Law Commons^™

Gender Perspective(S): Lessons From International Human Rights Law To Defend Against Pregnancy Related Prosecutions, Megan Osadzinski

Northwestern Journal of Human Rights

The criminalization of pregnancy outcomes—such as miscarriages, abortion, obstetric emergencies, and stillbirth—is a violation of fundamental human rights guarantees; including the right to a fair trial when read in conjunction with the right to equality and the right to health. This article outlines state obligations under international human rights law toward women charged in pregnancy prosecutions, translating them into national criminal defense strategies using a gender perspective. Using intersectional theory, this article calls for the use of a gender perspective to challenge such prosecutions as unlawful gender-based discrimination and a gendered violation of due process, using the case study of …

Comparative Analysis Of Freedom Of Thought, Conscience, And Religion In India, Pakistan, And Bangladesh, Abhishek Chakrabarti

Northwestern Journal of Human Rights

The freedom of thought, conscience, and religion is a fundamental human right enshrined in Article 18 of The Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR). However, religious minorities in South Asia are often deprived of this fundamental right. Muslims in India, Ahmadiyyas, Hindus, and Christians in Pakistan, and Hindus in Bangladesh face challenges including educational marginalization, economic and political marginalization, and social stigma in the society. The Note presents a comparative analysis of the freedom of thought, conscience, and religion across the three most populous countries in South Asia–India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh–that also share a long cultural, linguistic, and religious history. …

Pride March Celebration, Cardozo Alumni Association, Cardozo Outlaw

2025–2026 Flyers

No abstract provided.

Civil Society Associations And The Environment, Mohamed Ali Mekouar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Presented in February 1987 and written in August of the same year, this paper examines the growing role of the associative movement in environmental protection, drawing on comparative law perspectives and situating the Moroccan case within the broader context of the global rise of environmental civil society. The author analyses the growth of environmental protection associations as a manifestation of a 'daily syndicalism' and a silent participatory revolution, reflecting the crisis of representative democracy and citizens' growing need for collective engagement in defence of their living environment, as attested by the emergence of global organisations such as IUCN, WWF, and …

The Institutional Means Of Environmental Protection In Morocco, Rachida Meziane

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article analyses the institutional apparatus established in Morocco for environmental protection, in a context where the framework law on environmental protection and enhancement exists only in draft form, making the role of existing administrative structures all the more decisive. The author systematically inventories the environmental competences distributed among the various ministries (Interior, Agriculture, Public Health, Urban Planning, Maritime Fisheries) and specialised bodies, highlighting the institutional fragmentation characteristic of the Moroccan administrative landscape in environmental matters and the absence of a coordinating authority with real intersectoral arbitration capacity. The analysis focuses on the concrete environmental attributions of the Ministry of …

The Hunting Charge, Omar Mounir

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Written in the form of a deliberately polemical essay, this text challenges the very concept of the 'hunting permit' and proposes to replace it with that of the 'hunting charge', effecting a conceptual revolution with profound legal implications regarding the status of game and the rights and duties of hunters. The author denounces the dominant mentality of hunters who, armed with their paid permit, believe themselves authorised to harvest without limits or responsibilities, ignoring the biological cycles of game, the issues of species balance, and the fragility of the environment, and assimilating hunting to a simple 'purchased right' rather than …

Environmental Aspects Of The Fixed Link Project Across The Strait Of Gibraltar, Mohamed Ali Mekouar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Presented at the Seminar on Legal Aspects of the Europe-Africa Fixed Link Project across the Strait of Gibraltar (Madrid, December 1986), this report examines the environmental dimension of a project of unprecedented geopolitical, technical, and legal magnitude, whose impacts on the marine environment of the Strait remain largely understudied. The author notes that while feasibility studies have engaged significant scientific and technical resources, the ecological dimension has received only marginal attention, despite potentially considerable and irreversible impacts on the Strait's hydrodynamics, sedimentary flows, benthic and pelagic ecosystems, and marine species migration routes. The legal analysis examines Spain's and Morocco's international …

