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Articles 3811 - 3840 of 4223

Full-Text Articles in Systems Science

Trust Evaluation Model Based On Fuzzy Set And D-S Evidence Theory In Wireless Sensor Network, Zhiping Zhou, Xiaoxiao Zhao, Nannan Shao Jan 2019

Trust Evaluation Model Based On Fuzzy Set And D-S Evidence Theory In Wireless Sensor Network, Zhiping Zhou, Xiaoxiao Zhao, Nannan Shao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A trust evaluation model based on fuzzy set and D-S evidence in wireless sensor network is proposed. Considering security requirements and energy consumption, three typical trust factors are defined to calculate node’s direct trust which is for fuzzy classification by using fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy membership function is the basic belief function of the D-S evidence theory. Indirect trust is obtained from neighbor nodes’ recommendations, the direct trust and indirect trust are fused according to Dempster combination rule after being amended with weight. The effective combination of identity-based cryptosystem and the trust management mechanism improve the security …

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Modeling And Simulation Of Bank Network System With Internet Monetary Fund, Fan Hong, Wang Ke, Zhijie Wang Jan 2019

Modeling And Simulation Of Bank Network System With Internet Monetary Fund, Fan Hong, Wang Ke, Zhijie Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: There are some internet monetary funds such as “Yuebao” becoming an important part of banking system in China in recent years. What kinds of the characteristics and stability of the banking system running are the most urgent problem needed to be solved. Based on the method of the network system dynamics, the dynamical relationship between the internet money fund and traditional bank network is analyzed, and a dynamical algorithm and process of borrowing-lending are provided. A simulation model of banking network system with the internet monetary fund is constructed, which can realize the running process of the banking network …

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Group Consensus Of Multi-Agent Networks With Multiple Time Delays, Lianghao Ji, Xinyue Zhao Jan 2019

Group Consensus Of Multi-Agent Networks With Multiple Time Delays, Lianghao Ji, Xinyue Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The group consensus problems for first-order and second-order multi-agent networks with multiple time delays are investigated respectively. Based on the theory of frequency-domain, some algebraic criteria are analytically proposed, which can guarantee the achievement of group consensus. The results show that the input time delays, the coupling weights and the coupling strengths between the agents play key roles in reaching group consensus, whereas communication time delays can only affect the convergence rate of the systems. The validity of the results is verified by several simulated examples.

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Progress Of Quantum Information System And Its Scale Model Test, Miao Qiang, Dewei Wu Jan 2019

Progress Of Quantum Information System And Its Scale Model Test, Miao Qiang, Dewei Wu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In the free-space quantum information technology application fields, such as the quantum communication system, the quantum positioning/navigation system and the quantum radar system, the non-ideal channel environment can cause quantum fading effect to destroy the availability of the whole quantum system. The development of the channel fading experiment of the quantum information transmission system was summarized and analyzed. The scale model experiment idea of the free-space quantum transmission system was put forward: the whole free-space quantum transmission system including the channel environmentwas reduced in size with a big scale factor to establish a scale model system; the operational principle, …

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Research And Implementation Of Antisubmarine Combatvisual Simulation System, Zhang Xin, Gao Yan, Zhang Jian, Changbo Wang Jan 2019

Research And Implementation Of Antisubmarine Combatvisual Simulation System, Zhang Xin, Gao Yan, Zhang Jian, Changbo Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: This paper constructs visual simulation framework of antisubmarine combat. The sea surface mesh was modeled using projected grid and FFT technologies. Both the sea surface and undersea are finely rendered. The submarine fine rendering algorithm was implemented by considering refraction, Fresnel reflection, Godray and underwater fog effect and using Shader technology, so as to build a realistic battlefield environment. The method of interpolation processing for data in WGS84 coordinates of latitude and longitude through local area network was proposed; the displacement interpolation and rotation interpolation were implemented by calculating the ratio between the current timestamp and both before and …

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Forestry Felling & Cultivation Machine Virtual Training System Based On Unity3d, Bowen Cheng, Yili Zheng, Qingqing Huang, Jinhao Liu Jan 2019

