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Articles 2431 - 2460 of 4159
Full-Text Articles in Systems Science
Real-Time Leaf Recognition Method Based On Cnn Network And Multi-Task Loss Function, Xingquan Cai, Yuxin Tu, Yakun Ge, Zhe Yang
Real-Time Leaf Recognition Method Based On Cnn Network And Multi-Task Loss Function, Xingquan Cai, Yuxin Tu, Yakun Ge, Zhe Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the problems that the traditional leaf recognition is susceptible to the environmental interference and is difficult to realize the multi-leaf real-time recognition in complex background, a real-time leaf recognition method based on CNN network and multi-task loss function is proposed. The CNN network is used to the extract image feature maps and input them into RPN network to generate regional proposals. On the basis of the feature maps and region proposals, the feature map is proposaled, the leaf classification and bounding box regression are performed respectively, and the leaf classification and position of the leaf prediction box …
Hyperspectral Image Anomaly Detection Based On Background Reconstruction, Xiaorui Song, Zou Ling, Lingda Wu, Wanpeng Xu
Hyperspectral Image Anomaly Detection Based On Background Reconstruction, Xiaorui Song, Zou Ling, Lingda Wu, Wanpeng Xu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In the anomaly detection of hyperspectral images (HSIs), aiming at the difficulty of distinguishing the abnormal target from the background and the low accuracy of background prediction, a new HSI anomaly detection algorithm based on background sparse reconstruction is proposed. An online dictionary learning method is used to estimate the background spectral dictionary. The estimated background image is sparse reconstructed by the learning dictionary. The estimated background image is subtracted from the origin image to get the residual image. The anomaly detection is achieved by using the local RX detector to traverse the residual image. The effectiveness of the …
Human Depth Maps Restoration Based On Guided Gan, Jingfang Yin, Dengming Zhu, Shi Min, Zhaoqi Wang
Human Depth Maps Restoration Based On Guided Gan, Jingfang Yin, Dengming Zhu, Shi Min, Zhaoqi Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The depth maps captured by a small depth camera on mobile devices suffer from the problem of severe holes. The Guided Generative Adversarial Network (Guided GAN) based on deep learning is proposed to restore human depth maps with above problems. The high-precision human segmentation features and depth class features are extracted from the monocular RGB image by the guider based on the stacked hourglass network. The holes in the human depth maps are filled by the special generator under the guidance of the extracted human features. In order to get the more realistic results, the discriminator is introduced …
Modeling And Visualization On Scalar Fields Of Meteorological Data, Shuoben Bi, Yucheng Gong, Mingyue Lu, Zhou Hao, Yuanxiang Mao
Modeling And Visualization On Scalar Fields Of Meteorological Data, Shuoben Bi, Yucheng Gong, Mingyue Lu, Zhou Hao, Yuanxiang Mao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: There are still many deficiencies in efficiency, interactivity, and accuracy in the visualization of meteorological scalar fields. Aiming at these problems, a display method based on multi-level volume rendering technology is proposed, which processes the spatial field data to form a three-dimensional space grid. Through the dynamic mapping between the scalar values and the color values and transparency, the three-dimensional dynamic visualization effect of the meteorological scalar data is realized. Aiming at the interpolation method for the traditional MC (Marching Cubes) algorithm being not applicable to the meteorological data, and the connection method having ambiguity problem, the improvement method …
Preloading Mechanism Of Large-Scale Web3d Scene Based On Dr Prediction, Huijuan Zhang, Xinqi Guo, Dongqing Wang, Jinyuan Jia
Preloading Mechanism Of Large-Scale Web3d Scene Based On Dr Prediction, Huijuan Zhang, Xinqi Guo, Dongqing Wang, Jinyuan Jia
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the loading efficiency of large-scale Web3D scene, a mechanism based on DR prediction is proposed. It combines the DR track prediction algorithm and historical path-based interest path clustering algorithm to track the field. The medium path prediction and path clustering in the traffic domain are applied to the virtual scene loading field, and a preloading mechanism of the Web3D scene is proposed. Experiment results show that the preloading mechanism can significantly improve the data transmission efficiency, optimize the loading speed of large-scale Web3D scene, and effectively improve the roaming experience of users in Web3D scene. …