Law, Agriculture, And The Environment: Stimulating Production While Respecting Nature, Mohamed Ali Mekouar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Presented at the seminar on 'Environmental Protection and Rational Management of Natural Resources' in Meknes in June 1987, this paper interrogates the capacity of law to reconcile the imperative of stimulating agricultural production with the requirements of environmental protection, from a comparative law perspective. The author starts from the historically ambivalent relationship between agriculture and nature: while agriculture long benefited from natural generosity, it has in recent decades — under the effect of misdirected economic incentives and demographic pressure — become one of the principal sources of natural equilibrium degradation, soil and water pollution, and biodiversity destruction. The legal analysis …

Solar Energy In The Shadow Of Moroccan Law, Mohamed Ali Mekouar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Presented at the round table organised in Marrakech for World Environment Day in June 1987 on 'Renewable Energies and the Environment', this paper analyses the legal treatment of solar energy in Moroccan law, in a global context marked by successive energy crises and growing awareness of the dead-end of fossil fuels. The author examines the paradox whereby the sun — a potentially unlimited energy source capable of satisfying 99% of humanity's energy needs — remains 'in the shadow' of the law, largely ignored by legal systems and maintained in a 'zone of non-law', even as its exploitation develops in various …

The Legal Protection Of Inland Waters In Morocco, Rahal Maarouf

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article addresses a significant gap in Moroccan legal scholarship by examining the legal protection of inland water resources — both quantitative and qualitative — in a semi-arid country facing growing pressure on naturally limited resources subject to climatic variability. The author traces the evolution of the applicable normative framework from the foundational texts of the Protectorate to more recent legislation, and analyses the legal mechanisms for allocating water among competing users (irrigated agriculture, industry, drinking water supply), the inadequacies of the concession and use authorisation system, and the failures of the groundwater and watercourse pollution prevention and repression regime, …

Wetlands In Moroccan Law, Mohamed Ali Mekouar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Presented at the International Conference on Legal Aspects of Wetland Protection held in Lyon in September 1987, this paper systematically evaluates the status of wetlands in Moroccan law, highlighting both the richness and singular fragility of these natural environments and the inadequacy of the legal framework designed to protect them. The author defines wetlands rigorously in their morphological diversity (marshes, swamps, peatlands, floodplains, artificial water bodies) and exposes their fundamental ecological functions: synthesis between terrestrial and aquatic environments, wildlife refuge, natural water purification, hydrological regulation, and scientific, economic, recreational, and cultural values. The legal analysis inventories all Moroccan legislative and …

Legal Problems Of Hazardous Waste In Developing Countries: The Case Of Morocco, Mohamed Ali Mekouar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Presented at the World Conference on Hazardous Wastes in Budapest in October 1987, this study subjects the problem of hazardous waste in developing countries to critical legal examination, with Morocco as an emblematic case study. The author first draws an alarming picture of the global phenomenon: industrialised countries produce some 300 million tonnes of toxic and hazardous waste annually, a growing proportion of which is routed to developing countries through often irregular or fraudulent transboundary movements due to the prohibitive cost of treatment in the North. The legal analysis covers existing international instruments — OECD conventions, UNEP guidelines, Stockholm Conference …

Hazardous Waste In The Medinas (Historic Centres) Of Morocco, Mohamed Naciri

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Presented at the World Conference on Hazardous Wastes in Budapest in October 1987, this contribution analyses the specific and often overlooked problem of hazardous waste generated in Moroccan medinas — historic urban cores housing a dense artisanal and residential fabric whose narrow lanes (derbs) are unsuited to conventional collection systems. The author explains how the colonial dual urbanism policy neglected the environmental dimension of the medinas in favour of architectural heritage preservation, leaving growing waste collection and evacuation problems unaddressed. The analysis demonstrates that traditional artisanal activities (tanneries, dyeworks, metal workshops, bread ovens) generate hazardous liquid, solid, and gaseous effluents …

Urban Transport And Environmental Quality, Mohamed Ali Mekouar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This research report, produced within a working group on urban transport in Casablanca, rigorously examines the interactions between motorised transport systems and urban environmental quality in a global context characterised by a vehicle fleet exceeding 400 million and rapid urbanisation. The author demonstrates that while the automobile has become a symbol of modernity and social aspiration, it is also the primary source of urban environmental degradation through air pollution (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides), noise nuisances, space and energy consumption, and traffic accidents. The legal analysis inventories the normative instruments available in Morocco to control the environmental impact of urban …