Forestry Felling & Cultivation Machine Virtual Training System Based On Unity3d, Bowen Cheng, Yili Zheng, Qingqing Huang, Jinhao Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A forestry felling & cultivation machine virtual training system based on Unity3D was developed. The models of forestry felling & cultivation machine were built up using 3dsMAX with the assistance of SolidWorks based on a forestry felling & cultivation machine. The models of forestry felling & cultivation machine and trees were imported into Unity3D to create a virtual operating environment. Each part of forestry felling & cultivation machine needs to be processed for the establishment of paternity in accordance with the simulation, the corresponding mathematical model was established to simulate the motion of the manipulator based on the analysis …

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Infrared Scene Generation Technology Based On Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation Of Mos Resistance Arrays, Shanjun Tang, Minmin Song, Biyun Wang, Zhang Yu Jan 2019

Infrared Scene Generation Technology Based On Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation Of Mos Resistance Arrays, Shanjun Tang, Minmin Song, Biyun Wang, Zhang Yu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To simulate the dynamic infrared scene of infrared guided missile in the hardware-in-the-loop simulation, the researches on the modeling of the target, background and flare and the simulation using MOS resistance arrays are carried out. The infrared countermeasure scene which is applicable to the hardware-in-the-loop simulation is generated by the modeling software, and the infrared radiation model and motion model of the typical target, background and flare are established. The models are verified and corrected by the investigated data of the current main fighters and their infrared flares. The dynamic infrared scene is simulated according to the infrared scene …

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Design And Characteristic Analysis Of Floating Flux-Controlled Meminductor Emulator, Yang Ling, Shi Ying, Bingmeng Hu, Chen Lu, Su Jing Jan 2019

Design And Characteristic Analysis Of Floating Flux-Controlled Meminductor Emulator, Yang Ling, Shi Ying, Bingmeng Hu, Chen Lu, Su Jing

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A mathematical model of a flux-controlled meminductoris proposed, which is directly from the definition. A practical floating flux-controlled meminductor emulator is implemented with common off-the-shelf components based on the model, which does not contain any memristor.In the different signals and parameters, the system-level circuit simulation experiments are presented by Matlab and Multisim simulation platform.The implementation of hardware circuit and the results of performance tests are presented. Software simulation and hardware test results show that the flux-current relation of the equivalent meminductor typically behaves as a pinched hysteresis loop characteristic and depends on the frequencies and amplitudes …

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Simulation And Analysis Of Forced Caving Blasting Scheme For Overburden Steep Inclined Strata In Coal Mining, Tiejun Cui, Yundong Ma, Laigui Wang Jan 2019

Simulation And Analysis Of Forced Caving Blasting Scheme For Overburden Steep Inclined Strata In Coal Mining, Tiejun Cui, Yundong Ma, Laigui Wang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: According to the actual situation of overburden steep inclined strata with horizontal fracture, the reasonable goaf forced caving blasting schemes are studied. Considering overburden characteristic and representative, two schemes are put forward with the attachment perpendicular to their break point locations. By setting different places of blasting points, the different directions of blasting and blasting area are determined, and the overlying strata movement and development characteristics of blasting fracture are analyzed. The overlying strata movement range is larger and can develop to the surface after blasting; The conclusion is that the influence range of the fracture is wide in …

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Method And Simulation Of Gradual Rough Milling Based On Surface Deformation, Xiulin Sui, Xiaoqi Chen, Jianghua Ge Jan 2019

Method And Simulation Of Gradual Rough Milling Based On Surface Deformation, Xiulin Sui, Xiaoqi Chen, Jianghua Ge

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In view of uneven allowance and rough surface of traditional equal height stratification for rough milling, a gradual hierarchy process method was proposed. As the model established by T-spline surface has unified parameter domain, an improved variable distance offset method was used to define the rules of surface deformation, and a series of deformation surface sequences were obtained. The cutting depth, tool radius and other machining parameters were used as constraint conditions so as to get the sequence of processing layers. By planning the tool path of each layer, the whole tool path of gradual hierarchy process which was …

