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Articles 61 - 90 of 297
Full-Text Articles in Systems Neuroscience
Evaluating The Potential Of Using Eeg To Monitor Cognitive Workload In Simulated Suborbital Flight, Erik Seedhouse
Evaluating The Potential Of Using Eeg To Monitor Cognitive Workload In Simulated Suborbital Flight, Erik Seedhouse
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research
Mental workload can be assessed using electrophysiological measures of brain activity, such as electroencephalography (EEG). EEG signals reveal cortical electrical activity. This cortical activity was recorded using specialized headsets. The focus of this research was to study cognitive performance (CP) in four pilots during simulated suborbital flights under nominal day and night profiles and under contingency day and night profiles. A 14-channel EMOTIV EEG headset measured the participants' brain activity while they flew simulated flights in a Suborbital Spaceflight Simulator (SSFS). Several sessions of EEG data were recorded from each subject, and feature extraction was applied. Data revealed that real-time …
Sensory Input To Cortex Encoded On Low-Dimensional Periphery-Correlated Subspaces, Andrea K. Barreiro, Antonio J. Fontenele, Cheng Ly, Prashant Chama Raju, Shree Hari Gautam, Woodrow L. Shew
Sensory Input To Cortex Encoded On Low-Dimensional Periphery-Correlated Subspaces, Andrea K. Barreiro, Antonio J. Fontenele, Cheng Ly, Prashant Chama Raju, Shree Hari Gautam, Woodrow L. Shew
Physics Faculty Publications and Presentations
As information about the world is conveyed from the sensory periphery to central neural circuits, it mixes with complex ongoing cortical activity. How do neural populations keep track of sensory signals, separating them from noisy ongoing activity? Here, we show that sensory signals are encoded more reliably in certain low-dimensional subspaces. These coding subspaces are defined by correlations between neural activity in the primary sensory cortex and upstream sensory brain regions; the most correlated dimensions were best for decoding. We analytically show that these correlation-based coding subspaces improve, reaching optimal limits (without an ideal observer), as noise correlations between cortex …
Cortical Representation Of Learning Social Interactions In Freely Moving Non-Human Primates, Melissa Franch
Cortical Representation Of Learning Social Interactions In Freely Moving Non-Human Primates, Melissa Franch
Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)
The motivation and capacity to be social is necessary for human survival. Successful learning of complex, prosocial behavior stems from the ability to perceive and respond to visual cues, such as the body language and facial expressions, from others in our environment. This dependence on visual information to guide social interaction is especially true for humans and non-human primates. Although recent studies in primate neurophysiology discovered neurons that can encode socially relevant variables, like reward and social actions, the underlying neural mechanisms of learning advanced social concepts, such as cooperation, are not well understood. Further, previous work has identified …
Identification And Delineation Of Neuronal Pathways Underlying Hypophagia, Jing Cai
Identification And Delineation Of Neuronal Pathways Underlying Hypophagia, Jing Cai
Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)
In terms of metabolism, eating disorders manifest in two extreme directions: overnutrition, which can lead to obesity, and malnutrition, which can result in underweight or even starvation. Both extremes compromise the quality of life. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) standard, eating disorders affect up to 17.9% of young women and 2.4% of young men. Although eating disorders are primarily defined as mental disorders rather than metabolic disorders, they are intertwined with complex emotions and sensory perceptions. However, in contemporary animal research related to eating disorders and feeding behaviors, the majority of neuroscientists still examine …
A Multi-Modal Imaging Analysis Of Inter-Community Hub Nodes In Subjective Cognitive Decline Linking Longitudinal Hub Function Disruption To White Matter Integrity Kurtosis, Duncan Nowling
MUSC Theses and Dissertations
Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) has garnered much interest as a potential identifiable preclinical stage and indicator of risk for cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias (ADRD). Identification of individuals in this stage though is difficult, as they present with objectively normal cognitive evaluation scores, relying instead upon self-report of concern about decline in cognitive abilities. The use of non-invasive in-vivo imaging methods like BOLD functional imaging and diffusion tensor have allowed for complex mapping of both the functional and structural network features unique to this condition. This study furthers this network biomarker map of SCD by investigating the …
