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Articles 2401 - 2430 of 4223

Full-Text Articles in Systems Science

Guidance Simulation Credibility Evaluation Based On Clustering With Grey Cloud And Entropy Weight, Wang Fei, Xiaogeng Liang, Guo Chao, Peipei Li Aug 2020

Guidance Simulation Credibility Evaluation Based On Clustering With Grey Cloud And Entropy Weight, Wang Fei, Xiaogeng Liang, Guo Chao, Peipei Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Considering the problems of randomness and fuzziness in evaluating indexes from guidance simulation system, a novel grey clustering comprehensive evaluation model combined with center normal grey cloud whitening function and combination weighting function was presented. The comprehensive credibility evaluation index system for guidance simulation was built. The subjective weight vector of indexes was established by weighting cloud model based on analytic hierarchy process, the objective weight vector of indexes was obtained by entropy weighting method based on the entropy and classified distinction of the normal grey cloud whitening function, then the comprehensive weight vector was acquired by fusing the …


Modeling And Analysis Of Command Control System Based On Devs, Xinlong Li, Xiang Mao Aug 2020

Modeling And Analysis Of Command Control System Based On Devs, Xinlong Li, Xiang Mao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A comprehensive discussion was made on the application of DEVS theory in the modeling of command control (C2) system, which introduced the mathematical model of DEVS, gave the principle of using DEVS to model the C2's behavior and analyze how capability-requirement-measurements effected the simulation. The process and approach of DEVS-Modeling battalion's C2 system were introduced.


Design Of Navigation Electronic Interference System For Flight Simulator, Zengbo Zhou, Chen Xi, Zhenyu Sun, Li Xiang Aug 2020

Design Of Navigation Electronic Interference System For Flight Simulator, Zengbo Zhou, Chen Xi, Zhenyu Sun, Li Xiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Modern military combat pays more attention to the electronic interference and anti interference, as the important component, the aircraft navigation system is one of the main objects attacked by enemy electronic jamming. In order to simulate the electronic jamming influence on navigation performance of the system, the establishment of an electronic jamming system in aircraft engineering simulator, was designed for the flight simulator interference model and statistical model frame work, and according to the integrity of the system testing and calculation results, the interference was divided into five levels, which not only specified the electrical interference, but also …


Self Formation Development Mode With Vopes, Changming Fu, Chunsheng Long, Tang Hong Aug 2020

Self Formation Development Mode With Vopes, Changming Fu, Chunsheng Long, Tang Hong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To solve the growing conflict between requirements and applications in simulation/visualization, self-formation development mode was proposed: domain experts DIY by WYSWYG in a self-adapting process. VOPES (Visual Open platform for Engineering System) was briefly introduced: integrated architecture, system modeling tools, visualization tools, automatic generation, debugging, deploying, and runtime infrastructure. VOPES enables domain expert to produce distributed simulation/visualization application, no need of coding, complex program skill, hard rules like UML, HLA, DDS, etc. VOPES can be widely used in applications like mission simulation, equipment demonstration, virtual range, training, ITEM. It is especially suitable to the fast, agile, complex simulation/visualization application, …


Boiler Combustion Optimization Based On Bayesian Neural Network And Genetic Algorithm, Haiquan Fang, Huifeng Xue, Li Ning, Fei Xi Aug 2020

Boiler Combustion Optimization Based On Bayesian Neural Network And Genetic Algorithm, Haiquan Fang, Huifeng Xue, Li Ning, Fei Xi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Neural network and genetic algorithm have been extensively used in boiler combustion optimization problems. But the traditional Back Propagation neural network's generalization ability is poor. The Bayesian regularization can improve the neural network's generalization ability. A boiler combustion multi-objective optimization method combining Bayesian regularization BP neural network and genetic algorithm (Bayes NN-GA)was researched. A number of field test data from a boiler was used to simulate the Bayesian neural network model. The results show that the thermal efficiency and NOx emissions predicted by the Bayesian neural network model show good agreement with the measured, and the optimal results show …


Attitude Control Of Three-Axis Flexible Satellite Based On Active-Disturbance-Rejection Sliding Mode Method, Yunjie Wu, Li Chen, Ma Zheng Aug 2020

