Law Commons^™

Seeing Is Believing? Deepfakes In Financial Markets, Hadar Y. Jabotinsky, Michal Lavi

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

An AI-powered tool recently mimicked Warren Buffett's image and voice so convincingly that even his own family could have been deceived. This striking example highlights the transformative potential of voice cloning and deepfakes. This innovative technology leverages artificial intelligence (AI) to create hyper-realistic audio and video content. By blurring the boundaries between authenticity and synthetic creation, deepfakes make it possible to fabricate moments that never occurred. Recent advancements in AI and user-friendly software have made deepfakes more accessible andfurther contributed to the proliferation of deepfakes, enabling even individuals with minimal technical skills to produce compelling deepfakes at little to no …

Dancing On The Edge Of Copyright: Why Copyright Law Should Protect Short Dance Routines, Tianai Song

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

The note argues that the Copyright Act should be amended to extend legal protection to short dance routines, regardless of their complexity or duration. This expansion aims to prevent the unauthorized appropriation of distinctive movements and ensure that creators, particularly those from Black and marginalized communities, are fairly recognized and compensated.

Table Of Contents, Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 44, Iss. 2

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Power Play: The Battle For Copyright Control In Emulation, Ryan Borja

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

The note argues that the current legal framework prioritizes commercial interests and developer rights over the preservation of older video games. To reconcile the tension between copyright protection and the public interest in cultural preservation, the analysis proposes legislative solutions such as compulsory licensing schemes or the creation of a dedicated federal preservation agency.

Some Respect Reserved? Survey Experiment Insights On The Perception Of Creative Commons And Copyright Infringement, Thomas H. Rousse

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

Since its inception, Creative Commons has introduced new ways for creators to grant licenses to the public without cost or the need for negotiation by breaking up rights provided by copyright and making a subset of those rights available to anyone willing to abide by the conditions of the license. Its widespread adoption has democratized open licensing for creators beyond the software context these licenses originated within. Although the success of Creative Commons as a community is plain, relatively little information is available about its perception by the general public. Aggressive litigation by Creative Commons licensors has put the organization …

Beyond The Rings: Housing Inequalities In Olympic Host Cities, Audrey Hansen

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

The note argues that hosting the Olympic Games consistently leads host cities to violate their citizens' right to adequate housing through displacement, gentrification, and the criminalization of homelessness. By analyzing historical patterns and current preparations for the 2028 Los Angeles Games, the analysis contends that the traditional single-city hosting model is unsustainable and harmful.

Private Canvas, Government Expression: Protest Art & The Government Speech Doctrine, Melanie P. Rigden

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

The note argues that protest art is fundamentally incompatible with the government speech doctrine and should not be subject to its principles. It contends that applying this doctrine to political expression allows the government to suppress dissenting viewpoints and engage in censorship under the pretext of exercising its own speech rights.

Youtube Journalists And The Future Of The Fourth Estate: The Fine Line Between Journalism And Entertainment, Stephan Toljan

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

The note argues that the legal distinction between professional journalists and social media actors has blurred due to the universal accessibility of public digital platforms. It proposes eliminating the requirement of institutional affiliation for the reporter's privilege, suggesting instead that any individual who satisfies the Von Bulow factors regarding the intent to disseminate information to the public should be eligible for the privilege.

Table Of Contents, Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 44, Iss. 3

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Generative Ai And The Myth Of Creativity, Abdi Aidid

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

It has become almost commonplace to observe that artificial intelligence is straining the boundaries of intellectual property law. Artists and other creators are especially uneasy about the extent to which generative AI systems may displace original works or, when they function as creative aids, provide little in the way of meaningful IP protection. Beneath these concerns, however, lies a more fundamental doctrinal tension: despite its frequently invoked justifications, IP law has never been primarily concerned with rewarding creativity or effort. Courts have longfavored formalistic approaches and minimal thresholds for originality, deliberately avoiding judgments about artistic or aesthetic merit. Similarly, they …

Introduction, Jessica Jilla

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

No abstract provided.