Differential Cortical Monoamines Release During Exercise In Rats Chronically Implanted With Microdialysis Probes, Christine G. Gerin
Differential Cortical Monoamines Release During Exercise In Rats Chronically Implanted With Microdialysis Probes, Christine G. Gerin
Research Symposium
Physical exercise is known to positively influence mood, to reduce anxiety and to improve reaction to stress. Cerebral monoaminergic systems are thought to underly the neurochemical influence of exercise on mood and behavior. We hypothesized that beneficial effects of exercise can be shown by variations of neurotransmitters release in the cerebral cortex. We aimed at demonstrating that there is a temporal relationship between release of plasma and cerebral monoamines (A, NA, 5-HT, DA) and spontaneous running exercise in rats. Ten Spague Dawley rats (250 g) were chronically implanted (for up to 39 days) with a left common carotid cannula and …
Connectivity Of Amygdala Somatostatin-Expressing Neurons And Their Role In Taste-Guided Behavior., Jane Jeruto Bartonjo
Connectivity Of Amygdala Somatostatin-Expressing Neurons And Their Role In Taste-Guided Behavior., Jane Jeruto Bartonjo
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The nucleus of solitary tract (NST) and parabrachial nucleus (PBN) represent the first and second central synapses of ascending gustatory information. Neural processing in these nuclei is influenced by descending input from forebrain regions such as the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). In mice, we have shown that somatostatin (Sst) expressing neurons of CeA that project to NST and PBN are largely distinct cell populations and optogenetic inhibition of the CeA/Sst-to-NST subpopulation increases the intake of high concentrations of quinine with no apparent effect on sucrose intake. Synaptic connectivity of these cells is needed to understand the possible mechanisms …
Activity Dynamics Of The Nucleus Accumbens Neurons During Natural And Drug Reward Seeking, Reda M. Chalhoub
Activity Dynamics Of The Nucleus Accumbens Neurons During Natural And Drug Reward Seeking, Reda M. Chalhoub
MUSC Theses and Dissertations
The nucleus accumbens core (NAc) represents a major neural substrate of reward encoding that has been found to play a role in differentially regulating natural and drug rewards, including cocaine. Its constituent D1- and D2- receptor expressing medium spiny neurons (MSN) are alternatively hypothesized to have either opposing effects on reward seeking or a shared role in forming encoding “ensembles” – a sparsely activated population of neurons that encode reward associations- that coordinate behavioral responding to rewards and cues predicting reward availability. Previous methods used to study these neuronal populations failed to temporal quantify the cell-type specific activity in reward …
Gap Junctions And Synchronization Clusters In The Thalamic Reticular Nuclei, Anca R. Radulescu, Michael Anderson
Gap Junctions And Synchronization Clusters In The Thalamic Reticular Nuclei, Anca R. Radulescu, Michael Anderson
Biology and Medicine Through Mathematics Conference
No abstract provided.
Physiological Rationale For Fixation Eye-Movements, Qasim Zaidi
Physiological Rationale For Fixation Eye-Movements, Qasim Zaidi
MODVIS Workshop
No abstract provided.
Task-Driven Influences On Fixational Eye Movements, Jonathan Victor, Yen-Chu Lin, Michele Rucci
Task-Driven Influences On Fixational Eye Movements, Jonathan Victor, Yen-Chu Lin, Michele Rucci
MODVIS Workshop
There is now compelling evidence that the spatiotemporal remapping carried out by fixational eye movements (FEMs) is an essential step in visual processing. Moreover, the overall Brownian-like statistics of FEMs are calibrated to map fine spatial detail into the temporal frequency range to which retinal circuitry is tuned. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the detailed spatial characteristics of FEMs can be adjusted to task demands via cognitive influences that operate even in the absence of a visual stimulus. We examined FEMs in a task that required subjects (N=6) to report which of two letters was displayed. Trials were blocked; …
Active Encoding Of Space Through Time, Michele Rucci, Jonathan D. Victor
Active Encoding Of Space Through Time, Michele Rucci, Jonathan D. Victor
MODVIS Workshop
No abstract provided.