Solid And Liquid Waste Disposal And Environmental Law, Abdelmalek Guessous

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article systematically examines the problem of solid and liquid waste disposal in Morocco from an environmental law perspective, combining technical and legal analysis to identify the challenges posed by waste management in a rapidly expanding urban context. The author first classifies waste types precisely and describes modern treatment and elimination techniques deployed in the sanitation sector, including through specialised bodies such as SAEM. The legal analysis then focuses on the applicable normative framework, revealing gaps in Moroccan waste collection, treatment, and disposal regulation, the absence of a framework law on waste, and the inadequacy of civil and criminal liability …

The Legal Protection Of The Urban Environment, Khadija Kaouakib-Kadiri

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article offers an in-depth legal analysis of the concept of the urban environment and the instruments for its protection in Morocco, within the theoretical framework of environmental law as an emerging discipline. The author starts from a rigorous definition of the concept of environment, distinguishing its natural and artificial components and highlighting the difficulties inherent in delimiting the urban environment, whose geographical, functional, and normative boundaries remain fluid and subject to doctrinal debate. The study critically inventories the Moroccan legislative and regulatory texts applicable to urban environmental protection, covering urban law, public health law, classified establishments regulation, and general …

The Legal Protection Of The Marine Environment Against Pollution Damage, Mahjoub El Haiba

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This study examines the Moroccan legal framework for protecting the marine environment against pollution damage, starting from the strategic importance of Morocco's coastline extending over 3,400 km and its Exclusive Economic Zone of 188 million hectares established in 1981. The author analyses the dimensions of marine pollution, reviews the applicable national and international legal instruments — including the Montego Bay Convention and Barcelona Protocols — and reveals the inadequacy of existing civil and criminal law rules in addressing the specific characteristics of marine environmental damage, particularly regarding proof of causation, assessment of compensation, and identification of liable parties. The study …

Environmental Law Between The Maze Of The Global Dimension And The Beginnings Of Local Regulation, Mohamed El Nassiri

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This analytical study addresses the fundamental gap between global discourse on environmental protection and the concrete reality of local legislative regulation, using Morocco as a case study. The author first surveys the risks of the global dimension of pollution — from oil tanker disasters and transboundary industrial emissions to radioactive waste leakage — citing catastrophes such as Chernobyl, ozone depletion, and climate warming to demonstrate the inadequacy of the international legal order. He then examines the nascent elements of national regulation in Morocco, evaluating the sufficiency and practical effectiveness of existing environmental texts in light of limited political will and …

Report On The Use Of Nuclear Technologies In Morocco, Mahjoub El Haiba

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This report summarises an information day organised by the Association of Engineers in Nuclear Engineering in Morocco on 13 June 1987 in Casablanca. The author traces the origins of the nuclear question, distinguishing natural from artificial radiation and reviewing the historical development of nuclear energy from the discovery of natural uranium to artificial atomic energy. He examines the catastrophic consequences of incidents such as the Chernobyl disaster, analyses the peaceful applications of nuclear technologies in Morocco (medicine, agriculture, industry, energy generation), and highlights the absence of a national law regulating this strategic sector and ensuring safety and environmental protection against …

Urban Planning Documents And The Environment, Abdelilah El Mekinsi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article offers an in-depth legal analysis of the relationship between urban planning documents and environmental protection in Morocco. Starting from a rigorous definition of the environment and its natural and artificial components, the author critically inventories the Moroccan legislative and regulatory texts applicable to urban environmental protection, covering urban law, public health law, classified establishments regulations, and general administrative policing. The study identifies the sectoral and fragmented character of existing legislation and concludes with a call for a comprehensive and coherent legal policy integrating environmental requirements into all sectoral planning and development policies, supported by effective institutions endowed with …

Teachers’ Awareness Of Family Engagement In Multilingual Education, Sedighe Zamani Roodsari

Journal of Multicultural Affairs

This study investigated public school teachers’ awareness of family engagement as a linguistic and cultural resource for multilingual students. Multilinguals are typically described as individuals who can communicate in more than one language, with English not being their native language, and their linguistic choices are influenced by societal norms and systems (Šifrar Kalan et al., 2024; Wei, 2008). Preparing pre-service teachers to enhance opportunities for multilingual students remains a critical need in teacher education programs, as they strive to move beyond monolingual ideologies in their teaching practices (Cárdenas Curiel et al., 2024; Kim & Choi, 2020; Williams & Ewing, 2019). …

Cover, Cleveland State Law Review

Cleveland State Law Review

No abstract provided.

