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Articles 3841 - 3870 of 4223
Full-Text Articles in Systems Science
Event Triggered Optimization Method For Dynamic Task Decomposition Mode In Cloud Fusion, Wang Yan, Lijun Cheng
Event Triggered Optimization Method For Dynamic Task Decomposition Mode In Cloud Fusion, Wang Yan, Lijun Cheng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the characteristics of randomness, dynamics, diversity and uncertainty of arrival time in the cloud fusion mode, two triggered tasks of the new tasks randomly reaching the cloud platform and the non-executable sub-tasks are considered. To improve the sub-tasks correlation degree and the workload balance of each group, the coupling degree of the sub-tasks is decreased, and an event-triggered mechanism (ETM) based optimization method for dynamic task decomposition mode is proposed. On the basis of the unified tasks description, the optimal flow of dynamic task decomposition is designed to determine the sub-tasks information flow. A multi-objective …
Abnormal Event Driven Rescheduling Decision Making In Discrete Manufacturing Workshop, Weixi Ji, Youyong Cai, Chaoyang Zhang, Peng Wei
Abnormal Event Driven Rescheduling Decision Making In Discrete Manufacturing Workshop, Weixi Ji, Youyong Cai, Chaoyang Zhang, Peng Wei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve the problem of rescheduling of workshop production process, combined with the present situation of transparent manufacturing process in discrete workshop, a decision method of rescheduling and an event processing in discrete workshop driven by the abnormal events are proposed. In the IOT driven discrete manufacturing workshop environment, the complex event processing technology is applied to analyze and deal with the real-time information on manufacturing processes. On this basis, by defining the driven mechanism, the decision scheme and the performance evaluation index of rescheduling, the decision method of rescheduling in discrete workshop facing the costing is put forward; …
Overview Of Multi-Agents Modeling And Simulation For Underwater Unmanned Combat Systems, Hongtao Liang, Fengju Kang, Yanfang Fu
Overview Of Multi-Agents Modeling And Simulation For Underwater Unmanned Combat Systems, Hongtao Liang, Fengju Kang, Yanfang Fu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Military UUV is developing toward the direction of intellectualization and coordination of multi-UUV system. It is composed of complex underwater unmanned system (UUS) with changeable underwater environment and complex combat mission. Multi-agents (MAS) modeling technology has become the mainstream method to study this kind of complex system. The development and characteristics of UUS are briefly and comprehensively reviewed. The latest developments of MAS theory are systematically summarized, and MAS modeling and simulation technology for multi-UUV cooperative combat system (MUCCS) are analyzed. A novel MAS theory method, that is immune agent interactive network (IAIN), is proposed, which combines the modeling …
Modeling And Simulation Of Travelers’ Route Choice Behavior Based On Disequilibrium Theory, Zhongxiang Huang, Jianhui Wu, Aiwu Kuang, Zhang Sheng, Xu Yan
Modeling And Simulation Of Travelers’ Route Choice Behavior Based On Disequilibrium Theory, Zhongxiang Huang, Jianhui Wu, Aiwu Kuang, Zhang Sheng, Xu Yan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Considering the influence of heterogeneous travel on traffic flow distribution, the travelers’ route choice behaviors are classified into three types: price regulation, quantity regulation and price-quantity regulation. Three day-to-day dynamical stochastic assignment models based on the disequilibrium theory are established, and the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the solutions to these models are proved. Through model simulation, it proved that each path flow in these three models can converge to a steady state after a finite travel adjustment, and the day-to-day dynamical stochastic assignment model under price-quantity regulation can simulate the influence of heterogeneous travel behaviors on the distribution …
Neural Coding Model For Fast And Significant Perceptual In The Pigeon Optic Tectum, Songwei Wang, Shuman Huang, Shi Li, Mengke Wang
Neural Coding Model For Fast And Significant Perceptual In The Pigeon Optic Tectum, Songwei Wang, Shuman Huang, Shi Li, Mengke Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In the classical target recognition theory, many neurons in the mammalian retina and LGN perform DoG operations. Their functions are generally considered to be whitening, eliminating redundancy, and enhancing edges. Where is the redundant information? In this paper, the electrophysiological study of the ON-OFF neurons of the dove optic roof was performed. It was found that the FSL was used to carry out the rough and fast transfer of the whole scene information, and then the salient features in the scene were successively transmitted using the issue rate. For this reason, by analyzing the response pattern of neurons, this …
Traffic Flow Prediction Based On Deep Learning, Mingyu Liu, Jianping Wu, Yubo Wang, He Lei
Traffic Flow Prediction Based On Deep Learning, Mingyu Liu, Jianping Wu, Yubo Wang, He Lei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Traffic flow prediction is an important component of urban intelligent transportation system. With the development of machine learning and artificial intelligence, deep learning has been applied in traffic engineering area. Gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural network is selected to predict urban traffic flow. Cross-validation method is used to explore the optimal number of gated recurrent units. The GRU model is compared with other three predictors such as support vector regression and evaluated in different performance measurements. The results show that GRU model has better performance in traffic flow prediction than the other three models.