A Survey On Graph Representation And Visualization Techniques, Chen Yi, Menglu Zhang, Yuchai Wan
A Survey On Graph Representation And Visualization Techniques, Chen Yi, Menglu Zhang, Yuchai Wan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A graph consists of nodes and edges, and represents the relationship between two or more entities. Graph-based analysis can help understand the structure and nature of the entity relationships and reveal the implicit relationships in graphs. The representation and visualization methods of graphs play an important role in the graph analysis. In graph visualization research, the accuracy of knowledge transfer and people's mental map, etc. should be considered first, then the graphs beauty, the time requirement, and the computer performance. The graph representation methods, graph layout algorithms, visualization methods based on node-link-graphs, adjacency matrices, and graph embedding are reviewed, …
Learning Expression Recognition Based On Image Sequence, Suqin Wang, Zhang Feng, Yudou Gao, Shi Min
Learning Expression Recognition Based On Image Sequence, Suqin Wang, Zhang Feng, Yudou Gao, Shi Min
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: By recognizing the facial expressions, the emotional state of learner can be judged and their learning effect can be analyzed. Due to the persistence and timing of facial expressions, the sequence of facial images is adopted as the object of facial expression recognition. The Long Short Term Memory Network (LSTM) and VGGNet are combined into a VGGNET-LSTM model. On this basis, facial expression recognition is carried out, which significantly improves the accuracy of recognition. Based on the transfer learning method, VGGNet is transferred to the learning expression data set after being pre-trained through the basic expression data set CK+ …
An Adaptable Vr Software Framework For Collaborative Multi-Modal Haptic And Immersive Visual Display, Guo Yuan, Qianqian Tong, Yukai Zheng, Ziqi Wang, Yuru Zhang, Dangxiao Wang
An Adaptable Vr Software Framework For Collaborative Multi-Modal Haptic And Immersive Visual Display, Guo Yuan, Qianqian Tong, Yukai Zheng, Ziqi Wang, Yuru Zhang, Dangxiao Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The spatiotemporal consistency of multi-modal haptic and immersive visual feedback, as well as the integration of hardware devices in the existing VR software framework, restricts the rapid development of visuo-haptic fusion scenarios in different industries such as medical, business, and entertainment. In order to tackle this problem, an adaptable VR software framework combining multi-modal haptic and immersive visual display is proposed. To meet the different requirements of visual rendering, haptic rendering and hardware control, the double-layer and three-layer architectures are devised according to the different precision requirements of visuo-haptic fusion feedback. Experimental results show that the framework has the …
Study On Flywheel Automotive-Brake Energy Recovery System, Juhua Huang, Fuzhong Wang, Junping Yang
Study On Flywheel Automotive-Brake Energy Recovery System, Juhua Huang, Fuzhong Wang, Junping Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The generator automotive-braking energy recovery system can only be applied to the new energy vehicles. In order to improve the situation, a kind of flywheel automotive-braking energy recovery system (FAERS) was proposed that could be applied to the traditional vehicles. The structure of the FAERS was designed and its working principle was explained in detail. The working principle of the FAERS and the main structural parameters—the maximum torque of the electromagnetic clutch, the transmission ratio of the energy storage flywheel and the rotational inertia of the energy storage flywheel were simulated in the environment of Matlab-Simulink, which …
Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm Applied To Multi-Objective Optimization Of Crowd Evacuation, Chongjie Dong, Liu Yi, Peng Yong
Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm Applied To Multi-Objective Optimization Of Crowd Evacuation, Chongjie Dong, Liu Yi, Peng Yong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The crowd evacuation problem is a multi-objective optimization problem in large public places under the emergency, but because of the conflict between multiple objectives in multi-objective optimization problem, it is difficult to make the multiple targets achieve the optimal at the same time. The most popular solution is an evolution multi objective optimization algorithm for the characteristics of heuristic search of population and the partial order relation. Cuckoo search algorithm is a new search algorithm which was found in the behavior of cuckoo nest spawning lies, the basic cuckoo search algorithm is lack of vitality, and search is slow. …