The Devil Is In The Det[Ai]Ls: Ai Agents, Ghost Students, And The Crisis Of Verified Presence In An Agentic Ai World, Aras Bozkurt, Helen Crompton, Caroline Fell Kurban

STEMPS Faculty Publications

The transition from reactive Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) to agentic AI systems marks a categorical shift in digital education, moving beyond simple content generation to goal-oriented, autonomous execution. This paper explores the emergence of the “ghost student”: a digital surrogate created by the coupling of Large Language Models (the “mind”) and agentic AI browsers (the “body”). These entities are capable of navigating Learning Management Systems (LMS), engaging with content, and completing assessments with human-like mimicry, often rendering the actual learner’s presence optional. We argue that this phenomenon creates a verification gap that traditional proctoring and detection tools are structurally unable …

Governing Generative Ai In Higher Education: A Global Delphi Study On Policy And Practice, Helen Crompton, Diane Burke, Christine Nickel, Aras Bozkurt, Fengchun Miao, Mike Sharples, Jeffrey Alan Greene, David Parsons, Lucy Gill-Simmen, Adam Edmett, Mark Pegrum, Inge De Waard, Curtis J. Bonk, Manuel B. Garcia, John H. Curry, Leeann Lindsey, Mohan Yang, Stephen Marshall, Maha Bali, Nellie Deutsch, Suzaan Le Roux, Mourad Benali, Mohd Ali Bin Samsudin, Hasan Tinmaz, Matthew L. Bernacki, Mari Van Wyk, Lenandlar Singh, Agnes Chigona, Lance Eaton, Junhong Xiao, Johanna Velander, Jinhee Kim, Francisco Bellas, R. Rajalakshmi, Andréia De Bem Machado, Agnieszka Palalas, Sean Yu

STEMPS Faculty Publications

As GenAI technologies become more pervasive in higher education (HE), scholars call for guidance on AI governance. To meet this need, a Delphi technique and collective writing was used in gathering expert perspectives from across 22 countries/locations and six continents. This resulted in the development of a HE GenAI policy/guidelines framework with eight core areas: (1) academic integrity, (2) ethical use and responsible use, (3) privacy and protection, (4) equitable access, (5) GenAI literacy, (6) integration strategy, (7) human oversight and accountability, and (8) institutional support and infrastructure. In addition, a six-part framework was developed to ensure that policies remain …

Room To Breathe: The Surprising Capaciousness Of Osh Act Preemption, Michael C. Duff

All Faculty Scholarship

This essay is part of a Saint Louis University Law Journal seminar, conducted by the Wefel Center for Employment Law, titled "Shifting Workplace Law in an Era of Federal Vacuums: Business as Usual or Polycrisis?" The symposium presumed that the federal government would be scaling back workforce regulatory enforcement dramatically in the shadow of DOGE and several other developments. The essay focuses on OSHA and more narrowly questions the extent to which the OSH Act preempts state and local efforts to regulate workplace safety and health. The essay shows that unless OSHA promulgates a full-blown “standard” – a tedious form …

From Regulation To Practice: Exploring Aml/Kyc Compliance, Proportionality, And Technology In The Art Market, Layla Rujugiro

MA in Art Business Dissertations

To sum - this dissertation examines how the UK’s adoption of 5AMLD through MLR 2019 has shaped compliance practices within the AM, focusing on SMEs classified as AMPs. Five interviews and a survey of 24 London galleries, highlight how uniform regulation create uneven impacts across the sector. The study argues that clearer guidance, proportionate fees, and accessible training are essential for effective compliance, while RegTech tools, though helpful, cannot replace AMP responsibility.

Disaster Risk Management During Climate Emergencies In The Dominican Republic And Puerto Rico, Rosleny Ubinas

Dissertations and Theses

This paper analyzes the DRM approach as an effective framework in addressing climate emergencies across the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. These two Caribbean regions, with high hurricane exposure and differing response structures, are deeply shaped by their governments and affiliated international organizations. Disaster Risk Management is the systematic process of using laws, plans, institutions, and community networks to reduce vulnerability to hazards and coordinate effective response when disasters occur. It covers the full cycle, from prevention to reconstruction and rebuilding more resiliently. The Dominican Republic’s law-based intervention led to greater local-level community participation during disasters with its embedded volunteer …

Front Matter, Editors Of Journal Of Law & Social Policy

Journal of Law and Social Policy

No abstract provided.