Modelling Of Evs Energy Consumption From Perspective Of Field Test Data And Driving Style Questionnaires, Kezhen Hu, Jianping Wu, Mingyu Liu
Modelling Of Evs Energy Consumption From Perspective Of Field Test Data And Driving Style Questionnaires, Kezhen Hu, Jianping Wu, Mingyu Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: With the electric vehicles (EVs) gaining popularity in megacities, the energy consumption of EVs has subsequently caught researchers’ attention. The exploration of energy consumption of EVs has largely focused on people’s revealed driving behavior and rarely touched on their self-perception of driving styles. Aiming to investigate how the energy efficiency of EVs is shaped by the driving behavior and driving style in the urban scenario from field test data and driving style questionnaires (DSQs), a human-centric approach is adopted. The results of a correlation analysis demonstrate the dynamic interaction between drivers’ revealed behavior and stated driving style under different …
Research On Evaluation Framework Of Coa Based On Wargaming, Haiyang Liu, Yubo Tang, Xiaofeng Hu, Guangpeng Qiao
Research On Evaluation Framework Of Coa Based On Wargaming, Haiyang Liu, Yubo Tang, Xiaofeng Hu, Guangpeng Qiao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the evaluation problem of COA (course of action) level indicators in joint operation, an evaluation framework of COA based on wargaming was proposed. By multidimensional analysis of wargaming data, an evaluation feature space was constructed from basic features generated by data cube models and SoS (system of systems) features based on complex network. Wargaming experiments were used to generate small batch metrics results of COA level indicators, and the corresponding result labels of evaluation feature space data were generated by data fitting method. Two-phase correlation analysis was used for dimensionality reduction of high dimensional evaluation features. …
Improved Hybrid Devs-Based Equipment Modeling Method, Jianchun Zhang, Yanyang Zeng, Wenpeng Xu, Fengju Kang
Improved Hybrid Devs-Based Equipment Modeling Method, Jianchun Zhang, Yanyang Zeng, Wenpeng Xu, Fengju Kang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the shortcoming of model reuse and extensibility in the existing underwater warfare simulations, a hybrid modeling method based on improved hybrid DEVS (IHDEVS) is proposed. By analyzing the characteristics of combat in the underwater warfare, the event driven engagement process is constructed. From the two dimensions of entity function and behavior abstraction, a model classification strategy based on separation of concerns is designed, and a universal entity model framework is built based on the IHDEVS modeling theory, including layers of the interaction architecture, the coupling model and the atomic model. A typical example shows that this …
Target Decision In Collaborative Air Combats Using Multi-Agent Particle Swarm Optimization, Yuewen Fu, Yuancheng Wang, Chen Zhen, Wenlan Fan
Target Decision In Collaborative Air Combats Using Multi-Agent Particle Swarm Optimization, Yuewen Fu, Yuancheng Wang, Chen Zhen, Wenlan Fan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Under the research background of collaborative multi-aircraft and multi-target air combats, combined with the actual combat constraint conditions and the threat assessment functions on both sides, a collaborative air combat target decision simulation model is established for complex and changeable battlefield situations, which can reflect the priority of fire attack. To solve the decision scheme quickly and accurately, an improved multi-agent particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed by introducing the interaction mechanism of the multi-agent theory into particle swarm optimization algorithm; and the neighborhood cooperation operator, mutation operator and self-learning operator for the agent are designed respectively. …
Intelligent Technology Of Command And Control System In The Rts Perspective, Wenfeng Wu, Zhang Yu, Rong Ming
Intelligent Technology Of Command And Control System In The Rts Perspective, Wenfeng Wu, Zhang Yu, Rong Ming
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Real-Time Strategy (RTS) games have important reference value for studying the intelligent technology of command and control systems. The similarities between RTS games and the strategic battle level command and control systems are described according to the decision process. The challenges brought by the problems of planning, learning, uncertainty and space-time reasoning in the intelligent technology of RTS games are analyzed. The key technologies and latest research progress of action sequence planning, plan recognition, state assessment, multi-agent collaboration and multi-scale AI are studied. The trend of intelligent technology development of strategic and operational level command and control systems is …
