Physiology Commons^™

Positive Rate-Dependent Action Potential Prolongation By Modulating Potassium Ion Channels, Candido Cabo

Publications and Research

Pharmacological agents that prolong action potential duration (APD) to a larger extent at slow rates than at the fast excitation rates typical of ventricular tachycardia exhibit reverse rate dependence. Reverse rate dependence has been linked to the lack of efficacy of class III agents at preventing arrhythmias because the doses required to have an anti-arrhythmic effect at fast rates may have pro-arrhythmic effects at slow rates due to an excessive APD prolongation. In this report we show that, in computer models of the ventricular action potential, APD prolongation by accelerating phase 2 repolarization (by increasing I_Ks) and decelerating …

Effects Of Self-Myofascial Release Instruments On Performance And Recovery: An Umbrella Review, Ricardo M. Ferreira, Pedro N. Martins, Rui S. Gonçalves

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(3): 861-883, 2022. Introduction: Currently, the use of self-myofascial release (SMR) instruments is not uncommon in our society, especially in sports. The most common SMR instruments are foam rollers, roller massagers, and balls. Regardless of the instrument used, the main objectives are to enhance performance and recovery. Nevertheless, many studies point out that there is still a lack of robust scientific evidence documenting the exact mechanisms that explain its true effects, therefore some authors affirm that the reported benefits are anecdotal in nature. Objective: This overview aims to summarize, from systematic reviews, the effectiveness of …

The Effects Of Acute Caffeine Supplementation On Repeated-Sprint Ability In Healthy Young Non-Athletes, Michael D. Belbis, Peter J. Chomentowski 3rd, Clayton L. Camic, Steve M. Howell, Shuqi Zhang

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 846-860, 2022. The ergogenic effects of caffeine supplementation on repeated-sprint ability (RSA) have produced equivocal results. This study aimed to examine the effects of 200 mg of caffeine during repeated-sprint running on heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate (BLa) concentration, and sprint time (ST). Thirty-two individuals (males: n = 17, females: n = 15; age: 22 ± 1 years) participated in the study. The study followed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design, in which each participant ingested 200 mg of caffeine or placebo on separate visits 60 minutes prior to …

Acute Handgrip Fatigue And Forearm Girth In Recreational Sport Rock Climbers, Grace Antoinette Macdonald, Jacob W. Manning, Nathaniel Bodell, John C. Young, Brian K. Schilling, Szu-Ping Lee, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 834-845, 2022. Indoor sport rock climbing has been increasing in popularity both recreationally and competitively. Despite this increase in popularity, the physiological responses to sport climbing as an exercise to specific muscle groups are not well defined. The purpose of this study was to quantify the change in handgrip strength over a 30-minute bout of continuous climbing, specifically in intermediate-level sport climbers. Ten intermediate rock climbers (age = 27 ± 2 years; climbing experience: 7.3 ± 1.5 years) completed baseline handgrip strength and forearm girth measurements. Each participant ascended one of two 5.9 difficulty …

Development Of A Standard Push-Up Scale For College-Aged Females, Melanie M. Adams, Sophie A. Hatch, Elizabeth G. Winsor, Caitlyn Parmelee

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 820-833, 2022. The ACSM/CESP push-up test exemplifies the limiting nature of the gender binary in fitness. Males perform the standard push-up (from toes) while females perform the modified push-up (from knees), even if capable of multiple standard push-ups. Differences in upper body strength are used to justify the test protocol. Though the load difference between modified and standard positions is substantially less than the gender strength gap. Additionally, current fitness ratings are over 30 years old. The purpose of this study was to develop a new standard push-up rating scale for college-age females. Cis-female …

Lifestyle Choices And Risk Of Developing Cardiovascular Disease In College Students, Dieu-My T. Tran, Angela E. Silvestri-Elmore, Angela Sojobi

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 808-819, 2022. The purpose of the study was to examine and evaluate the cardiovascular risk factors in college students including their nutritional and social choices and how those choices related to their cardiovascular health. A descriptive, cross-sectional study of 148 college students, obtaining their blood pressure, body mass index, fasting lipid panel, fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c, serum cotinine levels, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and dietary habits. A high prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors was found: 23.8% were current or past smokers with more male than female smokers (p = .009); 65.5% consumed …

