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Articles 1411 - 1440 of 13970

Full-Text Articles in History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology

A Note Concerning The Onopordum Cynarocephalum Plant In Relation To Archaeological Sites (Hebrew, Pp. 169–171; English Summary, P. 65), Aviram Oshri Jan 2025

A Note Concerning The Onopordum Cynarocephalum Plant In Relation To Archaeological Sites (Hebrew, Pp. 169–171; English Summary, P. 65), Aviram Oshri

'Atiqot

This article aims at demonstrating a new method of identifying ancient remains during surveys. It is suggested that archaeological sites can be observed in surveys based on the dispersion of the Onopordum cynarocephalum plant. This plant, a thistle, thrives on minerals, such as phosphorous and nitrogen, which are usually found in organically enhanced soils that are associated with human habitation throughout the ages; therefore, it can be used as an indicator of the existence of ancient remains.

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Elemental And Petrographic Analyses Of Local And Imported Ceramics From Crusader Acre (Pp. 157–190), S. Yona Waksman, Edna J. Stern, Irina Segal, Naomi Porat Jan 2025

Elemental And Petrographic Analyses Of Local And Imported Ceramics From Crusader Acre (Pp. 157–190), S. Yona Waksman, Edna J. Stern, Irina Segal, Naomi Porat

'Atiqot

The aim of the research presented in this report was to precisely obtain information concerning the origin of pottery types common in Crusader Acre. Thus, laboratory analyses, both elemental and petrographic, were applied on a fairly extensive number of samples, focusing on two broad ceramic categories: wares typical of Levantine sites of the Crusader period and wares belonging to the Zeuxippus Family. This study enabled us to distinguish between a ‘prototype’ and ‘derived’ or related productions—an important step in the attempt to prevent confusion within the Zeuxippus Family.

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A Burial Cave From The Late Roman And Mamluk Periods At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 37*–46*; English Summary, Pp. 198–199), Doron Lipkonsky Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Late Roman And Mamluk Periods At ‘Ar‘Ara (Hebrew, Pp. 37*–46*; English Summary, Pp. 198–199), Doron Lipkonsky

'Atiqot

The cave, hewn in soft chalk bedrock on the western slopes of the ‘Iron Hills, was used for burial in two separate periods, the Late Roman and the Mamluk. During the Late Roman period, the cave comprised a forecourt, originally sealed by a roll stone, and a burial chamber with burial troughs carved in three of its walls. Each trough contained the skeleton of one individual accompanied by burial gifts, including pottery vessels, Samaritan oil lamps, glass vessels and jewelry. The Mamluk phase included the remains of forty individuals that seem to have been hastily discarded there, perhaps due to …

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The Archaeological Finds In The Soil Debris Removed From The Temple Mount, Jerusalem, 1999–2000 (Pp. 55*–64*), Yuval Baruch Jan 2025

The Archaeological Finds In The Soil Debris Removed From The Temple Mount, Jerusalem, 1999–2000 (Pp. 55*–64*), Yuval Baruch

'Atiqot

Following the removal of soil and stone debris from the Temple Mount compound, an inspection was conducted of its contents and nature. The debris was removed during 1999–2000 and dumped at several locations: Abu Dis; on the western slope of the Kidron Valley, east of Lions’ Gate; south of Kafr Azaiyim, alongside the Jerusalem–Ma‘ale Adummim road; and in a compound in central Jerusalem. The debris yielded ancient architectural elements, potsherds, glazed tiles, glass fragments, stone vessels, metal objects, beads and coins, spanning the time from Iron Age II to the modern era.