Modeling And Research Of Global Allocation Policy In Cascading Failures, Chongjie Dong
Modeling And Research Of Global Allocation Policy In Cascading Failures, Chongjie Dong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In reality, the global loads of network usually alter when the structure and function of network change by a list of attacks. Based on this, the paper defines extra loads of the normal node inversely proportional to the distance of failure node and presents a new indicator named "diffusion step" to failure diffusion process, which uses the global allocation policy instead of neighbor or local feature of node. By simulating scale-free network, small-world network and random network, the average results of network show that the scale-free network has strong ability to resist failures. When the influence of global allocation …
Human Motion Simulation Based On Speech Recognition Control, Zhiwen Wang, Zihao Zhang, Yuxiang Jia, Wei Yi, Yanfei Shen
Human Motion Simulation Based On Speech Recognition Control, Zhiwen Wang, Zihao Zhang, Yuxiang Jia, Wei Yi, Yanfei Shen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Human body motion simulation refers to real time rendering of human body and its motion in a computer. It is a computational model to simulate the natural and physical movement of human body under given constraints. Rendering a good human body movement can improve people's sense of immersion and substitution when watching. It is an inevitable premise of interaction between the viewer and the system. Based on the above theory, under the premise of using the rendering engine to ensure the quality of human motion rendering, it is further proposed to use the speech recognition engine to identify the …
High Performance Fault-Tolerant Scheduling Method And Simulation For Heterogeneous Multicore, Shigan Yu, Zhimin Tang, Xiaochun Ye, Zhimin Zhang
High Performance Fault-Tolerant Scheduling Method And Simulation For Heterogeneous Multicore, Shigan Yu, Zhimin Tang, Xiaochun Ye, Zhimin Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To deal with the problem of low performance and high power consumption when solving the transient fault of the processor with three mode redundancy (TMR), a task execution algorithm for heterogeneous multicore considering fault tolerant (TEAHFT) is proposed. The tasks to be executed are divided into sensitive tasks and fault-tolerant tasks. The sensitive tasks are executed in a TMR mode, and the fault-tolerant tasks are executed in a competitive scheduling mode. The task will be rerun in TMR method if the results of the fault-tolerant tasks do not meet the reliability threshold. The simulation experimental results show that TEAHFT …
Simulation Of Earthquake Disaster Affecting Field Direction Based On Mobile Phone Positioning Data, Xiaoyong Zhang, Xiao Di, Su Zhong, Jianghao Wang
Simulation Of Earthquake Disaster Affecting Field Direction Based On Mobile Phone Positioning Data, Xiaoyong Zhang, Xiao Di, Su Zhong, Jianghao Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The direction of the earthquake disaster affected field determines the spatial distribution of the earthquake disaster scope, and further influences the post-disaster emergency command and decision. The 7.0 magnitude earthquake occurred at 2017-08-08T21:19:00 is taken as an example; the location data of the internet mobile phone before and after the earthquake area are used. The spatial distribution characteristics of the disappearing mobile phone location data and the orientation direction of the distributed discrete point sets are obtained by using the standard deviation ellipse model in the spatial econometric analysis. The direction of the earthquake disaster affected field is …
Forward Algorithm Of Lwd Azimuthal Gamma, Qifeng Sun, Youxiang Duan, Yanan Yan, Hongqiang Li
Forward Algorithm Of Lwd Azimuthal Gamma, Qifeng Sun, Youxiang Duan, Yanan Yan, Hongqiang Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The study of the LWD (Logging While Drilling) azimuthal gamma imaging mode under different geological structures can provide bases for fast and accurate identification of drilled formation. The detection model of LWD azimuthal gamma is set up, and physical models of several positions of the formation and gamma detector is established, combining the descartes coordinate with the spherical coordinate, an azimuthal gamma log response algorithm under different position models is derived. Comparing the simulated results with the measured results of the azimuthal gamma ray logging tool, it is proved that the algorithm can effectively simulate the response characteristics of …
