Native American Studies Commons^™

Blessed With Orchards, Cheered With Vine: Ideologies Of Agriculture In The Transformation Of Alta California, Virginia C. Czosek

Research Manuscript Series

Prior to the arrival of the first Europeans on her shores, California was ecologically and visually a radically different land than she would become in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The first prolonged European intervention in the region in the form of the Spanish missions, as well as the successive waves of . American immigration with the Gold Rush of the 1850's, left a lasting legacy in the form of their tremendous impact on the environment of California. Agriculture fundamentally altered the appearance of the territory, replacing its native environment with a man-made, cultivated one. The groves of oaks and …

A River Ran Through It... : The Cultural Ecology Of The Santa Clara Valley Riparian Zone, Erin M. Reilly

Research Manuscript Series

This study addresses the nature of human interaction with the riparian environment in the Santa Clara Valley over time. This is not a new anthropological theme. Literature dates to 1863 The Earth as Modified by Human Action, by George P. Marsh); cultural ecologist Betty J Meggars stated: "The relationship- of culture to environment is one of the oldest problems in the science of anthropology ... "(Meggars, 1968:19); and, anthropologist Alfred Kroeber said: "no culture is wholly intelligible without reference to the nonculture, or so-called environmental factors with which it is in relation and which condition it "(Kroeber 1906:297).

Along these …

Making Certain Technical Corrections, United States Congress, Us Senate

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This report from the United States (US) Senate Committee on Indian Affairs dated November 19, 1993, was written to accompany US Senate Bill 1654 which proposes technical corrections to Indian laws. The report specifies that US Senate Bill 1654 proposes to extend the deadline for the sale of lands to their former owners (per the specifications of US Public Law 102-575 which contains the “Three Affiliated Tribes and Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Equitable Compensation Act”). US Senate Bill 1654 became US Public Law 103-263 on May 31, 1994.

Allotment In Severalty On The Northern Ponca Reservation: The Geography Of Disposession, Oliver Raimund Froehling

Department of Geography: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

In 1890 the Ponca Reservation in Knox and Boyd county was parcelled up and each individual Ponca received a plot of land as his or her own. The remaining 72,000 acres were opened for settlement under the Homestead Act. During the next few decades, most of the remaining Ponca lands held by individuals were sold to non-Indians. When the Ponca were allowed to acquire some tribal lands under the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act, the land base had already disintegrated. One effect of this disintegrating land base was the increased out-migration of tribal members which eventually led to termination of the …

An Act To Authorize Additional Appropriations For The Construction Of The Buffalo Bill Dam And Reservoir, Shoshone Project, Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program, Wyoming, United States Congress

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This United States (US) public law (Public Law 102-575), passed on October 30, 1992, also known as the “Reclamation Projects Authorization and Adjustment Act of 1992” contains a number of acts providing additional appropriations for various reclamation projects in the United States. The subsection known as the “Three Affiliated Tribes and Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Equitable Compensation Act” (found on page 4,731) states that the US Congress did not adequately compensate the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes (The Three Affiliated Tribes) or the Standing Rock Nation (Standing Rock Sioux Tribe) for prime lands that were taken for construction of the …

Duncan Energy V. Three Affiliated Tribes (1992), District Court Of North Dakota

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This court case, decided on September 28, 1992, established that the northeast quadrant of the Fort Berthold Reservation was part of the Reservation (therefore within tribal jurisdiction) but found that the Three Affiliated Tribes did not have taxation and employment authority over the gas and oil companies operating in that quadrant. Per Tribal Tax Code, any property on the Reservation used for business or profit is subject to a one-percent taxation and per the Tribal Employment Rights Office Ordinance (TERO), any employers within the Reservation must give preference to Native American workers. The Three Affiliated Tribes attempted to levy a …

Mortuary Vessels And Comparative Ceramic Analysis: An Example From The Chucalissa Site, Mitchell R. Childress

Documents

This paper summarizes the results of descriptive, analytical, and comparative research conducted on an assemblage of 154 late prehistoric ceramic vessels from the site of Chucalissa.

Implementing Certain Recommendations Of The Garrison Unit Joint Tribal Advisory Committee Regarding The Entitlement Of The Three Affiliated Tribes And The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe To Additional Financial Compensation For The Taking Of Reservation Lands For The Site Of The Garrison Dam And Reservoir And The Oahe Dam And Reservoir And For Other Purposes, United States Congress, Us House Of Representatives

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This report from the United States (US) House Select Committee on Indian Affairs, dated November 26, 1991, was written to accompany US Senate Bill 168 which aimed to provide the Three Affiliated Tribes and Standing Rock Sioux with fair compensation for lands taken for construction of the Garrison Dam and Oahe Dam as well as the return of land that was taken but not used for the dam projects. The report summarizes the background and need for US Senate Bill 168, and it acknowledges that the implementation of the Pick-Sloan Plan effectively forced the Three Affiliated tribes off their land …