Unfriending The Kids: The Problematic Race To Childproof Social Media, Randolph A. Robinson Ii

Cleveland State Law Review

A growing number of states have recently enacted new laws with the goal of protecting young people from potential harm allegedly caused by social media use. These laws are diverse in their approaches but broadly seek to limit youth access to social media platforms by imposing age verification and parental consent requirements. These laws directly implicate the First Amendment rights of both young users who will no longer be able to access speech or speak on social media platforms as well as adult users who must now submit to age verification to access these quintessential forums for political discourse.

These …

From Maps To Meadows: Ecologically Literate Zoning And The Regeneration Of Wildlife Habitats, Jonathan Rosenbloom

Cleveland State Law Review

For more than a century, zoning has shaped the American landscape, often at the expense of wildlife and ecosystems. Rooted in legal doctrines that treated animals as property and nature as a raw material, zoning codes have fragmented habitats, erased migration corridors, and accelerated biodiversity loss. At the same time, federal protections are narrowing, leaving critical gaps in environmental governance. This Article argues that local governments possess both the authority and the obligation to respond. By embedding ecological principles into zoning—through conservation districts, wildlife corridor protections, wetland buffers, pollinator protections, dark skies, wildlife fencing, habitat restoration, and others—municipalities can transform …

An Era Of Silent Overruling: Lack Of Transparency In The Supreme Court And The Expanding Unworkability Doctrine, Sydney Washburn

Cleveland State Law Review

This Note examines the Supreme Court’s growing practice of “silent overruling," the effective displacement of precedent without explicit acknowledgment, and argues that this phenomenon threatens transparency, stability, and public trust in the judiciary. While the doctrine of stare decisis is intended to promote consistency and predictability, the Court has increasingly relied on the vague and discretionary “unworkability” doctrine to justify departing from precedent without clearly articulating its reasoning. Focusing on the Court’s recent decision in City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, this Note argues that the Court silently overruled Robinson v. California while purporting not to reconsider it. In …

Table Of Contents, Cleveland State Law Review

Cleveland State Law Review

No abstract provided.

Masthead, Cleveland State Law Review

Cleveland State Law Review

No abstract provided.

Copyright Statement, Cleveland State Law Review

Cleveland State Law Review

No abstract provided.

Behavioral Drafting: Defining A Field Hiding In Plain Sight, Christopher R. Trudeau

Cleveland State Law Review

Fine print is everywhere. It governs how we bank, shop, work, travel, and even receive medical care. Yet most people never read it—and those who try often give up because they are overwhelmed by technical jargon, impenetrable legal clauses, and strategically hidden terms. Still, these documents are not neutral. Every choice of wording, structure, and design quietly shapes behavior: nudging people to click “I agree,” to remain enrolled, or to give up rights they never realized they had.

This Article gives that reality a name—behavioral drafting. Borrowing insights from behavioral science, it shows how legal documents exploit well-documented tendencies to …

Studying Noncitizens: Immigration, The University, And The First Amendment, Peter Margulies

Cleveland State Law Review

From its campaign against anti-war protesters in World War I to the present, the government has tried to restrict the pure political speech of noncitizens, defined as noncitizens’ expression of views about the structure and policies of the U.S. government and governments of foreign nations. Threats to academic freedom are also a hallmark of government action in this domain. Taking a page from this book, the Trump administration has targeted noncitizen students who participated in campus protests against Israel’s military actions in Gaza after Hamas’s brutal attacks on October 7, 2023.

The Trump administration’s effort has viewpoint discrimination at its …