Visual Object Tracking Algorithm Based On Deep Denoising Autoencoder Over Rgb-D Data, Mingxin Jiang, Zhigeng Pan, Lanfang Wang, Taoxin Hu
Visual Object Tracking Algorithm Based On Deep Denoising Autoencoder Over Rgb-D Data, Mingxin Jiang, Zhigeng Pan, Lanfang Wang, Taoxin Hu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A visual object tracking algorithm based on cross-modality features deep learning over RGB-D data is proposed. A sparse denoising autoencoder deep learning network is constructed, which can extract cross-modal features of the samples in RGB-D video data. The cross-modal features of the samples are input to the logistic regression classifier, the observation likelihood model is established according to the confidence score of the classifier, and the reasonable state transition model is established. The object tracking results over RGB-D data are obtained using particle filtering algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method has strong robustness to abnormal changes. …
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Multi-Parameter Identification Based On Improved Salp Swarm Algorithm, Mengqiu Wang, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Multi-Parameter Identification Based On Improved Salp Swarm Algorithm, Mengqiu Wang, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Since the multi-parameter identification of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has slow speed and low accuracy, a parameter identification method based on the improved salp swarm algorithm was proposed in this paper. The algorithm firstly adopted the self-adaptive evaluation-move strategy and neighborhood optimum guide strategy based Von Neumann topology to update the position of followers twice, which strengthened information cooperation in the population and accelerated the convergence rate of parameter identification. Secondly, the algorithm used the opposition-based learning strategy to perturb the population position with a certain mutation probability, that avoided local optimum and misconvergence of the parameters. The …
Bayesian Evaluation Method For Energy Efficiency Of Manufacturing System Based On Combined Weights, Dongfeng Cao, Wang Yan
Bayesian Evaluation Method For Energy Efficiency Of Manufacturing System Based On Combined Weights, Dongfeng Cao, Wang Yan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The energy consumption of discrete manufacturing system presents many complex characteristics such as multi-source, multi-level and dynamic uncertainty, which make energy efficiency analysis and evaluation very difficult. The evaluation index system of energy efficiency of discrete manufacturing system is constructed from three aspects: manufacturing equipment, processing tasks and products. The improved Bayesian probability evaluation model is adopted for energy efficiency evaluation. In determining the weight link, the dynamic modified AHM method is combined with entropy weight method to make up the uncertainty of the structure and parameters of the Bayesian model, and to synthesize the subjective and objective two …
Multi-Frame Fusion Method For Point Cloud Of Lidar Based On Imu, Yanguo Zhang, Li Qing
Multi-Frame Fusion Method For Point Cloud Of Lidar Based On Imu, Yanguo Zhang, Li Qing
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problem that in the process of using 16-line laser radar to realize environment perception, the point cloud data is sparse, which leads to the difficulty of target detection and tracking, a new method of LiDAR point cloud fusion based on inertial measurement unit (IMU) is proposed. The method establishes a multi-frame LiDAR point cloud data fusion model, which can effectively use historical point cloud data and detection results to obtain more environmental information, and improve the detection accuracy and tracking ability of target objects. 16-line laser radar and the self-developed IMU sensor are used to conduct …
Modeling And Simulation Of C2 System For Intercepting Lss Targets, Zhipeng Zhang, Su Zhong