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Building Remains And Industrial Installations From The Early Islamic Period At Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Hebrew, Pp. 119–144; English Summary, Pp. 84*–85*), Aviva Bouchenino Jan 2025

Building Remains And Industrial Installations From The Early Islamic Period At Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot (Hebrew, Pp. 119–144; English Summary, Pp. 84*–85*), Aviva Bouchenino

'Atiqot

During a salvage excavation at Khirbat Deiran, Rehovot, fragmentary remains of an industrial building were uncovered, including an oil press, a kiln and various plastered installations. Two strata were observed (I, II); Persian-wheel (saqiya) vessels and a plastered channel were found in Stratum I, probably pointing to the existence of a Persian-wheel installation on the higher part of the site. Based on the pottery, glass and numismatic finds, the complex was dated to the Early Islamic period, especially the time spanning the eighth and tenth centuries CE. Pottery sherds from the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods were also found, indicating …

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Excavations In The Mamillah Area, Jerusalem: The Medieval Fortifications (Pp. 125–152), Ronny Reich, Eli Shukron Jan 2025

Excavations In The Mamillah Area, Jerusalem: The Medieval Fortifications (Pp. 125–152), Ronny Reich, Eli Shukron

'Atiqot

A fortification line, comprising a wall and a tower, was exposed outside the Jerusalem Old City wall and parallel to it, northwest of Jaffa Gate. The lower part of the wall was rock-cut, while its upper part was constructed of stones set in a grayish mortar (preserved only in the eastern part). The finds include pottery dating from the Roman-Byzantine periods and mainly, to the twelfth–early thirteenth centuries CE; stones bearing mason’s marks, mostly geometric, in secondary use; and two coins. Also found were stone architectural elements; fragments of wall paintings (frescos) depicting the head of the Madonna, and a …

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Excavations And Surveys At Ḥorbat Anusha And Ḥorbat Leved In The Samarian Shephelah (Hebrew, Pp. 109–159; English Summary, Pp. 62–64), Ofer Sion, Uzi ‘Ad, Mordechai Haiman, Giora Parnos Jan 2025

Excavations And Surveys At Ḥorbat Anusha And Ḥorbat Leved In The Samarian Shephelah (Hebrew, Pp. 109–159; English Summary, Pp. 62–64), Ofer Sion, Uzi ‘Ad, Mordechai Haiman, Giora Parnos

'Atiqot

The area under investigation is located in the lowlands extending between the center of the Samarian Hills and the coastal plain. The excavations exposed farmhouses and various installations, such as field towers, fortified towers, farming terraces, water installations, quarries, limekilns, stone clearance heaps and cupmarks. Based on the finds from these excavations, as well as from previous surveys, it is assumed that Ḥorbat Anusha was already occupied during Iron Age II and the Persian period. A possible ritual bath might indicate an occupation in the Second Temple period. Most of the construction dates to the Byzantine period, including a farmstead …

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Khirbat El-Hawarit: A Ceramic Workshop On The Mount Hermon Slopes (Pp. 131–155), Moshe Hartal, Nicholas Hudson, Andrea M. Berlin Jan 2025

Khirbat El-Hawarit: A Ceramic Workshop On The Mount Hermon Slopes (Pp. 131–155), Moshe Hartal, Nicholas Hudson, Andrea M. Berlin

'Atiqot

A large mound of pottery sherds was exposed on the northern slope of the hill on which Khirbat el-Hawarit is located. Excavation of the mound revealed that it contained the debris of a workshop: vessels broken during the firing process, kiln ash and bricks. Although only fragmentary walls were unearthed, precluding the reconstruction of any building, the dump in itself is sufficient to identify the site as the main pottery production center of Mount Hermon, Banias and the northern Golan region during the Late Roman–Byzantine periods. Two distinct wares were found: Golan ware (late Hellenistic–late Byzantine periods) and Khirbat el-Hawarit …

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Underground Reservoirs From The Crusader Period And Later Remains Next To And North Of The Synagogue At Moza (Hebrew, Pp. 135–144; English Summary, Pp. 73*–75*), Zvi Greenhut Jan 2025

Underground Reservoirs From The Crusader Period And Later Remains Next To And North Of The Synagogue At Moza (Hebrew, Pp. 135–144; English Summary, Pp. 73*–75*), Zvi Greenhut

'Atiqot

Three underground vaults exposed next to and north of the synagogue at Moza were part of a subterranean water reservoir of a Crusader-period building that existed at the site. Two of the ashlar-built vaults are parallel, with pointed ceilings treated with dark gray plaster. The vaults were separated by three arches borne by square pillars, constructed from ashlars bearing the typical Crusader diagonal dressing and mason’s marks. Apparently, water was conveyed to the vaults via a channel from nearby springs. The third vault incorporated a chute that drained the water into it. Above the underground water reservoir were a Crusader …

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The Coins From Elqosh (Pp. 129–130), Gabriela Bijovsky, Helena Sokolov Jan 2025

The Coins From Elqosh (Pp. 129–130), Gabriela Bijovsky, Helena Sokolov

'Atiqot

Seven coins were discovered in the burial cave at Elqosh. Six of them were identified, dating to the fourth century CE.