Differences Between Pullover And Pulldown Exercises On Maximal Isometric Force And Myoelectric Activity In Recreationally-Trained Men, Luis Felipe M. Teixeira, Willy A. Gomes, Josinaldo J. Da Silva, Roberto A. Magalhaes, Paulo Henrique Marchetti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 797-807, 2022. The aim of the present study was to compare the myoelectric activation and peak force (PF) between pullover (PO) and pulldown (PW) exercises in different shoulder joint positions during maximal isometric contractions (0º, 45º, 90º, 135º, and 180°). Fifteen young, healthy, resistance-trained men were recruited. The participants performed three maximal voluntary isometric contractions for each exercise at five shoulder joint positions. The myoelectric activation (iEMG) from pectoralis major (PM); latissimus dorsi (LD); posterior deltoid (PD), and PF were measured. For PF, there were significant main effects for exercise and joint positions ( …

Unilateral Handgrip Holds To Failure Result In Sex-Dependent Contralateral Facilitation, Caleb C. Voskuil, Taylor K. Dinyer-Mcneely, Pasquale J. Succi, Marilyn S. Campbell, Mark G. Abel, Haley C. Bergstrom

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 782-796, 2022. This study examined changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force following dominant (Dm) and nondominant (NDm) unilateral, handgrip isometric holds to failure (HTF) for the exercised ipsilateral (IPS) and non-exercised contralateral (CON) limbs and determined if there are sex- and hand- (Dm vs NDm) dependent responses in the HTF time, performance fatigability (PF) for the exercised IPS limb, and changes in MVIC force for the CON limb after unilateral fatigue. Ten men and 10 women (Age = 22.2 years) completed an isometric HTF at 50% MVIC for the Dm and NDm …

High And Low-Speed Resistance Training Induce Similar Physical And Functional Responses In Older Women, Ádria S. N. Noronha, Eduardo M. Penna, Rayra K. N. Dias, Antenor B. C. De Azevedo, Victor S. Coswig

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 771-782, 2022. This study aimed to compare the effects of high-speed resistance training (HSRT) and low-speed resistance training (LSRT) in physical fitness, and functional performance in untrained older women. Twenty-four women (62.2 ± 2.7 years old) were allocated to the HSRT or LSRT groups. The HSRT and LSRT groups underwent a similar training program [3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions at 90% of 10 maximum repetitions] for 14 weeks, twice a week. The LSRT group performed the exercises with 3 seconds in the concentric and eccentric phases, while the HSRT group performed with …

Maternal Responses In The Face Of Infection Risk, Patricia C. Lopes, Brenna M. G. Gormally, Aubrey Emmi, Delilah Schuerman, Chathuni Liyanage, Ursula K. Beattie, L. Michael Romero

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

When animals are sick, their physiology and behavior change in ways that can impact their offspring. Research is emerging showing that infection risk alone can also modify the physiology and behavior of healthy animals. If physiological responses to environments with high infection risk take place during reproduction, it is possible that they lead to maternal effects. Understanding whether and how high infection risk triggers maternal effects is important to elucidate how the impacts of infectious agents extend beyond infected individuals and how, in this way, they are even stronger evolutionary forces than already considered. Here, to evaluate the effects of …

The Effects Of Vitamin D Supplementation On Athletic Performance And Injury Prevention, Amani Adeeb Abushamma

Journal of Sports Medicine and Allied Health Sciences: Official Journal of the Ohio Athletic Trainers Association

Vitamin D supplementation has numerous effects on athletic performance and plays a significant role in preventing an athlete’s risk of getting injuries. Vitamin D has an impact on numerous physiological functions such as: bone health, muscle function, inflammatory response, and immune function. An athlete’s bone and muscle health are essential for maximum performance and career success. A bone fracture due to vitamin D deficiency can delay an athlete’s training and ultimately inhibit obtaining a collegiate scholarship and/or contract. A cross sectional study found that more than half of athletic trainers did not view 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25[OH]) testing and vitamin D supplementation …