Attitude Control Of Three-Axis Flexible Satellite Based On Active-Disturbance-Rejection Sliding Mode Method, Yunjie Wu, Li Chen, Ma Zheng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: By using Kane method, a mathematical model with CMGs as actuators was built for the three-axis satellite with flexible appendages. An active-disturbance-rejection sliding mode controller was designed for the demand about quickness and stability in attitude control. This controller observed the disturbance by expanded state observer, and compensated the output. The slide mode method in the controller made the system quick and stable. The simulation experiments show that the controller could control the attitude of three-axis satellite efficiently and weaken the vibration of flexible solar panel. The active-disturbance-rejection sliding mode controller shows the merits of both active-disturbance-rejection method …


Least-Energy Maneuver Of Five-Link Manipulator Constrained Within Tunnel Space Using Direct Collocation, Xiuqiang Pan, Chengcai Mei, Junjie Chen Aug 2020

Least-Energy Maneuver Of Five-Link Manipulator Constrained Within Tunnel Space Using Direct Collocation, Xiuqiang Pan, Chengcai Mei, Junjie Chen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Optimal control and designs least-energy maneuver control laws for a five-linked manipulator were applied in order to carry out designated tasks in a confined space. Lagrange-Euler equation described the relationships between the actuators and system dynamics. Euler-Lagrange formulation indicates how optimization can be achieved when optimum occurs. Direct collocation method was introduced in order to solve this highly nonlinear dynamic optimal control problem. Simulations were done to exploit how the manipulator reacted to the constraint. In this study, the diameter of the cylindrical space was shrunken each time by 0.1 meters. The value of the cost function and …


Research Of Multi-Views Based Weapon And Equipment Simulation Model Architecture, Chunguang Peng, Jianhui Deng, Zhang Bo Aug 2020

Research Of Multi-Views Based Weapon And Equipment Simulation Model Architecture, Chunguang Peng, Jianhui Deng, Zhang Bo

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: :It's an important approach to build reasonable and complete simulation model architecture for promoting the simulation interoperability, establishing simulation model standards and promoting reusability of models and codes. Some problems existed in the research of simulation model architecture were analyzed. The weapon and equipment simulation model architecture describing method based on multi-views was brought out by using the system engineering theory, which emphasized on the complicated relations between modes and its environment. The method could describe simulation model architecture from different views of different users. Therefore, based on DoDAF and the popular software architecture, five-view models of weapon …


Research On Equipment Operation Capabilities Requirements Based On Exploratory Simulation Experiment Methodology, Zongrui Yan, Yinhua Wu, Chen Yong, Jianshu Dong Aug 2020

Research On Equipment Operation Capabilities Requirements Based On Exploratory Simulation Experiment Methodology, Zongrui Yan, Yinhua Wu, Chen Yong, Jianshu Dong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Analysis on equipment operation requirements is a very difficult problem which has included a lot of uncertain factors, and it can assist peoples to determine whether the equipment item should be started. Exploratory simulation experiment methodology which is synthetized by exploratory analysis and war fighting experimentation can provide a better service for many problems about the equipment demonstration. Through the summary on basic applications exploratory simulation experiments related out comes and its analysis for concrete implementation steps equipment demonstration areas, a tactical level exploratory simulation methodology and its concrete implementation steps were proposed for the operational requirements analysis. An …


Research And Development Of Eicas System Emulator Based On Idata, Baoming Zhao, Hongshu Cheng, Cancan Liu, Jiying Li Aug 2020

Research And Development Of Eicas System Emulator Based On Idata, Baoming Zhao, Hongshu Cheng, Cancan Liu, Jiying Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Some modeling tools can't design simulation instruments efficiently and conveniently such as OpenGL, etc. A cockpit display development tool of IData was worked in which has graphical user interface and could develop a system easily and rapidly. IData is a method of designing maps and pictures, it can respond variables of application and controlling events in real time and develop graphical interface by clicking on the menu. So IData can reduce the time of graphic development and integration in simulation. In order to render maps in real time, IData used a powerful graphic editor to model for instruments, and …