Risk And Releasability: Rethinking “Suitable” Support Networks For Former Foster Youth In Ontario Bail Courts, Marsha Rampersaud

Journal of Law and Social Policy

Contemporary societal trends indicate many young adults rely on their families for financial and other support for longer than in the past, often well into their 20s. Youth leaving the child welfare system, however, do not have similar supports to rely on when they reach the age of majority (eighteen in Ontario). In bail court, the experiences of those who have familial support differ markedly from those who do not. Qualitative interviews with youth, lawyers, and social workers illuminate the experiences of young adults (ages eighteen to twenty-four) who have exited the child welfare system and come into conflict with …

Reproducing The French-Canadian Settler Collective In Ontario Through French Language Rights, Monique Woolnough

Journal of Law and Social Policy

Much of settler colonial theory and studies in Canada has focused on the dominant British settler colonial power, with an emerging spotlight on Quebec. Little attention has been paid to French-Canadian settler colonialism in French-Canadian minority provinces such as Ontario. This research aims to make visible this gap in attention and begin to fill in its contours by understanding how the French-Canadian settler colonial project operates in Ontario through law. Through the application of Indigenous, settler colonial, socio-legal and critical feminist and race theories to a review of narrative themes in the jurisprudence of courts and tribunals interpreting Ontario’s French …

The Closed Door At 301 Wellington Street, Tom Nichini, Kim Brooks

Journal of Law and Social Policy

Although women and racialized lawyers comprise significant proportions of the Canadian bar, they and other equity-deserving lawyers remain markedly underrepresented among counsel making oral submissions before the Supreme Court of Canada. This article presents findings from a five-year empirical study (2017–2021) examining who appears before the Court through an observational analysis of 273 cases and a survey of 279 counsel. The research reveals that presenting counsel are predominantly white, cis-male, and have extensive experience at the bar: e.g., women account for only 26.9% of appearing counsel, while racialized lawyers comprise 12.8%. After evaluating whether this gap can be attributed to …

Restrictions On Party Status In Interpretations Of An Act Respecting First Nations, Inuit And Métis Children, Youth And Families, Jamesy Patrick, Alana Cattapan, Brenda Yuen

Journal of Law and Social Policy

An Act respecting First Nations, Inuit and Métis children, youth and families came into force in January 2020 with the stated objectives of affirming Indigenous jurisdiction over child and family services, reducing the overrepresentation of Indigenous children in state care, and advancing Canada’s commitments under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Central to achieving these objectives are the Act’s National Standards, which are intended to ensure Indigenous communities are meaningfully included in decision-making processes. While these standards were upheld by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2024 as constitutional, emerging jurisprudence reveals significant shortcomings in the …

Brokering Safety, Chinmayi Sharma, Thomas E. Kadri, Sam Adler

Faculty Scholarship

For victims of abuse, safety means hiding. Not just hiding themselves, but also their contact details, their address, their workplace, their roommates, and any other information that could enable their abuser to target them. Yet today, no number of name changes and relocations can prevent data brokers from sharing a victim’s personal information online. Thanks to brokers, abusers can find what they need with a single search, a few clicks, and a few dollars. For many victims, then, the best hope for safety lies in obscurity—that is, making themselves and their information harder to find.

This Article exposes privacy law’s …

Element Of Accountability: Strengthening Enforcement Of California’S Housing Element Law, Jonathan D. Bremen

Chapman Law Review

California’s housing crisis, marked by a severe shortage of affordable housing, soaring costs, and rising homelessness, has reached alarming proportions. Despite decades of efforts, the state continues to grapple with a housing market that significantly underserves low- and middle-income residents, forcing many to devote high portions of their income to housing. On paper, California’s Housing Element Law appears to be a valuable tool to address the crisis by requiring cities and counties to plan for housing needs across all economic segments. Widespread noncompliance with the law, however, has prompted both the state Attorney General and private parties to seek judicial …

Through A Glass Darkly: Targeting Cyber And Space Infrastructure In The Law Of War, Michael D. Minerva

Chapman Law Review

As modern militaries become more capable in the cyber and space domains, much of the legal debate has focused on how to legally conduct cyber and space operations. While important, that discussion has largely overlooked the legal implications for the rapidly growing cyber and space infrastructure that exists in the physical domain—commercial satellites like Starlink filling the night skies and data centers like those popping up all over northern Virginia. Most of this infrastructure is commercially developed and privately owned—presumptively civilian in nature—and yet used by militaries all over the world.