Sliding Weighted Least Square Model For Short-Term Wind Power Prediction, Yanfeng Ge, Liang Peng, Liqun Gao, Junchang Zhai
Sliding Weighted Least Square Model For Short-Term Wind Power Prediction, Yanfeng Ge, Liang Peng, Liqun Gao, Junchang Zhai
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A new approach for wind power forecasting was proposed based on sliding window weighted recursive least squares for the defect of wind power short-term prediction in the traditional prediction methods. The historical data was weighted and the perturbation caused by the historical data was ruled out in this method, which focused on the current data on the result of prediction. This made the model have the adaptability to the change of the environment data. The harmony search algorithm was used to optimize the orders and the parameters of the predict model, which could improve the precision and accuracy of …
Modeling Computation Entity Of Cps Based On Dynamic Behavior, Ye Feng, Xia Yang, Zhaoxiang Shen, Yunchao Zhu
Modeling Computation Entity Of Cps Based On Dynamic Behavior, Ye Feng, Xia Yang, Zhaoxiang Shen, Yunchao Zhu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The Cyber-Physical System (CPS) has been highly concerned since it was proposed. However, the key of creating a good CPS system critically depends on the prophase design of the system model. Currently, it has become the focus and difficulty of research at home and abroad that models a CPS system with comprehensive, robustness, security. According to the previous studies, the CPS system was divided into computing entity, physical entity and control entity. A modeling method of computation entity of CPS was provided, which is DBM-UML (Dynamic behavior modeling-UML). With this method, an analysis of the entire system's structure …
Method For Network Security Reinforcement Based On Gscpn Model, Gao Xiang, Liu Yang, Xiaoyuan He
Method For Network Security Reinforcement Based On Gscpn Model, Gao Xiang, Liu Yang, Xiaoyuan He
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the security of networks in whole, a method of making strategies for the network security reinforcement based on Generalized Stochastic Colored Petri Net was proposed. The concepts of host node utilization index and host node key degree were introduced, which enabled the vulnerable nodes that needed repairing sorted by the value of host node key degree. On this basis, security level of the target network was increased by the reinforcement according to the principle of maximum node key degree first. The network instance further validates that the proposed method for network security reinforcement is …
Object Tracking Method Based On Superpixel And Local Sparse Representation, Huixian Yang, Liu Zhao, Liu Yang, Liu Fan, Dilong He
Object Tracking Method Based On Superpixel And Local Sparse Representation, Huixian Yang, Liu Zhao, Liu Yang, Liu Fan, Dilong He
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Due to the appearance changing of target object in object tracking, a tracking algorithm was proposed based on superpixel and local sparse representation (SPS). In training process, a discriminative appearance model was constructed by clustering the segmented train images; sparsity-based histogram of target object was calculated to construct generative appearance model. In tracking, superpixel-based confidence map was obtained, and the confidence values of candidates was sampled and calculated; the similarity between sparsity-based histogram of candidates and target template was computed by using local patches. Then motion model and observation model of candidates according to the confidence values and …
Face Recognition Method Based On Cost-Sensitive Supervised Manifold Learning, Yeqin Cui, Jianguo Gao
Face Recognition Method Based On Cost-Sensitive Supervised Manifold Learning, Yeqin Cui, Jianguo Gao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Existing subspace learning-based face recognition methods assume the same loss from all misclassifications. In the real-world face recognition applications, however, different misclassifications can lead to different losses. Motivated by this concern, a cost-sensitive supervised manifold learning approach for face recognition was proposed. The proposed approach incorporated a cost matrix to specify the different costs associated with misclassifications of subjects, into locality preserving projection algorithm, which devised the corresponding cost-sensitive methods, namely, cost-sensitive locality preserving projections (Cos-Sen LPP), to achieve a minimal overall loss. Three face databases were put into the experiments and experimental results show that Cos-Sen LPP method …