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Modeling And Simulation Of Pid Networked Control Systems Based On Neural Network, Zhanzhi Qiu, Shifeng Li Jan 2019

Modeling And Simulation Of Pid Networked Control Systems Based On Neural Network, Zhanzhi Qiu, Shifeng Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: According to the problems of the delay compensation and PID parameters tuning of networked control systems, a class of rapid PID networked control systems based on improved BP network was proposed. Considering the problems of obtaining hidden layer nodes number and local optimum of the BP network delay prediction model, a calculation method was proposed to obtain hidden layer nodes number, and an improved genetic algorithm was proposed to train the BP network. Considering the problems of integral saturation, parameters tuning and model mismatch of the PID network control systems, a PID parameter adjuster was designed based on …

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Risk Analysis Of Semitrailer Overtaking On Curved Sections Based On Dynamic Simulation, Zhang Chi, Qi Chen, Xiaomin Yan, Dongjian Shao, Zhang Min Jan 2019

Risk Analysis Of Semitrailer Overtaking On Curved Sections Based On Dynamic Simulation, Zhang Chi, Qi Chen, Xiaomin Yan, Dongjian Shao, Zhang Min

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To study the safety of semitrailers corner overtaking behavior, the dynamic model of vehicle, the road model and the drivers' aiming trajectory model were developed by multi-body dynamics simulation software TruckSim. The semitrailers were simulated in separate working conditions by changing the super-elevations, circular curve radius, vehicle turning radius and speed. Lateral load transfer rate was invoked as the evaluation index for evaluating the vehicle's safety. The model of six axle semitrailer side tumbling stability prediction was established through the Spss regression; the risk of overtaking on five separate bends of a western highway was evaluated by the model. …

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L2-Gain Robust Control For Flexible Joints And Flexible Link Space Robot, Lijiao Zhang, Chen Li Jan 2019

L2-Gain Robust Control For Flexible Joints And Flexible Link Space Robot, Lijiao Zhang, Chen Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The trajectory tracking and the double flexible vibration active suppression control for free-floating space robot with flexible-joints and flexible-link were proposed. The dynamic equation of the system was established according to system’s momentum conservation and Lagrange method. A singular perturbation model was established by integral manifold method, and the system was decomposed into a fast subsystem of flexible-joint which used the speed difference between the feedbacks of control law to suppress the elastic vibration of flexible-joints, a fast subsystemof flexible-link which designed optimal linear quadratic regulator (LQR) to damp out the vibration of the flexible manipulator and …

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Pmsm Parameter Identification Using Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization With Levy Flight, Jinbao Chen, Li Jie, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji Jan 2019

Pmsm Parameter Identification Using Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization With Levy Flight, Jinbao Chen, Li Jie, Wang Yan, Zhicheng Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: High precision parameters are the key for permanent magnet synchronous motor to realize high performance control. To overcome the shortages of slow speed and low identification accuracy in traditional identification methods, a novel teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm with Levy flight is proposed to identify the PMSM parameters. The algorithm introduces adaptive teaching factor and self-learning strategy to improve the convergence speed. As for learning phase, a Levy flight stochastic process is introduced to improve the optimization strategy so that the algorithm can enhance the ability to keep the balance between exploration and exploitation. The simulation results show that the novel …

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Improved Bp Neural Network Of Heat Load Forecasting Based On Temperature And Date Type, Li Qi, Zhao Feng Jan 2019

Improved Bp Neural Network Of Heat Load Forecasting Based On Temperature And Date Type, Li Qi, Zhao Feng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The heat load forecasting provides data support for urban district heating systems, which is the basis of need-based heating. The change of heat load is greatly influenced by various exterior factors, especially the outdoor temperature. To meet demand of heating system, save energy and balance the comfort of human body, a kind of improved BP neural network method is proposed by temperature and date type. The temperature and date type are quantified and the heat load forecasting model is established by using BP neural network. To guarantee prediction accuracy, the genetic algorithm is used to optimize the weights and …