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The Old City Wall Of Jerusalem: The Northeastern Corner (Hebrew, Pp. 95*–119*; English Summary, Pp. 163–164), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah Jan 2025

The Old City Wall Of Jerusalem: The Northeastern Corner (Hebrew, Pp. 95*–119*; English Summary, Pp. 163–164), Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah

'Atiqot

The excavation, conducted outside the Old City wall of Jerusalem, northwest of Jaffa Gate, revealed five strata. The earliest, Stratum V, yielded finds dating to the Iron Age, Hellenistic, Early Roman and Byzantine periods. In Stratum IV, drainage channels were uncovered, leading to a reservoir, which was dated to the Byzantine period. In Stratum III, a later channel was constructed, dating to the Early Islamic period. Stratum II revealed the foundation courses of the western outer wall of a square tower from the Ayyubid period (end of twelfth–beginning of thirteenth centuries CE). Stratum I is the Ottoman city wall, built …

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Survey And Salvage Excavations On The Menashe Spur, Near Ḥorbat Bareqet And Kibbutz Regavim (Hebrew, Pp. 83–107; English Summary, Pp. 59–61), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

Survey And Salvage Excavations On The Menashe Spur, Near Ḥorbat Bareqet And Kibbutz Regavim (Hebrew, Pp. 83–107; English Summary, Pp. 59–61), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

A large area, located in the catchment basin of Naḥal ‘Ada, was surveyed and consequently excavated, revealing a large number of walls and installations. Among the installations are many stone heaps and square towers. A trapezoidal enclosure was examined and partly excavated; it was most likely used to store agricultural produce. The remains in this area are probably part of an Iron Age satellite settlement, under the aegis of the city of Dor. The enclosures located in the area were dated to the Roman and Byzantine periods, and were possibly connected with the city of Caesarea. During the Islamic period …

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Solomon’S Stables, The Temple Mount, Jerusalem: The Events Concerning The Destruction Of Antiquities 1999–2001 (Pp. 33*–53*), Jon Seligman Jan 2025

Solomon’S Stables, The Temple Mount, Jerusalem: The Events Concerning The Destruction Of Antiquities 1999–2001 (Pp. 33*–53*), Jon Seligman

'Atiqot

The enclosure of the Temple Mount has the potential to provide answers to key questions concerning the development of rituals in Jerusalem. However, issues of management, control and politics have always had a crucial influence on the possibility of conducting historical and archaeological research at the site. This article attempts to analyze archaeologically the observations made at the site during the construction works conducted during 1999–2001. It includes photographs, plans and sections of the antiquities exposed at the time of those building activities.

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A Burial Cave From The Fourth Century Ce At Elqosh, Upper Galilee (Pp. 117–127), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Fourth Century Ce At Elqosh, Upper Galilee (Pp. 117–127), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

The excavation at Moshav Elqosh revealed a burial cave featuring vaulted chambers with burial troughs. Finds in the cave included pottery oil lamps, glass vessels, coins and jewelry items—all dating to the fourth century CE. One coin was found wrapped in linen cloth. The coin finds probably reflect the pagan practice of paying Charon to cross the river Styx to the netherworld. The absence of pottery further points to a pagan Phoenician population.