The same way bridges form critical ground lines of …

The Outer Space Legal Regime: Peace In Name, Power In Practice, And The Call For A New Treaty, Jaeden Esquivel

Chapman Law Review

Space warfare poses grave dangers that many fail to appreciate. Modern technologies and data-driven services have transformed the domain of space from a distant scientific frontier into the backbone of twenty-first century life. GPS navigation, supply chain logistics, aviation systems, weather forecasting, disaster planning, emergency services, and countless other essential, everyday data-driven systems depend on satellites operating in orbit. If these satellites were permanently disabled or destroyed, the critical Earth-bound infrastructure that relies on them would collapse as well.

For nearly fifty years, space as a geopolitical domain has relied on the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST) to ensure that …

Arbitration Overcorrection? Interpreting Arbitration Clauses After Morgan V. Sundance, Peter Constable Alter

Chapman Law Review

In 2022’s Morgan v. Sundance, Inc., the Supreme Court ruled that the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) does not allow courts to “devise novel rules to favor arbitration over litigation.” Applying that principle, the Court held that the Eighth Circuit erred by grafting an arbitration-specific prejudice requirement onto the generally applicable waiver standard when deciding whether a defendant waived its right to arbitrate by proceeding in court. The Supreme Court traced this error to a misunderstanding of the FAA’s core purpose. While courts, including the Supreme Court itself, routinely interpreted the FAA as establishing a liberal “policy favoring arbitration,” the …

Escaping The Labyrinth: Cutting Through The Maze Of Federal Sector Employment Laws To Streamline Appeals, Allow Faster And More Consistent Decisions, And Level The Playing Field Between Agencies And Employees, Christopher Ligatti

Chapman Law Review

Federal employees and their job protections have gained increased media attention due to the current presidential administration. Criticism has long been aimed primarily at the property interest and accompanying due process protections that federal employees have in their employment. However, this Article argues that while the federal sector employment law system is badly in need of reform, the issue is not the constitutionally required due process protections afforded to employees, but rather the additional statutory and regulatory protections Congress has granted employees. Currently, federal employees have multiple overlapping forums in which they can bring employment actions, may cross-appeal negative decisions …

The Military Discharge Review Boards’ Irregular Presumption Of Regularity, Jessica Lynn Wherry

Chapman Law Review

“There is a presumption of regularity in the conduct of governmental affairs.” With these twelve words in the Department of Defense’s Code of Federal Regulations, the military discharge review boards (DRBs) have denied relief to thousands of veteran-applicants seeking a discharge upgrade. While seemingly innocuous, this administrative principle has become a nearly insurmountable barrier to relief for veterans with a less-than-honorable discharge. Veterans with a less-than-honorable discharge are generally ineligible for a range of veterans benefits, including health care and education benefits, and they have higher suicide rates compared to honorably discharged veterans.

For most veteran-applicants, the administrative path to …

Muted By The Machine: Expanding Ftc Authority To Address Algorithmic Review Suppression, Aubrey Adams

Chapman Law Review

As digital platforms increasingly shape consumer decision-making, the integrity of online reviews has become central to fair market competition. In 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a final rule prohibiting deceptive practices involving consumer reviews, including traditional forms of review suppression. Yet the rule fails to address a more subtle threat: algorithmic review suppression.

This Note argues that algorithmic review suppression, where platforms use automated systems to downrank or obscure negative reviews, creates a misleading impression of product quality while evading existing regulation. Unlike traditional suppression, these practices operate invisibly under the guise of content curation, distorting consumer perception …

Tilting The Playing Field: Executive Attacks On Big Law Firms As A Mechanism Of American Competitive Authoritarianism, Sajah Ali

CMC Senior Theses

This thesis examines how President Donald Trump’s executive campaign against elite law firms, collectively known as “Big Law,” serves as a concrete case study of competitive authoritarianism in action. Drawing on Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way’s framework in their work The Path to American Authoritarianism, this thesis applies their four pillars of competitive authoritarianism to the administration’s executive orders targeting major law firms and maps those pillars onto three distinct firm responses: fighting back, capitulation, and quiet retreat. Situating this case study within the broader political context of Trump’s second term, this thesis finds that while the United States has …