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Simulation And Experimental Research On Real-Time Nurbs Interpolator For Industrial Robot, Zhang Tie, Wentao Gong, Yanbiao Zou Jan 2019

Simulation And Experimental Research On Real-Time Nurbs Interpolator For Industrial Robot, Zhang Tie, Wentao Gong, Yanbiao Zou

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A real-time non uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) path interpolator with look-ahead algorithm for six-axis industrial robot is investigated. The algorithm consists of two modules: the global interpolation of the NURBS, and the look-ahead interpolator. The parametric equation of NURBS is built based on the parameter u and v, and the smooth NURBS curve is achieved from several teaching points. The velocity constraint equations are introduced initially based on chord error and centripetal acceleration, and the look-ahead velocity plan and the interpolator are investigated. The current strategy is compared with the trapezoidal acceleration and deceleration interpolator in a real-time controller …

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Simulation Of Blade Tip Grooving Effect On Performance Of Twin-Stage Variable-Pitch Axial Fan, Xuemin Ye, Jiankun Zhang, Chunxi Li Jan 2019

Simulation Of Blade Tip Grooving Effect On Performance Of Twin-Stage Variable-Pitch Axial Fan, Xuemin Ye, Jiankun Zhang, Chunxi Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For a twin-stage variable-pitch axial fan, a novel blade tip treatment carving a chute from the pressure side to suction side is proposed, and fan performance under different blade tip treatments is simulated to determine the excellent treatment. The effects of blade tip grooving in a single stage or both stages on fan performance and internal dynamics are examined. Numerical results show that both blade tip treatments can improve the fan performance; the overall promotion of fan performance illustrates that the best scheme is the blade tip grooving in the first stage followed by the blade tip grooving …

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Important Object Recognition Method For C4Isr System Based On Operation Traffic Mining, Zhou Fang, Chu Wei, Wendi Cheng Jan 2019

Important Object Recognition Method For C4Isr System Based On Operation Traffic Mining, Zhou Fang, Chu Wei, Wendi Cheng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Considering the problem of vital object recognition for C4ISR system under confrontation condition, a vital object recognition method based on operation traffic mining is proposed. The system operation traffics are collected, the operation data packet describing model is established based on six attribute group described method. The operation traffic association matrix and connectivity matrix are built based on the source IP and destination IP address on data packet. The inflow and outflow operation traffics about system node are counted, and the system vital computation model is established based on statistical traffics as the measurement criteria of system …

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Prediction Of Aircraft Cabin Energy Consumption Based On Improved Cooperative Pso Neural Network, Xiuyan Wang, Yanmin Liu, Gewen Zhang, Zongshuai Li, Jiaquan Lin Jan 2019

Prediction Of Aircraft Cabin Energy Consumption Based On Improved Cooperative Pso Neural Network, Xiuyan Wang, Yanmin Liu, Gewen Zhang, Zongshuai Li, Jiaquan Lin

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To correctly evaluate the energy needs of the aircraft cabin and to predict the energy consumption of the aircraft cabin with higher accuracy, an energy consumption prediction method based on improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) neural network algorithm parameters is proposed. The method combines the cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm with chaotic particle swarm optimization algorithm. On the basis of cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm chaos theory is introduced. Continuous search ability by using chaos optimization method to overcome the collaborative optimization algorithm is easy to fall into the local extremum problem. The parameters of the neural network can …

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Design Of Third-Order Zero-Free Mracs Taking State Variables From Model, Qian Chao, Song Fei Jan 2019

Design Of Third-Order Zero-Free Mracs Taking State Variables From Model, Qian Chao, Song Fei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Since the current design method of the relative order n*≥3 MRACS taking state variables from model introduces some linear positive feedback loops, so it is difficult to be used in practical systems. This paper took the third-order zero-free (n*=3) system as the study object and designed the controller for third-order zero-free MRACS taking state variables from model by using the zero state equivalence relation between two different control systems. The design method of the controller is based on the Popov hyperstability theory. The controller only used integrators except for a differentiator and avoided introducing linear …