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Building Remains And An Installation From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods At Naḥal Daliya (Umm Tut) (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–70*; English Summary, Pp. 168–170), Rina Avner Jan 2025

Building Remains And An Installation From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods At Naḥal Daliya (Umm Tut) (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–70*; English Summary, Pp. 168–170), Rina Avner

'Atiqot

Five strata were exposed at the site, located to the north of the Yoqne‘am–Fureidis road (Road 70): Strata I–III date to the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, and Strata IV–V are of an earlier, unknown date. The numismatic evidence comprisestwo coins from the third century,six coins from the fourth century and twenty-seven from the Byzantine period. None of the coins postdates the seventh century CE. Unfortunately, the dating of the ceramic finds, based on the typology of the finds from nearby Caesarea, does not correspond to the dates of the coins. This might suggest that pottery types traditionally assigned to …

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Anthropological Analysis Of The Human Skeletal Remains From Naḥalat Ahim, Jerusalem (Pp. 121–124), Joe Zias Jan 2025

Anthropological Analysis Of The Human Skeletal Remains From Naḥalat Ahim, Jerusalem (Pp. 121–124), Joe Zias

'Atiqot

The remains of 51 individuals were recovered from a Byzantine-period tomb at Naḥalat Ahim: 47% were adults, 40% were sub-adults and 4% were between 6–12 months; no neonates were identified. There was no discernible demographic pattern regarding age, sex or place of burial within the tomb. Two benign bone tumors were found in two different individuals; both types are previously unreported in excavations in Israel.

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A Burial Cave From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods In Ḥorbat Gores, The Gonen Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 87*–94*; English Summary, Pp. 161–163), Gideon Solimany, Tamar Winter, Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods In Ḥorbat Gores, The Gonen Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 87*–94*; English Summary, Pp. 161–163), Gideon Solimany, Tamar Winter, Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The excavation revealed a burial cave containing three arcosolia, each with two or three burial troughs. Twenty-one complete clay candlestick lamps and numerous fragments of other lamps were retrieved, all of them dating to the Byzantine–early Umayyad periods. Two of the lamps bear Greek inscriptions. Also found were 300 fragments of glass vessels, of which only 23 were diagnostic. The glass vessels, free-blown and decorated in a variety of techniques, are characteristic of Byzantine-era Jerusalem; several vessels might also date later, to the early Umayyad period. Thirty glass beads were retrieved, one of which was made of mosaic glass (millefiori). …

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Tel Barom (With A Contrubution By Donald T. Ariel)(Hebrew, Pp. 63–81; English Summary, Pp. 58–59), Emmanuel Damati Jan 2025

Tel Barom (With A Contrubution By Donald T. Ariel)(Hebrew, Pp. 63–81; English Summary, Pp. 58–59), Emmanuel Damati

'Atiqot

Excavations at the basaltic tell, located northeast of Qiryat Shemona, revealed three strata dating to the Roman, Byzantine and Mamluk periods. The meager finds from the Roman period were founded on bedrock, and included terrace walls. The Byzantine period is represented by part of a residential building and a large oil press. A few walls and two ovens constitute the scant remains from the Mamluk period. The finds—including pottery and coins, as well as ivory, iron and bronze artifacts—date from Middle Bronze Age II and the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Crusader and Mamluk periods.

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Glass Vessels From Tomb 202 At Kafr Kama (Hebrew, Pp. 113–118; English Summary, Pp. 83*–84*), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Glass Vessels From Tomb 202 At Kafr Kama (Hebrew, Pp. 113–118; English Summary, Pp. 83*–84*), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The glass vessels retrieved from Cist Tomb 202 at Kafr Kama were all free blown, mainly of greenish blue glass. The shapes of the vessels, their fabric and weathering are similar, probably pointing to the same origin, in a local glass workshop. Most of the vessels have parallels in the region, dating to the third century CE.

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The Finds From Cave 39c West Of Ḥorbat Barfiliya, Modi‘In (Pp. 1–9), Ianir Milevski, Hamoudi Khalaily Jan 2025

The Finds From Cave 39c West Of Ḥorbat Barfiliya, Modi‘In (Pp. 1–9), Ianir Milevski, Hamoudi Khalaily

'Atiqot

The pottery from the cave, comprising bowls, platters, jugs/cups, jars, pithoi and an amphoriskos, was mostly eroded. The flint assemblage included 198 artifacts: the debitage was dominated by primary elements and flakes; the debris comprised local large chunks. Among the tools were Canaanean blades. A single copper dagger was also found in the cave. The finds from the cave date from Early Bronze AgeI to Early Bronze AgeIV and are characteristic of the central and southern regions of the country.