Diagnosis Of Aircraft Control Surface Fault Based On Semi-Physical Simulation, Yunlong Li, Xia Jie, Zifang Shi Aug 2020

Diagnosis Of Aircraft Control Surface Fault Based On Semi-Physical Simulation, Yunlong Li, Xia Jie, Zifang Shi

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The aircraft control surface defaults of rudders were mainly divided into jam fault and damage fault. On the basis of the relationship between motor toque and hinge moment, a new method of using the motor voltage was proposed to detect the control surface'faults of rudder. And the method could detect the damage degree of the faults. Torque motor was used to play the role of hinge moment. And the new method was simulated by Semi-Physical system which is consisted of dSPACE system, PC and simulated rudder actuator. The results show that, the damage faults and jam faults can be …


Study On Simulation Modeling Of Dynamics For Landing Gear Of Helicopter With Deck-Landing, Zhang Liao, Guan Wei, Wang Gang, Li Wei, Pan Long Aug 2020

Study On Simulation Modeling Of Dynamics For Landing Gear Of Helicopter With Deck-Landing, Zhang Liao, Guan Wei, Wang Gang, Li Wei, Pan Long

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: A simulation mathematics model was advanced which introduced the motion data of the deck at wheels/ground contact point into the dynamics model of the landing gear as follows: the space position and the level vector were obtained by computing the space position and pose of helicopter. The altitude and the level vector of the deck at wheels/ground contact point were obtained by computing the ship movement and the space position of helicopter's wheels. The ground reaction force was solved by that regard negative of relative altitude between the tire and the deck at wheels/ground contact point as the compression …


Research On Live Migration Scheduling Method For Communication Network Simulation System Based On Vmotion, Yanfang Fu, Gao Xiang, Cheng Bing, Xueyao Feng Aug 2020

Research On Live Migration Scheduling Method For Communication Network Simulation System Based On Vmotion, Yanfang Fu, Gao Xiang, Cheng Bing, Xueyao Feng

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to make the quality of the simulation service not being affected by load dynamic changes, heuristic scheduling algorithm was proposed. Using the VMotion technology, the virtualization simulation platform was created by calling the SDK. Through the research of the simulation platform application overhead and virtual resource scheduling technology, the single communication network simulation model was modified, implementing the distributed network collaborative simulation which adapted to multiple virtual machines, providing new ideas for the mass communication network simulation system.


Research On Scenario-Driven Component-Based Model Composition Method, Jianchun Zhang, Fengju Kang Aug 2020

Research On Scenario-Driven Component-Based Model Composition Method, Jianchun Zhang, Fengju Kang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To fulfil the requirements for fast, easy and integrated modeling under certain operation conditions, a model composition method of scenario-driven was proposed. Starting with corresponding composition framework, traditional component models were extended through corresponding meta-model and normalization description of scenario was given. Furthermore, a full combat simulation system could be constructed quickly by realizing integrated process including three processes: scenario parse, model search and match. By preliminarily performing underwater weapon system modeling and simulation application, the result shows efficiency of this composition method.


Research On Optimizing Lot Sizing Of Job Shop Based On Em_Plant, Xiaobing Pei, Linlin Tan Jul 2020

Research On Optimizing Lot Sizing Of Job Shop Based On Em_Plant, Xiaobing Pei, Linlin Tan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Considering maximizing the rate of account and choosing production process time as the optimization objectives to solve the lot sizing optimization problems of job shop, the model about production time under ideal conditions was established, and accordingly the formula of solving theoretical optimal lot sizing was derived. To compensate for the limitations of mathematical modeling and improve the feasibility of the optimal solution, the actual manufacturing operations in job shop was simulated and optimized according to production batch simulation optimization strategy by eM_plant software. By running the simulation model the theoretical optimal solution was amended, to make optimal …


Intelligent Detecting For Infrared Aerial Small Target Based On Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform, Liu Gang, Xingyuan Xu, Zhou Heng, Xitao Zhang Jul 2020