Authorizing The Acquisition Of Additional Lands For Inclusion In The Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site, And For Other Purposes, United States Congress, Us House Of Representatives

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This report from the United States (US) House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, dated July 30, 1990, was written to accompany US Senate Bill 1230 which proposes to expand the Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site in North Dakota by 465 acres to better represent the ancestral homelands of the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes. The proposed expansion included burial grounds. This report seeks to amend US Senate Bill 1230 to increase funding for the development of the historic site and to change the wording of Section 1 “Acquisition of Additional Lands” to specify certain parameters for acquiring land. …

Unit 4 Mound Excavations At The Chucalissa Site, 1960-1967, Mitchell R. Childress, Camille Wharey

Documents

This conference proceeding provides descriptions and interpretations of some of the structural, artefactual, and skeletal evidence discovered by Charles Nash's team during the excavations from 1960 to 1967. Special focus is paid towards interpretations of chronology, as well as the differential mound utilization and mortuary ceremonialism associated with the latest Mississippian phase of the site.

Oneida Burial Ordinance Draft, 1989, Oneida Tribe Of Indians Of Wisconsin

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This two-page typed document is a draft of an Oneida Burial Ordinance adopted by the Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin on May 19, 1989. It outlines rules to govern the burial of Oneida Indians on the Oneida Indian Reservation. This document calls for the creation of a Tribal Cemetery and a Cemetery Board, noting that non-Oneida spouses and children may be buried in the same cemetery. Notes for improvement of the ordinance are included at the top of the draft.

An Act To Regulate Gaming On Indian Lands, United States Congress

US Government Documents Related to Indigenous Nations

This act, dated October 17, 1988, also known as United States Public Law 100-497, and popularly known as the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, was enacted to provide a statutory basis for the operation and regulation of tribal gaming, and to declare the need for the establishment of independent Federal regulatory authority, Federal standards for gaming on Indian lands, and a National Indian Gaming Commission, in order to meet congressional concerns regarding gaming and to protect such gaming as a means of generating tribal revenue.

American Indian Movement 20th Anniversary Conference Reunion Program, American Indian Movement, Clyde H. Bellecourt

American Indian Movement and Activism

This eight-page typed document is the program for the American Indian Movement 20th Anniversary Conference, which took place from September 1st to September 6th, 1988, in Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota. It contains a schedule of events for sessions held each day, a proclamation from the Governor of Minnesota, commentary on the history of the Movement and a note about the Dakota people held in an internment camp at Fort Snelling in 1862-1863.

American Indian Movement 20th Anniversary Conference Reunion Agenda, American Indian Movement

American Indian Movement and Activism

This six-page typed document is an agenda for the American Indian Movement 20th Anniversary Conference, which took place from September 1st to September 6th, 1988, in Fort Snelling State Park, Minnesota. It details the ceremonies, entertainment, reports and speakers for each day and notes topics of concern including health, education, treaty rights and international solidarity. The last page of the document is a conference registration form.

American Indian Movement Self-Determination Week Proclamation, Peter Macdonald Sr.

American Indian Movement and Activism

This one-page typed document is a proclamation from the Navajo Nation declaring that September 4-10, 1988, will be known as "American Indian Movement Self-Determination Week." It discusses how, before 1968 and the establishment of the American Indian Movement, matters regarding Indian education, housing, health, civil rights, and treaty rights were ignored. It lists various programs developed to aid Indian self-determination and mentions the twentieth-anniversary gathering to be held in Minneapolis. The proclamation is signed by Peter MacDonald Sr., Chairman of the Navajo Tribal Council.

What Is The American Indian Movement?, Birgil Kills Straight, Richard Lacourse

American Indian Movement and Activism

This one-page typed document is a speech given at the 20th Anniversary Conference-Reunion of the American Indian Movement held from September 1-6, 1988. The speech, given by Birgil Kills Straight of the Oglala Lakota Nation, describes how AIM formed to stand up for those without power or rights to establish Indian sovereignty. It also discusses the spiritual aspects of AIM and states that its members belong to a rebirth of the Warriors Class in this century.

In The Spirit Of Smohalla: The 12th International Indian Treaty Conference At Celilo Village, Oregon, International Indian Treaty Council

American Indian Movement and Activism

This two-page information pamphlet advertises the 12th International Indian Treaty Conference held June 21-26, 1988, at Celilo Village in Oregon. The conference covers topics such as treaty rights, political prisoners, water and fishing rights, self-government and environmental resources. The pamphlet includes information about the prophet Smohalla, damage to the Columbia River and Celilo Falls, and the imprisonment of salmon fishermen.