Research Of Under-Determined Blind Source Separation Anti-Collision Algorithm Based On Rfid Frame-Slot, Xiaohong Zhang, Yungang Jin
Research Of Under-Determined Blind Source Separation Anti-Collision Algorithm Based On Rfid Frame-Slot, Xiaohong Zhang, Yungang Jin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: For the algorithm of under-determined blind separation’s result becomes worse as the increasing number of tags, causes the decline of the overall system performance or other issues, a novel parallelizable identification anti-collision algorithm based on NMF and framed-slot was proposed. The number of tags in each slot can be controlled within the optimum range by selecting the reasonable number of slots, remained the best condition of the RFID system. Compared with the Blind Separation and Dynamic Bit-Slot Group (BSDBG) algorithm using the same multi-antenna technology, the simulation results show that the tag identification rate improves from 180% to 389% …
Chimera Grid Methods Applied In Astronautics Aerodynamic Problems, Yuan Wu
Chimera Grid Methods Applied In Astronautics Aerodynamic Problems, Yuan Wu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Structured chimera grid method has been considered as the most applicable technology to solve aerodynamic problems of multi-component configuration aircraft at current stage. Therefore, by using structured chimera technology and CFD method, two typical aerodynamic problems of conventional tactics missile configuration with rudder deflection were thoroughly investigated: i) a simple and practical linear modification model for micro unsymmetry configuration was proposed which could effectively reduce the range of error and eliminate its skewness properties caused by asymmetric separation vortex, while the traditional method introduced lateral aerodynamic error in data transformation; ii) 3-tunnel linear adding model was investigated and the …
Co-Design Between Robust H∞ Guaranteed Cost Fault-Tolerant And Communication For Nncs Based On Event-Triggered, Li Wei, Kun Yan, Yajie Li
Co-Design Between Robust H∞ Guaranteed Cost Fault-Tolerant And Communication For Nncs Based On Event-Triggered, Li Wei, Kun Yan, Yajie Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Based on the discrete event-triggered communication scheme (DETCS), the co-design between robust H∞ guaranteed cost fault-tolerant control and communication was studied for uncertain nonlinear networked control system (NNCS) with actuator failures. Firstly, a new closed-loop failure model was established by introducing the DETCS and adopting state feedback control strategy. Then, based on the Lyapunov stability theory and less-conservative technology, the sufficient condition of NNCS with robust H∞ guaranteed cost was derived, which was the time-delay/event-dependent approach, moreover, some optimal co-design methods between the fault tolerant controller and event-triggered weight matrix were given. Furthermore, the co-design problems of …
Lie Group Modeling And Optimal Control Of Underwater Vehicle, Bai Long, Zhifeng Dong, Xinsheng Ge
Lie Group Modeling And Optimal Control Of Underwater Vehicle, Bai Long, Zhifeng Dong, Xinsheng Ge
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The Lie group modeling method and gauss pseudo-spectral energy optimal control of the underwater vehicle are in research. Simplifying the underwater vehicle to be a free rigid body, in view of the possible large attitude angle maneuvering of the underwater vehicle, importing the concept of lie group and lie algebra, combining with the variation method and Lagrange method, the dynamics equation of the rigid body was derived, translating the tradition expression of the hydrodynamic force to obtain the dynamics equation of the underwater vehicle base on the lie group. With the Gauss pseudo-spectral method, the continue space optimal …
Analysis Of Lateral Force And Deviation Of Permanent Magnetic Levitation Belt Conveyor, Kun Hu, Wang Shuang, Yongcun Guo, Deyong Li
Analysis Of Lateral Force And Deviation Of Permanent Magnetic Levitation Belt Conveyor, Kun Hu, Wang Shuang, Yongcun Guo, Deyong Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: On the basis of reasonable assumptions, lateral force mathematical model of permanent magnetic levitation belt conveyor maglev support system was simulated. The simulation results showed that conveyor lateral force and offset could have a monotonically increasing relationship. If the belt shifted, it would cause an increase in lateral force, which could cause conveyor belt further deviation. The traditional physical anti-deviation measures couldn’t apply to non-contact suspension support. In order to effectively solve the permanent magnetic levitation belt conveyor deviation problem, an automatic offset device was designed and the corresponding control strategy was proposed. The value of the lateral …