Effects Of Chronic Stress On Safety Processing And Physiology In The Medial Prefrontal-Amygdala-Basal Forebrain Circuit, Itamar S. Grunfeld

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Chronic stress increases generalization of fear to non-threatening cues, a key symptom in numerous psychiatric mood disorders. However, the mechanisms through which stress impacts safety learning remain poorly understood. To probe the relationship between stress and safety learning, this dissertation employed multiple behaviors, in conjunction with in-vivo multisite physiology during explicit safety and fear discrimination learning. In Chapter 1, I outline the role of chronic stress in driving neurological adaptations that result in generalized fear and highlight how this occurs because of impaired safety cue encoding. In Chapter 2, I show that chronic stress in the form of social defeat …

Diabetes-Related Outcomes Following Use Of Basal-Bolus Insulin Vs Premixed Insulin In A Va Population With Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Chart Review., Ravisha Bai, Kavita Batra, Charmaine Yap, Kenneth Izuora

School of Medicine Faculty Presentations

No abstract provided.

From Young To Old: The Effects Of Sedentary-Aging And Exercise Interventions On Structural Plasticity Of Lumbar Motor Neurons, Nmj, And Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression, Alberto Felipe Cintron-Colon

Dissertations

Neuromuscular weakness has been associated with age progression. A possible reason is a disconnection between muscle and neuron, causing components from both the central and peripheral nervous systems to deteriorate. Exercise, however, has beneficial effects for both muscle and nervous tissue, inducing neuroprotection. Neurotrophic factors are powerful regulators of neuronal maintenance and synaptic strength. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor that has been shown to be a potent survival factor for somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle.

This study aims to evaluate changes in structural plasticity of motor neurons in the lumbar spinal cord and …

On The Roles Of Trait Anxiety And Toll Like Receptor 4 In Amphetamine Sensitization In Adolescent Male Rats, Corey A. Calhoun

Graduate Doctoral Dissertations

Mammalian adolescence can be a difficult transition from childhood to adulthood, where increases in impulsivity and novelty- and risk-seeking are combined with heightened affect and elevated sensitivity to stress. Indeed, during adolescence, first drug use patterns emerge and in the continental United States, increasing misuse of amphetamines has been observed in adolescent youth. Myriad neural mechanisms underlie this shift in adolescence, including the dynamic remodeling of the mesocorticolimbic (MCL) pathway. Repeated drug administration affects neuroimmune substrates within the MCL circuit including toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)Advances in addiction neuroscience indicate that drugs of abuse activate neural TLR4 and implicate glial TLR4 …

Influence Of Resistance Training Exercise Order On Acute Thyroid Hormone Responses, José Maria Pereira Da Silva, Gabriel Costa E Silva, Rodrigo Rodrigues Da Conceição, Roberto Laureano-Melo, Gisele Giannocco, Monica Akemi Sato, Cláudio Melibeu Bentes, Roberto Fares Simão

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 760-770, 2022. The present study aimed to compare the exercise order of an acute bout of resistance exercise (RT) on acute thyroid hormonal responses. Eight (n = 8) healthy men were randomly separated into two experimental groups: A) the order from multi- to single-joint exercises (MJ-SJ) and B) the order from single- to multijoint exercises (SJ-MJ). For all exercises in both orders, the subjects were submitted to 3 sets of 10 repetitions, with rest intervals of 2 minutes between sets and 3 minutes between exercises. Blood samples were collected at rest and 0, …

Women's Health: Optimal Nutrition Throughout The Lifecycle, Edith J M Feskens, Regan Bailey, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Hans-Konrad Biesalski, Heather Eicher-Miller, Klaus Krämer, Wen-Harn Pan, James C. Griffiths

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Sex differences are an important consideration when researching and establishing policies for nutrition and optimal health. For women's health, there are important physiologic, neurologic, and hormonal distinctions throughout the lifecycle that impact nutritional needs. Distinct from those for men, these nutritional needs must be translated into appropriate nutrition policy that aims to not only avoid overt nutritional deficiency, but also to promote health and minimize risk for chronic disease. Through a series of webinars, scientific experts discussed the advances in the understanding of the unique nutritional needs, challenges and opportunities of the various life stages for women across the life …