Intelligent Detecting For Infrared Aerial Small Target Based On Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform, Liu Gang, Xingyuan Xu, Zhou Heng, Xitao Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of infrared aerospace small target's detecting under complex background, an intelligent algorithm was proposed based on the non-subsampled contourlet transform and BP neutral network. By using the morphologic top-hat transform which had adaptive structural element, some infrared background was suppressed. By defining the center vector of subband coefficients, the proposed method constructed the synthetical image at high frequency and suppressed the complex background further. Subsequently, taking pixel's gray level, horizontal gradient, vertical gradient, diagonal gradient, neighbour mean and neighbour variance as input character vector, a BP neutral network which had three layers was constructed by …


Performance Analysis Of Netted Radar Data Fusion Systems, Zhijie Chen, Bin Rao, Yongzhen Li, Zhiwei Zong Jul 2020

Performance Analysis Of Netted Radar Data Fusion Systems, Zhijie Chen, Bin Rao, Yongzhen Li, Zhiwei Zong

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The performance analysis of netted radar data fusion systems was proposed. The principles of two representative radar netting modes (i.e., centralized fusion and distributed fusion) were introduced and the associated capabilities of anti-jamming, anti-stealth, fusion accuracy, fusion discrimination, and communication requirements were quantitatively analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the netting essence is, centralized fusion by using ‘or' rule to complement information and realize trajectory composition whereas distributed fusion by using ‘and' rule to reduce information redundancy and realize discrimination ability. The research can provide some enlightenment for the newly-developed intellective netted radar data fusion systems.


Parameter Optimization On Coordinated Control System Of Thermal Power Units In High Rate Variable Load Operation Mode, Tian Liang, Liu Fang, Xinping Liu, Jizhen Liu Jul 2020

Parameter Optimization On Coordinated Control System Of Thermal Power Units In High Rate Variable Load Operation Mode, Tian Liang, Liu Fang, Xinping Liu, Jizhen Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: The frequent fluctuations and rapid change of power grid generating load instruction cause the deterioration of control quality of generating load and throttle pressure in thermal power units. To solve this problem, a trial and error method, the parameters adjustment range of which could be quantified, was proposed. Based on the model of controlled object, the initial value of controller parameters were set conservatively. By calculating the difference between current value and the target value of load change rate, the optimization times were determined, the PID controller parameters optimization method of coordinated control system was studied, and the effectiveness …


Research On Section Optimization Of Water Quality Monitoring Based On Comprehensive Hierarchical Clustering, Xiaofeng Lian, Peng Sen, Xiaoyi Wang, Zaiwen Liu Jul 2020

Research On Section Optimization Of Water Quality Monitoring Based On Comprehensive Hierarchical Clustering, Xiaofeng Lian, Peng Sen, Xiaoyi Wang, Zaiwen Liu

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to optimize the layout of water quality monitoring section of river, lake and reservoir effectively, a new method for water quality monitoring section optimization was proposed based on comprehensive hierarchical clustering (CHC). A normalized matrix was constructed according to the original monitoring data of water quality. The method calculated the similarity to obtain the affinity-disaffinity relationship among the monitoring variables by 5 different distance algorithms, and then clustered the data set automatically by 4 different connection algorithms. Moreover, taking the correlation coefficient as the evaluation criteria, optimal hierarchical clustering algorithm was selected. With the generation …


Implementation And Application Of Coordinate Stretched Pml Under Two-Dimensional Cylindrical Coordinate, Anshi Zhu, Zili Chen, Yang Yong, Yunhui Zhen Jul 2020

Implementation And Application Of Coordinate Stretched Pml Under Two-Dimensional Cylindrical Coordinate, Anshi Zhu, Zili Chen, Yang Yong, Yunhui Zhen

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: According to the numerical calculation of electromagnetic field under cylindrical coordinate, the conventional split field absorbing boundary is no longer applicable. The coordinate stretched perfectly matched layers (CS-PML) were applied in the two-dimensional stretched cylindrical coordinate system. The updating equations of Maxwell curl equations in CS-PML were derived by using auxiliary equation method. The simulation results show that theoretical derivation is correct. The reflection coefficient of CS-PML is less than -30 dB, and it is able to meet the precision demand of numerical calculation. Besides, the CS-PML was adopted to investigate the radiation characteristic of the …


Design And Implementation Of Quantum-Inspired Bee Colony Algorithm, Shuyun Yang, Panchi Li Jul 2020