Research On Influence Factors Of Head And Face’S Heat Accumulation In Anti-Riot Helmet Based On Simulation, Hongwei Zhuang, Dehai Xiang, Fadong Zhao, Weiwei Zhuang
Research On Influence Factors Of Head And Face’S Heat Accumulation In Anti-Riot Helmet Based On Simulation, Hongwei Zhuang, Dehai Xiang, Fadong Zhao, Weiwei Zhuang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the serious heat accumulation problem to soldiers’ head and face while wearing anti-riot helmets in high temperatures, a 3D model of human head and an anti-riot helmet were established based on CT image data and GA294-2012 Standard of Anti-riot Helmet. The Pennes bio-heat transfer equation was chosen as the control equation, then a "head-helmet" heat transfer model was built. On the platform of ANSYS-Fluent software, the three-dimensional thermal process of "head-helmet" system were numerically simulated. And on the basis the influence brought from anti-riot helmet shell material, buffer layer material and vent hole to head facial …
3d Dynamic Simulation Of Dual Wedge Scanning Imaging System, Ma Jie, Yu Wei, Zhiwei Zhou, Wenxiu Yang, Xuegang Wu
3d Dynamic Simulation Of Dual Wedge Scanning Imaging System, Ma Jie, Yu Wei, Zhiwei Zhou, Wenxiu Yang, Xuegang Wu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Dual wedge scanning is a broad prospect method of next generation Laser imaging system. Due to the unique scanning mode and imaging characteristics, data of dual wedge Laser imaging system is sensitive to parameters and environment, and it is significant in both theory and application to research its feature of time and space. Based on the imaging principle of dual wedge scanning, the dynamic imaging process was modeled and a simulation system in three-dimensional environment was designed. Based on the imaging principle of dual wedge scanning, the dynamic imaging process was modeled and a simulation system in three-dimensional environment …
Traveling Wave Detection Fault Location Method Based On Src And Lcd, Yanfeng Gao, Yongli Zhu, Hongyan Yan, Yuanyuan Zhang
Traveling Wave Detection Fault Location Method Based On Src And Lcd, Yanfeng Gao, Yongli Zhu, Hongyan Yan, Yuanyuan Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The accuracy of fault detection by traveling wave is a key for distance measurement on transmission lines. A new traveling wave detection method was proposed based on SRC (Sampling Rate Conversion) and LCD (Local Characteristic scale Decomposition), which considered quantization error reduction and the signal decomposition. The sampling rate of the current line mode components with fixed sampling rate was converted to realize resampling of reconstructed signal. The local characteristic scale of resampling signal was decomposed and the instantaneous frequency of the first intrinsic scale component was calculated by using Teager energy operator, which identified the moment …
Dynamic Design For Vibratory Compaction System Basing On Chaos Identification, Peihui Shen, Shuwen Lin
Dynamic Design For Vibratory Compaction System Basing On Chaos Identification, Peihui Shen, Shuwen Lin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: According to the shortage of traditional design method and the fact that the effects of nonlinear chaotic vibration on human health were ignored in the research of compaction system, a dynamic design method basing on chaos identification was proposed. A two degree of freedom dynamic model was established and the bifurcation diagrams were described for vibratory compaction system. The dynamic responses of the system were analyzed in the cases of three different soil parameters representing the early, medium and later stage of compacted material. Research shows that, selecting the ratio of the frame quality and the vibration wheel quality …
Design On Parallel Simulation System For Radar/Ir Dual Mode Compound Guidance, Shiming Zhao, Zhiyue Sun
Design On Parallel Simulation System For Radar/Ir Dual Mode Compound Guidance, Shiming Zhao, Zhiyue Sun
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at simulation test requirement for Radar/IR dual mode compound guidance seeker, the HWIL simulation system for dual mode compound guidance based on parallel simulation was designed in detail, the key technology design was studied mainly, which consists of control mode and control relation, compound guidance information fusion and decision-making design, and parallel simulation Space and Time Consistency. The simulation model of parallel simulation system, missile attitude motion error model and target space error model were built for the Space and Time Consistency analysis. The simulation results show that simulation test and evaluation application requirement is satiable, and …