Synaptic Properties Of Parabigeminal Circuits., Kyle Whyland
Synaptic Properties Of Parabigeminal Circuits., Kyle Whyland
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Subcortical structures of the visual system have been the subject of intense study in recent years, but there remain some important unanswered questions regarding the synaptic relationships linking the nuclei that comprise this important sensory network within the brain. In these studies, we use several modern and traditional approaches, including viral tract tracing, in vitro slice physiology, immunohistochemistry, optogenetics, and electron microscopy to characterize the circuits linking the superior colliculus (SC), parabigeminal nucleus (PBG), and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), with particular focus on GABAergic and cholinergic cell types. We found that the SC, an important visuomotor structure with connections to …
Chemosensory Processing By The Mediodorsal Thalamus., Kelly Fredericksen
Chemosensory Processing By The Mediodorsal Thalamus., Kelly Fredericksen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The mediodorsal thalamus (MD) is thought to be key component of the network that processes chemosensory information to guide our consummatory choices. Previous studies show that the mediodorsal thalamus receives projections from both the piriform cortex (PC) and gustatory cortex (GC), suggesting that it may process chemosensory information from both areas. Although the mediodorsal thalamus has been shown to respond to odors detected by sniffing, it remains unknown how its neurons represent experienced odors, tastes, and odor-taste mixtures originating from the mouth. Importantly, humans and animals with mediodorsal thalamic lesions do not suffer from anosmia, but experience deficits in odor …
The Genomics Of Autism-Related Genes Il1rapl1 And Il1rapl2: Insights Into Their Cortical Distribution, Cell-Type Specificity, And Developmental Trajectories, Jacob Weaver
MUSC Theses and Dissertations
Neuropsychiatric disorders have a significant impact on modern society. These disorders affect a large percentage of the population: schizophrenia has a world-wide prevalence of 1% and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) affects 1 in 59 school-aged children in the US. There is substantial evidence that most neuropsychiatric disorders have a genetic component. Thus, with the advent of high throughput sequencing much effort has gone into identifying genetic variants associated with these disorders. The emerging picture from these studies is a complex one where hundreds of genes with small effects interact with a varied landscape of common variants to result in disease. …
Consciousness, Evolution, And The Self-Organizing Brain, Karen Seymour
Consciousness, Evolution, And The Self-Organizing Brain, Karen Seymour
Journal of Conscious Evolution
While evolution is guided by natural selection, it is internally driven by self-organizing processes. The brain encompasses these complementary forces and dynamics of evolution in both its structure and dynamics by embodying a historical record of the factors that have shaped it throughout its evolutionary past, as well as by being shaped by selective parameters in real time. Self-organization is evident in not only the brain’s structure and form, but also in the processes that support consciousness. From the convergence of complex structure and the novelty-generating dynamics of chaos that both characterize the brain arises the experience of explicit consciousness, …
Glycemic Challenge Is Associated With The Rapid Cellular Activation Of The Locus Ceruleus And Nucleus Of Solitary Tract: Circumscribed Spatial Analysis Of Phosphorylated Map Kinase Immunoreactivity, Arshad Khan
Selected Works Temporary Series
Rodent studies indicate that impaired glucose utilization or hypoglycemia is associated with the cellular activation of neurons in the medulla (Winslow, 1733) (MY), believed to control feeding behavior and glucose counterregulation. However, such activation has been tracked primarily within hours of the challenge, rather than sooner, and has been poorly mapped within standardized brain atlases. Here, we report that, within 15 min of receiving 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG; 250 mg/kg, i.v.), which can trigger glucoprivic feeding behavior, marked elevations were observed in the numbers of rhombic brain (His, 1893) (RB) neuronal cell profiles immunoreactive for the cellular activation marker(s), phosphorylated p44/42 MAP …
Glycemic Challenge Is Associated With The Rapid Cellular Activation Of The Locus Ceruleus And Nucleus Of Solitary Tract: Circumscribed Spatial Analysis Of Phosphorylated Map Kinase Immunoreactivity, Khan
Departmental Papers (Biology)
Rodent studies indicate that impaired glucose utilization or hypoglycemia is associated with the cellular activation of neurons in the medulla (Winslow, 1733) (MY), believed to control feeding behavior and glucose counterregulation. However, such activation has been tracked primarily within hours of the challenge, rather than sooner, and has been poorly mapped within standardized brain atlases. Here, we report that, within 15 min of receiving 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG; 250 mg/kg, i.v.), which can trigger glucoprivic feeding behavior, marked elevations were observed in the numbers of rhombic brain (His, 1893) (RB) neuronal cell profiles immunoreactive for the cellular activation marker(s), phosphorylated p44/42 MAP …
Reversible Emerging Neuropsychological Pattern In Chronic Intractable Migraine, Tanner Williford, Pooja Chemiti, Mason Allen, Brandon Burrell, Stephanie Chavez, Jude Emego, Bridger Gunter, Matthew Huertas, Matthew Jennings, Roshni Jogin, Paulo Kelly, Laura Minor, Steven Salazar, Jameson Williams, David W. Sant, John A. Kriak, Kyle B. Bills
Reversible Emerging Neuropsychological Pattern In Chronic Intractable Migraine, Tanner Williford, Pooja Chemiti, Mason Allen, Brandon Burrell, Stephanie Chavez, Jude Emego, Bridger Gunter, Matthew Huertas, Matthew Jennings, Roshni Jogin, Paulo Kelly, Laura Minor, Steven Salazar, Jameson Williams, David W. Sant, John A. Kriak, Kyle B. Bills
Annual Research Symposium
No abstract provided.