Reburial Committee Schedule And Fact Sheet For Ancestor Days, May 26, 1988, Reburial Committee

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This four-page typed document from the Reburial Committee provides a schedule for Ancestor Days, held May 26th to May 30th, 1988. It includes a photograph of an aerial view of the Slack Farm site of Indian grave looting as well as a list of quotations describing the scale of vandalism at the site. A fact sheet provides information about the destruction and recent legislation related to grave desecration.

Uniontown Reburial Benefit Flyer, American Indian Institute

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This flyer advertises a benefit event to be held on April 18, 1988 to assist Native American Elders in participating in reburial efforts at Uniontown, Kentucky. The event is sponsored by American Indian Institute, a non-profit organization.

Letter From Tomah To John Thomas, April 15, 1988, Tomah

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This single-page typed letter from Tomah to John Thomas was sent on April 15, 1988. Tomah states that he would like to participate in the Kentucky reburial efforts, offering whatever help he is able to provide. He also notes his involvement with a newsletter that helps tribal people reconnect with their heritage.

Letter From Alice Lambert To The Reburial Committee, April 1, 1988, Alice Lambert

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This two-page handwritten letter from Alice Lambert to the Reburial Committee was sent on April 1, 1988. Lambert asks for information related to the Ancestors Days Reburial ceremony so she can create publicity for the event. She mentions other events including a benefit in Louisville and a gathering at Northern Kentucky University.

Letter From A. Zaile Thorla To John Thomas, March 26, 1988, A. Zaile Thorla

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This handwritten letter from A. Zaile Thorla to John Thomas was sent on March 26, 1988. Thorla recounts attending a presentation by Thomas at Capital University in Columbus, Ohio. He offers a donation to assist with the reburial efforts in Uniontown, Kentucky and requests a copy of a poem spoken by Thomas at the event.

Letter From Oowah Nah Chasing Bear To John Thomas, March 25, 1988, Oowah Nah Chasing Bear

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This handwritten letter from Oowah Nah Chasing Bear to John Thomas and Native Americans Against Desecration was sent on March 25, 1988. Chasing Bear offers her support for the grave desecration issue and seeks information about Dennis Banks and Kamook.

Indian Reburial Benefit Concert Flyer, Reburial Committee

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This printed flyer advertises events to raise money for the Indian reburial in Uniontown, Kentucky on March 12, 1988, including two concerts and a pancake breakfast. The flyer notes Dennis Banks, Max Gail, Floyd Westerman and Carson Lowery as featured guests at the events.

Letter From Max Gail To The Reburial Committee, March 10, 1988, Max Gail

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This two-page typed copy of a letter from Max Gail was sent to the Reburial Committee on March 10, 1988. Gail expresses regret that he is unable to travel to Kentucky to provide support to reburial efforts following the mass desecration of Indian graves in the state. He encourages people to embrace fundamental human respect and decency to raise consciousness of Indian affairs.

Letter From David A. Jenkins To The Indian Reburial Committee, March 8, 1988, David A. Jenkins

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This one-page typed letter from the President of the Evansville Chamber of Commerce was sent to the Indian Reburial Committee on March 8, 1988. David A. Jenkins offers the use of the Chamber of Commerce as a communications hub for the Reburial Committee in response to the desecration of graves in Union Town, Kentucky.

Letter From Julie Zimmer To John And Faye Thomas, March 5, 1988, Julie Zimmer

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This three-page handwritten letter from Julie Zimmer to John and Faye Thomas was sent on March 5, 1988. Zimmer writes about arranging speaking engagements for Dennis Banks to benefit the Reburial ceremonies. She also inquires about the possibility of doing radio or television spots to raise awareness and mentions various musicians who might be interested in doing a benefit concert.

Letter From Oowah Nah Chasing Bear To John Thomas, March 1, 1988, Oowah Nah Chasing Bear

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This two-page handwritten letter to John Thomas from Oowah Nah Chasing Bear was sent on March 1, 1988. Chasing Bear tells of her frustration with the Indian Council's refusal to engage with politics surrounding the mass desecration of Indian graves. She also speaks about the treatment of indigenous people in prisons and seeks advice regarding advocating for those in prison.

Letter From Vi Simpson To Julie Zimmer, February 22, 1988, Vi Simpson

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This typed letter from Senator Vi Simpson to Julie Zimmer was sent on February 22, 1988. Senator Simpson thanks Zimmer for contacting her regarding Senate Bill 334, which pertains to legislation on the issue of grave desecration.

Letter From Frank Mccloskey To Morris K. Udall, February 18, 1988, Frank Mccloskey

Graves Protection and Repatriation

This one-page typed letter from Representative Frank McCloskey to Morris K. Udall, Chairman of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, was sent on February 18, 1988. McCloskey writes about arrests related to the desecration of approximately one thousand Indian graves in Union County, Kentucky. He feels Congress should take action to prevent further incidents and provides news materials for Udall to review.