Design And Implementation Of Quantum-Inspired Bee Colony Algorithm, Shuyun Yang, Panchi Li

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: To enhance the performance of artificial bee colony algorithm, a quantum-inspired bee colony algorithm was proposed. In the proposed approach, the bees were encoded with the qubits described on the Bloch sphere. The evolutionary search was achieved by rotating the qubit about the rotation axis on the Bloch sphere. The Bloch coordinates of qubit can be obtained by measuring with the Pauli matrices, and the optimization solutions can be presented through the solution space transformation. The highlight advantages of this method are the ability to simultaneously adjust two parameters of a qubit and automatically achieve the best match between …


Finite Element Simulation Of Machining 7075 Aluminum Alloy Based On Advantedge And Corresponding Experimental Study, Yusong Liao, Han Jiang Jul 2020

Finite Element Simulation Of Machining 7075 Aluminum Alloy Based On Advantedge And Corresponding Experimental Study, Yusong Liao, Han Jiang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Abstract: The finite element simulation of cutting 7050 aluminum alloy was carried out based on the software of AdvantEdge, and Johnson-Cook constitutive model was chosen for the workpiece material in the model. The parameters for the constitutive model were obtained through the Hopkinson experiment. The cutting forces and surface qualities were observed through different cutting velocities and cutting depths. The cutting velocity and cutting depth were optimized, and the experiment was carried out with the guidance of the simulation results. The machined workpiece obtained from the experiment shows that the optimized cutting parameters can improve the machined surface property …


Chaos Analysis For Tcp Congestion Control In Heterogeneous Networks, Xuhui Wei, Wang Hui Jul 2020

Chaos Analysis For Tcp Congestion Control In Heterogeneous Networks, Xuhui Wei, Wang Hui

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to study the chaos nature of TCP in Heterogeneous Network, the major features were demonstrated such as periodicity, sensitivity to initial conditions (butterfly effect), and strange attractor of chaotic system by analyzing parameters in Heterogeneous Network proving that TCP shows chaos nature in Heterogeneous Network in certain situations. Numerical examples show that in the case of system with low bottleneck link, the system shows fine periodic and stable behavior, and there is no TCP deadlock phenomenon in the heterogeneous network system. In the case of system with larger bottleneck link, the system shows chaotic. And a …


Sliding Parameters Calculation Of Agricultural Tracked Robot Based On Ukf And Smo, Jiao Jun, Kong Wen, Lichuan Gu, Wang Qiang, Ya Gao, Chenchen Yuan Jul 2020

Sliding Parameters Calculation Of Agricultural Tracked Robot Based On Ukf And Smo, Jiao Jun, Kong Wen, Lichuan Gu, Wang Qiang, Ya Gao, Chenchen Yuan

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In order to make ensure an Agricultural Tracked Robot (ATR) stable driving in farmland and reduce the slip phenomenon parameters, a novel sliding parameters estimation scheme of ATR based on UKF (Unscented Kalman Filter) and SMO (Sliding Mode Observer) was proposed. The motion equation and measurement equation of ATR were fused by UKF to compensate the measurement error from sensors and to reconstruct the precision pose parameters of ATR. Three slip parameter observers were designed for the sideslip angle, left and right track slip rate, which used the tangent function was used as the switching function to cover chattering …


Study On Operation Mechanism Of Mixed Closed Loop Transportation Network With Exponential Queues, Li Bing, Xuan Hua, Li Jing Jul 2020

Study On Operation Mechanism Of Mixed Closed Loop Transportation Network With Exponential Queues, Li Bing, Xuan Hua, Li Jing

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Mixed transport queuing network is composed of single route station road and multiple route station as parallel and series form. Two random variables to denote respectively time interval of vehicle arriving freight station and the service time of these handling platforms in freight station obeyed negative exponential distribution. The closed mixed transportation queuing network was simulated using SimEvents module in Matlab software. The dynamic changes of the queue length and waiting time in freight station were analyzed. Then vehicle distribution in mixed closed loop transportation network was analyzed. The formulation to compute vehicle distribution probability in steady state was …