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Ultra-Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting Based On Ceemd And Chaos Theory, Lijie Wang, Zhang Li, Zhang Yan Jan 2019

Ultra-Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting Based On Ceemd And Chaos Theory, Lijie Wang, Zhang Li, Zhang Yan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: This paper studies the ultra-short-term prediction of wind power generating capacity by means of CEEMD and chaos theory. Wind power time series is decomposed by CEEMD to decrease the non-stationary of time series. CEEMD can overcome the modal aliasing problem of EMD. The phase space reconstruction method is used to extract characteristics of each sequence, which provides the basis for the selection of input dimension when building a model. The least squares support vector machine models are built for each sequence and the prediction are made separately. The predicted results are added to get the final prediction. Simulation is …

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Comparative Study Of Photovoltaic Islanding Detection Based On Sms And Afd, Yunjun Yu, Guoying Zhong, Ruixiang Fan, Qingzhao Ji, Jianyong Zhu Jan 2019

Comparative Study Of Photovoltaic Islanding Detection Based On Sms And Afd, Yunjun Yu, Guoying Zhong, Ruixiang Fan, Qingzhao Ji, Jianyong Zhu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: There are many islanding detection methods, especially the active islanding detection method. It is difficult to choose the best method among so many active islanding detection methods in practice. In this paper, the non-detection zone (NDZ), detection speed and their effect to power quality of slide-mode frequency shift (SMS) method and active frequency drift (AFD) were researched. The results show that SMS is superior to AFD at the aspect of the effect on power quality when they have same NDZ. While the detection speed of SMS has big difference under different parameters. The Islanding detection model was built …

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Sliding Backstepping Mode Control For Flight Simulator Servo Based On Disturbance Compensation And Differentiator, Huibo Liu, Shanglei Liu Jan 2019

Sliding Backstepping Mode Control For Flight Simulator Servo Based On Disturbance Compensation And Differentiator, Huibo Liu, Shanglei Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Considering the uncertain factors in flight simulator servo system, such as friction torque and modeling error, a sliding backstepping mode control strategy based on the nonlinear extended state observer (NESO) and differentiator was put forward. The uncertain factors were defined as compound disturbances, and the NESO was used for observations in combination with real-time compensations that reduced impact on the system brought by disturbances. Differentiator was used to estimate the system state variables, hence preventing the noise amplifications caused by the difference method; law design came under the control of a sliding backstepping mode controller designed in accordance with …

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Improved Model Reference Adaptive And Its Application In Grinding Process, Zhou Ying, Chen Yang, Bin Yue Jan 2019

Improved Model Reference Adaptive And Its Application In Grinding Process, Zhou Ying, Chen Yang, Bin Yue

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the characteristics between a ball mill and a grader during the grinding process such as multi variable, strong-coupling and parameter time variation, after decoupling the mathematical model, a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) method for online automatic gain adjustment by differential evolution algorithm is proposed. Due to return sand and water supply and other factors bringing uncertainty to the controlled object model, it needs to adjust constantly adaptation gain online through the differential evolution so as to overcome the effects of parameter variations in mine operation process and various kinds of interference to system. Simulation results show …

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Scenario Computing For Analysis Of Deep Uncertainty Systems, Liu Yi, Gangqiao Wang, Zhipeng Wu, Zhenqiang Fan, Yongqiang Chen Jan 2019

Scenario Computing For Analysis Of Deep Uncertainty Systems, Liu Yi, Gangqiao Wang, Zhipeng Wu, Zhenqiang Fan, Yongqiang Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A method of scenario computing is developed for modeling systems with deep uncertainty. The method consists three complementary parts: hybrid modelling, diverse computing, and interactive validation. Hybrid modelling is to dynamically develop models with merging historical knowledges and observed information. Diversity computation is to simulate multiple plausible scenarios about system future. Interactive validation helps scenario computing process being on the right way instead of deviating. Two cases are provided in this paper applying scenario computing, one is earthquake and the other is driving and transportation. The results show good performance of scenario computing method in modeling uncertainty systems.