Research On Flame Radical Imaging And Extreme Learning Machine To Prediction Of Nox Emissions, Xinli Li, Li Nan, Yujia Sun, Lu Gang, Yan Yong, Liu Shi
Research On Flame Radical Imaging And Extreme Learning Machine To Prediction Of Nox Emissions, Xinli Li, Li Nan, Yujia Sun, Lu Gang, Yan Yong, Liu Shi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Flame radicals are crucial for an in-depth understanding of the combustion mechanisms. The spectral characteristics of flame radicals were studied based on digital imaging and feature extraction techniques. The information obtained was used to establish the extreme learning machine (ELM) model which can be used to predict the NOx emissions based on the experimental data and digital simulation from a biomass-gas-air combustion process. The digital images of four flame radicals, i.e., OH*, CN*, CH* and C2*, were collected using an EMCCD (Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device) camera. The image segmentation was performed using the fuzzy C-means (FCM) …
Method For Modulation Recognition Of Radar Signals In Complex Environment, Jiang Li, Guoqing Zhao, Li Lin
Method For Modulation Recognition Of Radar Signals In Complex Environment, Jiang Li, Guoqing Zhao, Li Lin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: As the increasing application of intra-pulse modulations, modulation recognition of radar signals becomes difficult in radar reconnaissance systems. Usually, there are multipath interferences along with the intercepted signal. The conventional methods become slowdown because of the multipath interferences. Aiming at radar signals in multipath channel, a feature extraction method was proposed based on higher order ambiguity function (AF) and singular vector decomposition, adopting the linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier to determine the types of the intercepted radar signals. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method has good ability to suppress the influence of multipath interferences …
Optimal Linear Moment Estimation Method For Gumbel Distribution, Yumei Zhai, Ruixing Zhao
Optimal Linear Moment Estimation Method For Gumbel Distribution, Yumei Zhai, Ruixing Zhao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Linear moment is one of the important methods to estimate the extreme value distribution function in engineering practice. In order to improve the estimation performance for Gumbel distribution, the estimating results of twelve empirical distribution functions were simulated by using Monte Carlo method. The optimal linear moment estimation method was constructed based on the empirical distribution function with the minimum estimation error, and compared with ordinary moment, traditional linear moment and maximum likelihood method. The study shows that choosing an appropriate empirical distribution function can enhance the estimation accuracy. The optimal empirical distribution function varies depending on the sample …
Semi-Naive Bayesian Forecasts Rainfall On Cloud Platform, Shengjun Xue, Peiyun Zhang, Jingyi Chen
Semi-Naive Bayesian Forecasts Rainfall On Cloud Platform, Shengjun Xue, Peiyun Zhang, Jingyi Chen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Rainfall forecast has played an increasingly important role of meteorological services. As cloud platform can improve the efficiency and accuracy of rainfall forecast, it has been applied to forecast rainfall. The recent forecast methods require the independence between all the attributes, but most of the meteorological factors are interdependent, which reduces the accuracy of the prediction. Consequently, a semi-naive Bayesian classification was proposed combined with fuzzy set theory realizing it on cloud platform. At the same time, to improve the accuracy and the efficiency of rainfall forecast, a forecast model was established, which used the historical weather data …
Joint Optimization Control Of Energy Storage System Management And Demand Response, Xueying Gao, Tang Hao, Gangzhong Miao, Zhaowu Ping
Joint Optimization Control Of Energy Storage System Management And Demand Response, Xueying Gao, Tang Hao, Gangzhong Miao, Zhaowu Ping
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The joint optimization problem of energy management and demand response were studied in order to reduce the long-run cost of electricity users equipped with energy storage unit and smart applications, and to increase their benefits meanwhile. The goals were achieved by controlling both the energy storage unit (charging, discharging, or idle) and the load service (access or delay). Based on the random nature of solar photovoltaic, load demand electricity and electricity price, the joint optimization problem was modeled as infinite-horizon Markov decision process model, and Q-learning algorithm was proposed to find the optimal solution. Simulation results show that the …