Quantifying Psychostimulant-Induced Sensitization Effects On Dopamine And Acetylcholine Release Across Different Timescales, Georg Lange
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Drug-induced behavioral sensitization describes the phenomenon that behavioral response to a drug of abuse is getting stronger if the same psychostimulant is delivered multiple times which is much more pronounced if done in the same environmental context. A proposed neural basis is the formation of an association between contextual cues and the rewarding drug which is mediated by dopamine. Dopamine operates at different timescales and to fully understand dopamine sensitization, it is necessary to investigate dopamine release at slow (tens of minutes) but also faster (sub-second) timescales. But creating a holistic view has been difficult due to a lack of …
Il-1r1 Within The Meningeal Lymphatic System, Nolan Abdelsayed
Il-1r1 Within The Meningeal Lymphatic System, Nolan Abdelsayed
Lewis Honors College Thesis Collection
The meninges are made up of three membranes; the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater, that surround the brain and spinal cord. These specialized layers work in concert with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), to protect the central nervous system by adding a layer of cushion and removing waste products from the CNS. Additionally, the meninges act as a physical barrier between the central nervous system and the periphery. The meningeal lymphatic system is a specialized group of vessels that lie within the meninges that assist in the flow of fluid and waste products from the brain. If the meningeal lymphatic …
Oral Contraceptives And Affective Disorders: Neurobiology And Informed Choice, Sophia Mae Drezner
Oral Contraceptives And Affective Disorders: Neurobiology And Informed Choice, Sophia Mae Drezner
Scripps Senior Theses
Pregnancy prevention and female reproductive freedom have been some of the most contested political issues for decades. Abortion, a fundamental part of women’s healthcare, divides liberals and conservatives on an international scale. The consequences of unintended pregnancy without safe and reliable contraception are widespread, disproportionately impacting women of color, trans and non-binary folks, and poorer communities. The birth control pill is the most common form of oral contraception (OC) globally. Many people with ovaries begin the pill or other hormonal contraceptive (HC) methods as young as 11 years old. Exogenous progesterone and estrogen are known to impact mood, affect, physiology, …
Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modelling Of Healthy Swallowing, Chris R. Tilton
Meta-Analytic Connectivity Modelling Of Healthy Swallowing, Chris R. Tilton
Honors Theses and Capstones
A quantitative, voxel-wise meta-analysis was performed to investigate the brain regions involved in healthy human swallowing. Studies included in the meta-analysis (1) examined water swallowing, saliva swallowing, or both, (2) included healthy, normal subjects, and (3) reported stereotaxic brain activation coordinates in standard space. Following these criteria, a systematic literature review identified 8 studies that met the criteria. An activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis and meta-analytic connectivity modelling (MACM) analysis were performed with BrainMap software. Ten clusters with high activation likelihood were found in the bilateral precentral gyri, right insula, left declive, right medial frontal gyrus, right dorsal nucleus of …
Ultrastructural Correlates Of Axons And Synapses Belonging To Different Circuits In Ferret Primary Visual Cortex, Anjelique Sawh
Ultrastructural Correlates Of Axons And Synapses Belonging To Different Circuits In Ferret Primary Visual Cortex, Anjelique Sawh
Dissertations and Theses
The goal of this study was to determine differences in distinctive layers of mammalian primary visual cortex through analysis of their ultrastructural characteristics. Characterizing brain circuitry using 3-dimensional reconstruction of electron microscopy images, and subsequent ultrastructural analysis of axonal populations provides us with a better understanding of the connectivity of the neural circuits. By quantifying ultrastructural differences in axonal processes such as synaptic densities, types of synapses and their post-synaptic densities (PSDs), mitochondrial volumes, synaptic vesicle aggregates, dendritic targets, and bouton volumes, we aimed to understand whether differences in anatomical specializations among different cortical layers could underlie differences in function …
Spatial Processing Of Conspecific Signals In Weakly Electric Fish: From Sensory Image To Neural Population Coding, Oak Everette Milam
Spatial Processing Of Conspecific Signals In Weakly Electric Fish: From Sensory Image To Neural Population Coding, Oak Everette Milam
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)
