Of Maize And Mixed Maize-Sorghum Silages, F Baintner, B Kissno, G Kelemen, F Harangozo
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The digestible energy content of silages is always less than that of the original green fodder. This energy difference can only be balanced in the daily fodder ration of dairy cows by the use of cereal grain supplement. Recently, there is a growing interest in mixed maize/sorghum silage cropping in Hungary and in Northern USA. The emphasized advantages of the system are: enhanced total silage production in drought prone regions and soils, higher protein content, crop diversification and lower seed costs (Scheuring, 1987). A big drawback of the system is undoubtedly that the digestible energy content of the mixture decreases …
Direct And Delayed Sealing Of Round Bales Of Lucerne At Low Degrees Of Wilting, A Ciotti, A Canale, M E. Valente, P G. Peiretti
Direct And Delayed Sealing Of Round Bales Of Lucerne At Low Degrees Of Wilting, A Ciotti, A Canale, M E. Valente, P G. Peiretti
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In the process of ensiling round bales, delayed sealing leads to a greater degree of aeration, oxidation of sugars, and heating. To check the effects of delayed sealing on the quality of conservation, a trial was set up on bales wrapped either one or 24 hours after harvesting, these times being considered the reasonable limits in practice. Lucerne, at a moderate level of wilting, was used to operate under limiting conditions for successful ensiling.