Prediction Of Functional Threshold Power From Graded Exercise Test Data In Highly-Trained Individuals, Eanna Mc Grath, Bernard Donne, Alessio Benavoli, Neil Fleming, Nicholas Mahony

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 747-759, 2022. The purpose of the current investigation was to derive an equation that could predict Functional Threshold Power (FTP) from Graded Exercise Test (GxT) data. The FTP test has been demonstrated to represent the highest cycling power output that can be maintained in a quasi-steady state for 60-min. Previous investigations to determine a comparable marker derived from a Graded Exercise test have had limited success to date. Consequently, the current study aimed to predict FTP from GxT data to provide an additional index of cycling performance. FTP has been reported to provide an …

An Examination Of Two Resistance Training Frequency Techniques In Morphological And Functional Adaptations Of The Patellar Tendon., Tiago Volpi Braz, Danilo Rodrigues Batista, Julio Benvenutti Bueno De Camargo, Luan Oenning Col, Wellington Gonçalves Dias, Guilherme Borsetti Businari, Jhenipher Moniky Rosolem, Felipe Alves Brigatto, Paulo Henrique Barbosa, Charles Ricardo Lopes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 709-720, 2022. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of distinct resistance training frequencies with equated-volume conditions in morphological and functional adaptations of the patellar tendon. Twenty-seven recreationally resistance-trained subjects (men [n=17] and women [n=10]) (age: 20.8 ± 1.9 years [range 18 to 25 years]; height: 1.73 ± 9.8 cm; total body mass = 73.2 ± 11.7 kg; previous RT experience = 3.3 ± 1.6 years) volunteered to participate in this study. A total of 16 training sessions were performed during the study period. Each subject’s leg was randomly allocated …

Effects Of Two Different Exercise Training Programs Periodization On Anthropometric And Functional Parameters In People Living With Hiv: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Weverton Fonseca Soares, Vitor Lopes Soares, Hugo Ribeiro Zanetti, Fernando Freitas Neves, Mário Leon Silva-Vergara, Edmar Lacerda Mendes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(3): 733-746, 2022. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two different exercise training programs periodization on anthropometric and functional parameters in people living with HIV (PLHIV). This was a randomized clinical trial that involved participants (n = 31) living with HIV aged over 18 years and undergoing antiretroviral therapy which were randomized to periodized exercise training (PET; n = 13), non-periodized exercise training (NPET; n = 13), or control group (CON; n = 15). The PET and NPET groups performed 12 weeks of combined training while the CON group …

The Relationship Between Eating Disorders, Weight Control Methods, And Body Satisfaction In Elite Female Runners Competing At The 2020 U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials, Sophia Charitou, Kelly Pritchett, Dana Ogan, Abigail Larson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 721-732, 2022. Athletes participating in endurance sports report frequent attempts to lose weight and greater training volumes in attempt to gain a competitive advantage. Increased exercise energy expenditure through training, weight periodization, and prevalence of eating disorder (ED) may affect energy availability. Low energy availability (LEA) is associated with negative physiological effects and an increased risk of bone fractures and illness in athletes. This study investigated the relationship between self-reported history of an ED with training, body satisfaction, and weight-control methods among female Olympic marathon trials participants. Female runners (n = 146; 30.8 …

Analysis Of Tear-Film Breakup Using Fluorescence Video Recordings, Tobin Driscoll, Richard Braun, Rayanne Luke, Carolyn G. Begley

Biology and Medicine Through Mathematics Conference

No abstract provided.

Techniques To Analyze The Pathophysiology Of Aging From Induced Senescence And Sod2 Loss, Asia Davis-Castillo

Natural Sciences and Mathematics | Biological Sciences Master's Theses

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Cardiac function declines with age, and promotes a number of age-related disorders, including atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Mitochondrial oxidative stress has long been suspected as a primary driver of aging pathology in multiple tissues, including the heart and brain. We used several phenotypic assays to characterize chemically-induced accelerated cardiac aging, as well as two transgenic knockout models for heart and brain specific loss of superoxide dismutase (SOD2), a mitochondrial antioxidant protein.