Simulation Of Converter Torsional Vibration Based On Multi-Body Dynamics, Hongbin Liu, Yongsheng Shi, Zhang Lei, Hongbiao Han Jul 2020

Simulation Of Converter Torsional Vibration Based On Multi-Body Dynamics, Hongbin Liu, Yongsheng Shi, Zhang Lei, Hongbiao Han

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Torsional vibration of large converter is very easy to cause the transmission gear failure. In order to solve large converters' torsional vibration during working, a converter multi-body dynamic analysis model on rigid-flexible coupling method was built by using of multi-body dynamics simulation software RecurDyn and the finite element analysis software ANSYS. And the dynamic simulation study of this model was carried out. The effects of torsional vibration by different parking methods, parking times, the converters' vibration frequency and the amplitude were obtained through the dynamics simulation calculation. The results show that the torsional vibration amplitude of converter can …


Study On Theory Of Scale Model Simulation Of Light Wave-Microwave System On Inequality Electrical Length Conditions, He Jing, Miao Qiang, Qifan Zhao Jul 2020

Study On Theory Of Scale Model Simulation Of Light Wave-Microwave System On Inequality Electrical Length Conditions, He Jing, Miao Qiang, Qifan Zhao

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Light wave model measurement microwave system at big scale factor on inequality electrical length conditions was proposed. The analysis idea of such model measurement was put forward. The feasibility of simulating electromagnetic scattering at microwave band using optic wave was discussed from the angle of physical similitude and technological feasibility. Then according to this idea, the similitude relationship and conditions in the application such as RCS measurement and multipath effect measurement were analyzed in detail on inequality electrical length conditions model measurement. The research result offers a new research approach in the field of large scale electromagnetic system simulation.


Research On Fault Diagnosis For Pitch Sensors Of Wind Turbines, Yanjie Zhai, Dinghui Wu, Yiyang Li, Zhicheng Ji Jul 2020

Research On Fault Diagnosis For Pitch Sensors Of Wind Turbines, Yanjie Zhai, Dinghui Wu, Yiyang Li, Zhicheng Ji

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: Considering the biased output fault of pitch sensors for wind turbines, a fault diagnosis method based on the multi-innovation kalman filter algorithm was proposed. The corresponding relationship between the change of the pitch angle and the tiny displacement produced by the force acting on the tower was established according to the mechanical structure characteristics of wind turbines. More accurate estimated value for the tiny displacement was achieved by using the multi-innovation kalman filter algorithm which had higher convergence speed and estimation accuracy to reduce the large noise of the output information generated by sensors. The fault could be detected …


Dynamic Simulation And Test Of Mountain Orchard Double-Track Transport Traction System, Yuping Ouyang, Tiansheng Hong, Yudong Ma Jul 2020

Dynamic Simulation And Test Of Mountain Orchard Double-Track Transport Traction System, Yuping Ouyang, Tiansheng Hong, Yudong Ma

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: After the traction system virtual prototype model of mountain orchard transport was established, virtual simulation test was done to get the force of wire rope and the dynamic characteristics. Compared with trapezoidal velocity, under S type velocity curve, vehicle vibration amplitude was decreased obviously in each stage, average maximum force and average force of four key points was respectively decreased by 9.2% and 12.7%. Average relative error between kinetic parameters calculation and simulation values was 4.8%. Average relative error between test and simulation values was 4.02 %. This research results have provided a simulation platform and reference to whole …


Improved Crack Removing Algorithm For Quad-Tree Terrain Rendering, Wan Ming, Liang Xia, Fengming Zhang Jul 2020

Improved Crack Removing Algorithm For Quad-Tree Terrain Rendering, Wan Ming, Liang Xia, Fengming Zhang

Journal of System Simulation

Abstract: In 3D large scale multi-resolution terrain rendering, an improved algorithm based on LOD control and visibility for crack removing was proposed. It is proved that quad-tree grid is restricted while the ratio of visible distance to grid extent is large than 3. In preprocess stage, cracks were classified to raise crack and dropped crack, and crack patches with the same size as cracks were generated and attached to the latter. In real-time rendering stage, no special calculation by CPU for restriction of level of detail or for crack removing between adjacent grids was needed. Example shows that …