Modeling And Simulation Of C2 System For Intercepting Lss Targets, Zhipeng Zhang, Su Zhong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: For analyzing the characteristics of low slow small (LSS) targets, a model of command and control (C2) system is established, the corresponding strategy is designed, and the designed scenario is simulated, which can improve the interception effect of the system on LSS targets. In the part of modeling, the trajectory of the target is plotted, the radar information is analyzed, the coordinate transformation between the parts is designed, and the track fusion is designed, which can improve discovery process. As the different characteristics of LSS targets, combined with the limited resources for intercepting weapons, the threat assessment strategies and …
Collaborative Optimal Scheduling Method For Production And Energy Consumption In Discrete Manufacturing Process, Wenjie Chen, Wang Yan
Collaborative Optimal Scheduling Method For Production And Energy Consumption In Discrete Manufacturing Process, Wenjie Chen, Wang Yan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The collaborative optimization of manufacturing process and energy consumption is one of the hot research issues in intelligent optimization manufacturing. To solve the scheduling optimization problem of discrete manufacturing process, a coordinated scheduling optimization of production and energy consumption with the shortest processing time and lowest energy consumption is established. The model proposes an improved differential evolution algorithm based on adaptive mutation and crossover probability factor to solve the optimal scheduling problem. By establishing the operation-based coding method, the application of continuous algorithm in discrete optimization scheduling problem is realized by using ascending ordering rules. The effectiveness of …
Simulation Study On Control Performance Of Pmsm-Dtc Under Different Switching Tables, Haoyuan Luo, Dengke Yuan, Zongjie Hu
Simulation Study On Control Performance Of Pmsm-Dtc Under Different Switching Tables, Haoyuan Luo, Dengke Yuan, Zongjie Hu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In the motion system of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) under direct torque control (DTC), the inverter produces high-frequency common-mode voltage (CMV) based on the switching table when outputting voltage vectors, and its double-closed-loop Bang-Bang control structure also causes current harmonic distortion and high-frequency ripple of the torque. A simulation model is established for PMSM motion system under DTC based on Matlab/Simulink using different switching tables, where performance and CMV between 7 vectors and 6 vectors switching tables are compared respectively. The results demonstrate that both have similar dynamic performance; relative to 6 vectors switching table, 7 vectors switching …
Simulation Study Of Ev Sharing Service In Huadu District, Guangzhou, Tingting Li, Jianping Wu
Simulation Study Of Ev Sharing Service In Huadu District, Guangzhou, Tingting Li, Jianping Wu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Electric vehicle (EV) sharing service plays an important role in the construction of the intelligent city, which can reduce the traffic emissions and cut down the ownership of private cars. In order to explore the traffic and environment effectiveness of the car sharing service, this paper builds a microscopic simulation model of EV sharing service. Based on the survey data, a simulation model containing 51 intersections and 107 roads is conducted. Considering 5 different traffic scenes, the paper evaluates the service from various viewpoints. The results demonstrate that there is no distinct influence on the traffic efficiency. However, …
Simulation Of Wind Power Prediction Based On Improved Elm, Wang Hao, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Simulation Of Wind Power Prediction Based On Improved Elm, Wang Hao, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To predict the range of ultra-short-term wind power fluctuation effectively, a combined forecasting model based on fuzzy information granulation (FIG) and genetic algorithm optimization extreme learning machine (GA-ELM) is proposed. The parameters of wind power are granulated by fuzzy information, and the corresponding valid information including the maximal value, the minimum value, and the general average value in time series window is further extracted. By integrating the effective components of each parameter as training samples, the GA-ELM-based prediction model is established. The range of wind power fluctuation in next time series is forecasted through using the optimized model. The …
Target Tracking Simulation For Unmarked Augmented Reality System Based On Kcf, Zhili Zhang, Wang Chao, Long Yong, Shaodi Wang