We first accelerated aging in mice by treating with doxorubicin (DOXO), a chemotherapeutic drug. One group …

The Effect Of Covid-19 On Exercise Performance, Elizabeth Crockett

Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects

The purpose of this study was to determine if a history of COVID-19 affects exertion rates during exercise. 16 subjects (8 with a history of COVID-19 and 8 without) completed the Ebbeling Submaximal Treadmill Test during which ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate, blood pressure, breath rate, and estimated VO2max were assessed. Previous physical activity habits and exercise participation were assessed prior to the exercise test. Following exercise, subjects were asked to compare exertion levels during the treadmill test to previous exertion levels prior to COVID-19 infection. We found that those with a history of COVID-19 may experience a …

The Effects Of Carbonyl Iron Vs Ferrous Sulfate On Blood Iron Markers In Male Division Iii Cross-Country Athletes, Sam Gunter

Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects

Competitive distance runners are often predisposed to developing iron deficiency. This study aimed to determine if carbonyl iron was more effective at maintaining blood iron markers and minimizing overall fatigue and GI stress than ferrous sulfate. In this randomized, independent groups study, 7 male, division III cross-country athletes were supplemented with either carbonyl iron or ferrous sulfate for 6 weeks. Blood hemoglobin, hematocrit, subjective GI distress, subjective fatigue, and relative exertion of recent training were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks. Results were analyzed via one -way and repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) to determine significant differences in …

The Effects Of Wearing A Sports Mask Compared To A Standard Surgical Face Mask During The Forestry 5 Minute Submaximal Step Test, Christian Kumar

Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects

The existence of the COVID-19 global pandemic has forced the introduction of wearing face masks when in public spaces or in near proximity to others. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the physiological effects and perceptions of wearing a sports mask compared to a standard surgical face mask during exercise. Nineteen subjects, 10 male and 9 female subjects ranging between 19-25 years of age completed the 5-minute Forestry Step Test randomized to wear either an Under Armour sports mask, a standard surgical mask, or wearing no mask. Resting and post-exercise heart rate, RPE, and metabolic data was …

Comparison Of Training Load Between Ncaa Diii Tennis Resistance Training, Practices, And Matches, Lauren Pascadlo

Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects

Background: There are 7553 NCAA Division III tennis players, who play with less training coordination than elite players. Most training load research for tennis focuses on elite players, while Division III tennis load research is highly underdeveloped. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to describe the training load in Division III tennis players during resistance training, practices, and matches. The hypothesis is that Division III tennis match external and internal loads will be higher than external and internal loads required during practices. Methods: 6 male and female NCAA Division III tennis players participated in the study. Participants attended 2 …

Paternal Obesity And Effect Of Fish Oil Supplementation On Offspring Metabolic Health, Akriti Shrestha

Theses - ALL

Obesity and overweight arise due to an abnormal fat accumulation in the body that presents a risk to health. Individuals with body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30 kg/m2 are considered obese. CDC data show that 43% of the adults in the US are obese. The prevalence of obesity as well as its strong association with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are the serious concerns of public health which calls for the need of appropriate diet/nutrition that can minimize the negative effect of obesity. Literature suggests that 50% of the contribution to obesity can be attributed to genetics. However, studies …

Understanding The Effects Of Therapeutic Horseback Riding On Functional And Behavioral Outcome In Autistic Children And Adolescents, Leigh-Anne Mccormick

Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects

Equine-assisted services (EAS) have been shown to provide a stimulatory environment that can improve functional motor skills and emotional well-being in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Participation In Higher Intensity Physical Activity Predicts Lower Depressive Symptom Incidence In College Students, Lucas D. Elliott, Oliver Wilson, Michele Duffey, Melissa Bopp

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(7): 667-675, 2022. The prevalence of depression and insufficient physical activity (PA) continue to rise in the United States, particularly among college students. PA is typically associated with decreased levels of depressive symptoms; however, the association between different intensities of PA and depressive symptoms is unclear among college students. The aim of this study was to examine how well weekly moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA) and strength training (ST) volumes predicted depressive symptoms in college students. Students self-reported weekly MPA, VPA, ST, depressive symptoms (CESD-7), restful nights of sleep, grade point average (GPA) and …