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Khirbat ‘Adasa: A Farmstead Of The Umayyad And Mamluk Periods In Northern Jerusalem (With Contributions By Helena Sokolov And Gabriela Bijovsky) (Hebrew, Pp. 91–122; English Summary, Pp. 69*–71*), Hamoudi Khalaily, Miriam Avissar Jan 2025

Khirbat ‘Adasa: A Farmstead Of The Umayyad And Mamluk Periods In Northern Jerusalem (With Contributions By Helena Sokolov And Gabriela Bijovsky) (Hebrew, Pp. 91–122; English Summary, Pp. 69*–71*), Hamoudi Khalaily, Miriam Avissar

'Atiqot

The site, located in the Pisgat Ze’ev neighborhood in northern Jerusalem, yielded three settlement strata from the Hellenistic and Roman periods (III), the Early Islamic period (II) and the Mamluk period (I). Most of the buildings and installations were erected on bedrock during the Early Islamic period. The architecture comprises elongated halls with thick walls, pilasters that supported arches bearing the ceiling, as well as rectangular limestone troughs—all pointing to the buildings’ function as stables. During the Mamluk period the stables were reused, adapted for dwelling by the construction of partition walls; one of the buildings was partly paved with …

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The Glass Finds From Khirbat ‘Adasa (Hebrew, Pp. 123–134; English Summary, Pp. 72*–73*), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

The Glass Finds From Khirbat ‘Adasa (Hebrew, Pp. 123–134; English Summary, Pp. 72*–73*), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The 320 glass fragments from the excavations at Khirbat ‘Adasa represent types dating from the Hellenistic, Early and Late Roman, late Byzantine–early Umayyad, Abbasid–Mamluk and Ottoman periods. The finds from the late Byzantine–early Umayyad periods are familiar from other contemporary settlements in the vicinity of Jerusalem. They include fragments of a rectangular window and evidence of glass production. The finds from the Abbasid period are the only published corpus from this time span in the region and includes bottles, some with a mold-blown pattern, and a tube.

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Late Roman–Early Byzantine Burial Caves At Shelomi (Pp. 103–115), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

Late Roman–Early Byzantine Burial Caves At Shelomi (Pp. 103–115), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

Four burial caves, hewn in soft limestone, were discovered southwest of Shelomi in the northern Galilee. They all consist of one chamber surrounded by single and double loculi (kokhim). The richest finds were recovered from Cave 2, and include bronze coins, glass vessels, jewelry and an iron blade, dating to the late third–late fourth centuries CE. The caves probably served the population of nearby Ḥorbat Kenessiyya, a relatively large site from the Roman–Byzantine periods. This population was probably pagan during the Roman period and converted to Christianity in the fourth century CE.

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Remains Of The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 81–97; English Summary, Pp. 78*–81*), Pirhiya Nahshoni Jan 2025

Remains Of The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Ḥorbat Ḥaẓaẓ, Ashqelon (Hebrew, Pp. 81–97; English Summary, Pp. 78*–81*), Pirhiya Nahshoni

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation at Ḥorbat Hazaz in Ashqelon revealed remains dating from the Roman and Byzantine periods. The finds from the Roman period included ten infant burials in jars, dating to the fourth century CE, a refuse level and a few coins; the finds from the Byzantine period included building remains, debris and a refuse pit. The small finds from the Early and Late Roman periods were retrieved from the refuse level and included pottery—bowls and burial jars—and glass vessels with plastic decoration. The small finds from the Byzantine period included pottery—a bowl bearing a Greek inscription, two mold-decorated bowls …

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Tombs Of The Roman Period And Building Remains Of The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods At Kafr Kama (Hebrew, Pp. 105–112; English Summary, Pp. 82*–83*), Chaya Ben-Nachum Jan 2025

Tombs Of The Roman Period And Building Remains Of The Byzantine And Early Islamic Periods At Kafr Kama (Hebrew, Pp. 105–112; English Summary, Pp. 82*–83*), Chaya Ben-Nachum

'Atiqot

In a salvage excavation on the main street in Kafr Kama, two cist tombs were uncovered. One of them (Tomb 202) contained a variety of glass vessels, dating from the Late Roman period (the third century CE), as well as bronze rings and a bronze firepan. The remains of two buildings from the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods were exposed. The buildings were dated to between the end of the sixth and the middle of the eighth centuries CE by the pottery recovered from the fills above their floors.