In this dissertation, I examine how an animal’s nervous system encodes spatially realistic conspecific signals in their environment and how the encoding mechanisms support behavioral sensitivity. I begin by modeling changes in the electrosensory signals exchanged by weakly electric fish in a social context. During this behavior, I estimate how the spatial structure of conspecific stimuli influences sensory responses at the electroreceptive periphery. I then quantify how space is represented in the hindbrain, specifically in the primary sensory area called the electrosensory lateral line lobe. I show that behavioral sensitivity is influenced by the heterogeneous properties of the pyramidal cell …
Anatomical Analysis Of Olfactory Sensory Neuron Regeneration Via Glomerular Synaptic Activity Markers In Adult Mice, William Wamack
Anatomical Analysis Of Olfactory Sensory Neuron Regeneration Via Glomerular Synaptic Activity Markers In Adult Mice, William Wamack
Undergraduate Honors Theses
The olfactory system is a great model for studying regeneration due to the olfactory epithelium’s regenerative capability which makes it a potential a source of neural stem cells. The olfactory epithelium presents three types of cells: sustentacular cells which provide support and act as glial supporting cells; olfactory sensory neurons that are in charge of detecting odorant molecules in the air; and the stem cells that generated the aforementioned cell types. Olfactory sensory neurons are constantly dying and being replaced by new neurons originating from the stem cells that lie at the base of the olfactory epithelium. We have used …
The Effects Of False Heartbeat Feedback On Moral Judgment, Scott Koenig
The Effects Of False Heartbeat Feedback On Moral Judgment, Scott Koenig
Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects
Research on human morality is at a crossroads, with one side claiming that moral judgment is the result of rational inference and the other side claiming that it is the result of emotion-laden intuition. This study investigated whether emotion drives moral judgment by manipulating a core component of the experience of emotion: physiological arousal. The sample consisted of 77 undergraduate students at Brooklyn College (57% women, 43% men; mean age = 20.1). One group of participants was led to believe their heart was beating quickly, and another group slowly, while they read and evaluated a series of text vignettes depicting …
Aberrant Age-Related Alterations In Spontaneous Cortical Activity In Participants With Cerebral Palsy, Hannah Bergwell
Aberrant Age-Related Alterations In Spontaneous Cortical Activity In Participants With Cerebral Palsy, Hannah Bergwell
Theses & Dissertations
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is the most common neurodevelopmental motor disability, resulting in life-long sensory, perception and motor impairments. These impairments appear to drastically worsen with advancing age within the CP population, although the underlying neuro-physiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, we began to address this knowledge gap by utilizing magnetoencephalographic (MEG) to study how aging impacts the amplitude of spontaneous brain activity (i.e., resting state) in a cohort of 38 individuals with spastic diplegic CP (Age = 22.08 ± 10.46 years) and 67 neurotypical controls (NT) (Age = 19.56 ± 10.25 years). Participants completed an eyes-closed resting-state paradigm while undergoing …
The Functional Role Of Anatomical Feedback Connections In Visual Attention, Samantha Debes
The Functional Role Of Anatomical Feedback Connections In Visual Attention, Samantha Debes
Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)
Entrenched in a dense, highly connected network, cortical neurons receive heterogeneous inputs from diverse connections, including local feedforward and feedback signals. Over the years, neuroscientists have focused on feedforward and local connections, amassing a wealth of information on the purpose of these signals. However, the functional role of feedback connections remains a mystery, despite their sheer abundance and prevalence when compared to feedforward connections. The field has long hypothesized that feedback acts as a conduit for attentional signals, carrying them throughout the brain. Previous work on this topic has been variable. Though cognitively demanding neural processes, like attention, have traditionally …
Validation Of The 40 Hz Auditory Steady State Response As A Pharmacodynamic Biomarker Of Evoked Neural Synchrony, Muhammad Ummear Raza
Validation Of The 40 Hz Auditory Steady State Response As A Pharmacodynamic Biomarker Of Evoked Neural Synchrony, Muhammad Ummear Raza
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Schizophrenia is a troubling and severe mental illness that is only incompletely treated by currently available drugs. New drug development is hindered by a scarcity of functionally relevant pharmacodynamic biomarkers that are translatable across preclinical and human subjects. Although psychosis is a major feature of schizophrenia, cognitive and negative symptoms determine the long-term functional outcomes for patients. Stimulus-evoked neural synchrony at gamma (~ 40 Hz) frequency plays an important role in the processing and integration of sensory information. Not surprisingly, schizophrenia patients show deficits in gamma oscillations. NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation on fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive interneurons is deemed important for the …