Target Tracking Simulation For Unmarked Augmented Reality System Based On Kcf, Zhili Zhang, Wang Chao, Long Yong, Shaodi Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: An AR system based on the kernelized correlation filter (KCF) target tracking is designed for solving the problem of the insufficiency of tracking in the unmarked augmented reality (AR). The KCF is used to identify and track the targets. The relevant parameters of the camera position are imported. The openGL graphical program interface is called to load the precast object onto the target. The KCF simulation experiment is carried out to track the target with visual studio. The results show that the AR application system based on KCF method can effectively improve the real-time performance of target tracking, and …
Key Points Analysis And Simulation For System Design Of Airborne Was-Gmti Radar, Yan He, Daiyin Zhu
Key Points Analysis And Simulation For System Design Of Airborne Was-Gmti Radar, Yan He, Daiyin Zhu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Wide area surveillance-ground moving target detection (WAS-GMTI) mode is one of the important modes for most multi-functional airborne radar. System design of the WAS-GMTI mode can affect the final moving targets detection and tracking abilities to a great extent. Therefore, research focuses on the system design of multi-channel WAS-GMTI radar system. The expression of WAS-GMTI radar echo (including the crab angle) is derived. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) and clutter to noise ratio (CNR) are presented. These are the preparations and foundations for the further discussion. Four key points are detailedly analyzed in the process of system design of …
Collision Avoidance Performance Improvement For Tcas In Multi-Aircraft Situations Based On State Prediction, Tang Jun, Fen Zhu, Wan Yu, Songyang Lao
Collision Avoidance Performance Improvement For Tcas In Multi-Aircraft Situations Based On State Prediction, Tang Jun, Fen Zhu, Wan Yu, Songyang Lao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Currently the density of the airspace increases with the air traffic flow increasing significantly, and therefore the conflict occurrence possibility of two or multiple aircraft raises. However, the traffic collision avoidance system （TCAS） may not be able to resolve all the collision problems of multi-threat situation. There is an active demand to improve its performance in multi-threat situation. This paper mathematically describes the traditional TCAS anti-collision mechanism, and achieves its expansion in the horizontal direction, thus proposes the improvement algorithm of collision avoidance performance for TCAS in multi-aircraft situations based on the state prediction. Adjusting the height and vertical …
Evaluation Model On The Vulnerability Of Mining Area Ecosystem Based On Object-Function Petri Net, Su Jia, Guangqiu Huang
Evaluation Model On The Vulnerability Of Mining Area Ecosystem Based On Object-Function Petri Net, Su Jia, Guangqiu Huang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Introducing the concept of function into traditional object Petri net, a new evaluation model of ecosystem vulnerability named object-function Petri net model (OFPNEM) was put forward. The facilitating and suppressing factors of the ecosystem degradation were analyzed in this evaluation model. Trigger conditions of vulnerability were depicted as transitions and the state of ecosystem in the process of change were depicted as object places. Logical causality of environmental degradation could be represented directly. Furthermore, evaluation model on the vulnerability of mining area ecosystem based on object-function Petri net was proposed. Through object-function Petri net, combining the rules of model, …
Numerical Study On Energy Absorption Mechanism Of Sandwich Plates Under Blast Loading, Jinlei Mu, Shaosong Min, Peng Fei
Numerical Study On Energy Absorption Mechanism Of Sandwich Plates Under Blast Loading, Jinlei Mu, Shaosong Min, Peng Fei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to study the anti-explosion ability and energy absorption mechanism of the sandwich plates under blast loading, the FEM software Abaqus/Explict is used to simulate the response process of the solid plate and the sandwich plate. The solid plate is modeled with shell elements and continuum elements respectively. The results show the elements type has little effect on the results. During the same condition the deformation of the front plate is bigger than the solid plate, while the deformation of the back plate is smaller than the solid plate. The external force work mainly converses the kinetic energy …