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Multi-Dimension Proportion-Differential Nonlinear Pilot Model And Simulation Application, Weian Jiang Jan 2019

Multi-Dimension Proportion-Differential Nonlinear Pilot Model And Simulation Application, Weian Jiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: For better simulated study of pilot’s accident avoidance ability and pilot induced oscillation (PIO) characteristic of a man-aircraft close loop system, a method of “physiology-psychology-physiology” is presented to divide pilot models into three parts of input(signal), processing(decision making) and output(action), and a new multi-dimension proportion-differential nonlinear pilot model (MPDNLPM) is presented also. Simulated study is performed by simulated control of an aircraft pitch control model under backside tracking status for carrier landing. Conclusion: 1) The control performance of the man-aircraft system is slightly better than an ideal proportional control. 2) PIO is possible for well-trained pilot. 3) Proper anticipation, …

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Research On Interaction Model Of Hand Tracking Based On Cognitive Theory, Shaobai Zhang, Zhang Teng Jan 2019

Research On Interaction Model Of Hand Tracking Based On Cognitive Theory, Shaobai Zhang, Zhang Teng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: This paper aims to solve the problems in a vector integration to endpoint (VITE) model of human reaching and grasping under perturbations of object size, distance and orientation. We discuss how to reduce the numbers of disturbances of three main kinds of components: hand/wrist transport, grip aperture and hand orientation. Based on the achievements of cognitive psychology, and a tracking and cognitive model for operational 3D gestures, this paper proposes a new divide-and-conquer model that is used for indicating current grasping status and to trigger three main kinds of methods of when to start or stop working. The model …

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Lateral Force Measurement And Processing Of Planar Air-Bearing System For Microgravity Simulation, Xinfeng Li, Xiang Dong, Xinghua Tian, Wei Wei Jan 2019

Lateral Force Measurement And Processing Of Planar Air-Bearing System For Microgravity Simulation, Xinfeng Li, Xiang Dong, Xinghua Tian, Wei Wei

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: An approach of direct force measurement is proposed to estimate the lateral force of a planar air cushion system. Lateral force gauges are arranged around the planar air bearing platform with preloading force exerted before afloat. Lateral force and its torque with respect to the geometric center can be obtained from the gauge variations while the afloat system reaches balance. Friction coefficient in every touch-spot can be evaluated with least square state estimation, which changes to a generic minimum problem with constraints since its solution matrix has a rank deficit. The analysis based on the test of a specified …

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Mechanism Of Biofouling Control On Micro-Structured Surface, Chunxi Li, Quanxi Xue, Zhang Shuo, Xuemin Ye Jan 2019

Mechanism Of Biofouling Control On Micro-Structured Surface, Chunxi Li, Quanxi Xue, Zhang Shuo, Xuemin Ye

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Changing the wall microstructure geometry can improve the performance of surface antifouling and selfcleaning. A 3D numerical simulation of microfluidic in the near-wall region attached with microorganisms is performed with Fluent, and the kinetic and dynamic characteristics of fluid in the near- wall region are examined. The inherent mechanism of antifouling on microwell surfaces is discussed. Results reveal that streamwise vortices are formed in the microwells, thus the distinctly periodic fluctuations of velocity, strain rate and wall shear stress on microwell surfaces are exhibited, resulting in the interference on microorganisms migration and the harder adhesion of microorganisms to …

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Study On Design And Simulation Of Pyramidal Horn Antenna, Denghua Li, Fangfang Ji, Hao Cui, Wenbai Chen Jan 2019

Study On Design And Simulation Of Pyramidal Horn Antenna, Denghua Li, Fangfang Ji, Hao Cui, Wenbai Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to study the low-profile panel antenna that works in Ku band (12.25’12.75GHz), a high-gain Pyramidal horn antenna is designed as the unit of low-profile panel antenna. To meet dual polarization, it was taken into account that the radiation aperture of antenna unit has symmetric structure. Thus the feed waveguide is designed into a square waveguide. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated and optimized for antenna gain with HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) software. Simulated results show that: in the Ku band, the reflection coefficient is less than -21dB; and the VSWR …

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