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Burials From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Caesarea (Hebrew, Pp. 45–56; English Summary, Pp. 56–57), Yosef Porath Jan 2025

Burials From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At Caesarea (Hebrew, Pp. 45–56; English Summary, Pp. 56–57), Yosef Porath

'Atiqot

Excavations in the cemetery area outside the city walls of Caesarea exposed three types of burials, representing the mixed population of the city during the Roman and Byzantine periods. The first burial type is a kokh (loculi) cave, characteristic of the Jewish community during the first century CE. The second type is represented by cist tombs; one of them yielded a large, double-nozzled Imperial oil lamp, its disc decorated with the ‘three fata’—probably indicating that the tomb belonged to a pagan family. The third type is represented by an arcosolium cave, in which more than 40 oil lamps were found, …

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Remains Of A Hall North Of Caesarea (With A Contribution By Donald T. Ariel) (Hebrew, Pp. 57–61; English Summary, Pp. 57–58), Gershon Edelstein Jan 2025

Remains Of A Hall North Of Caesarea (With A Contribution By Donald T. Ariel) (Hebrew, Pp. 57–61; English Summary, Pp. 57–58), Gershon Edelstein

'Atiqot

A large hall, in the shape of a long octagon with two interior, semicircular apses, was revealed. Four marble column bases were found in situ in the northern apse, and remains of a black-and-white mosaic floor survived in the center of the hall. These remains were probably part of a public building (bathhouse?) or a large private dwelling in the northern suburbs of Byzantine Caesarea.

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The Coins From Tamra (Pp. 57*–58*), Danny Syon Jan 2025

The Coins From Tamra (Pp. 57*–58*), Danny Syon

'Atiqot

Sixteen coins, all poorly preserved, were retrieved from the excavations at Tamra. They range in date from the second half of the fourth century BCE to the sixth century CE. Worthy of mention are a silver drachm of Alexander the Great, an ‘Akko-Ptolemais coin and five tint nummi from the fifth century CE.

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Burial Caves From The Second Temple And Byzantine Periods On The Western Slope Of Mount Of Olives, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 47*–59*; English Summary, Pp. 158–160), Amit Re’Em, Zubair ‘Adawi, Tal Ilan Jan 2025

Burial Caves From The Second Temple And Byzantine Periods On The Western Slope Of Mount Of Olives, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 47*–59*; English Summary, Pp. 158–160), Amit Re’Em, Zubair ‘Adawi, Tal Ilan

'Atiqot

Three burial caves that were part of the eastern burial ground (necropolis) of Jerusalem during the Second Temple and the Byzantine periods were revealed. Two of the caves (Nos. 3, 4) were hewn during the Second Temple period and reused in the Byzantine period, and one (No. 2) was hewn and used during the Byzantine period. Cave 3 yielded wood remains and nails, probably attesting to burial in wooden coffins during the Byzantine period. Cave 4 yielded fragments of nine limestone ossuaries, decorated in patterns well-known from the Jerusalem area. Three of the ossuaries bore inscriptions of Jewish names in …

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A Burial Cave Of The Byzantine Period In The Naḥalat Ahim Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 61*–86*; English Summary, Pp. 160–161), Elena Kogan-Zehavi Jan 2025

A Burial Cave Of The Byzantine Period In The Naḥalat Ahim Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 61*–86*; English Summary, Pp. 160–161), Elena Kogan-Zehavi

'Atiqot

The cave has a square burial chamber with three arcosolia hewn in its walls; two burial troughs were hewn in each arcosolium. Inside the troughs were the remains of 51 individuals, mostly children. The finds included 63 clay lamps and 18 glass vessels, mostly intact, dating the first use of the cave to the third century CE and its last use to the seventh century CE. Jewelry, spatulas and chicken eggs were found as well. The chicken eggs probably symbolize the Christian belief in incarnation, and thus may attest to the burial of martyrs, who were possibly massacred by the …

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