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Articles 1441 - 1470 of 13970

Full-Text Articles in History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology

Results Of Three Small Excavations At Nahf, Upper Galilee (Pp. 87–101), Howard Smithline Jan 2025

Results Of Three Small Excavations At Nahf, Upper Galilee (Pp. 87–101), Howard Smithline

'Atiqot

The village of Nahf is located north of Karmi’el, on the lower southern slope of the Mount Meron Massif. The three areas excavated revealed occupational levels from Early Bronze Age IB, Early Bronze Age II, Middle Bronze Age II, Iron Age I–II and the Persian period. Large quantities of Hellenistic-period potsherds, including many storage vessels and a stamped Rhodian amphora handle, point to the site’s important role as a commercial center for the production of oil and wine during this period. The Hellenistic settlement ceased to exist during the second half of the second century BCE, probably following the Hasmonean …

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A Site From The Iron Age Until The Early Islamic Period Near Tamra In The Lower Galilee (Pp. 47*–56*), Leea Porat Jan 2025

A Site From The Iron Age Until The Early Islamic Period Near Tamra In The Lower Galilee (Pp. 47*–56*), Leea Porat

'Atiqot

Five strata, dating to Iron Age II and the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic periods, were exposed in the village of Tamra. All strata revealed only meager architectural finds and few, mainly domestic, pottery finds. This excavation was the first at the site to reveal findings dating earlier than the Roman period and hence its importance. It seems that throughout history, the village of Tamra was a small rural settlement.

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Stone Quarries At Ḥorbat Gilan, In The Menashe Hills (Hebrew, Pp. 37–44; English Summary, Pp. 55–56), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

Stone Quarries At Ḥorbat Gilan, In The Menashe Hills (Hebrew, Pp. 37–44; English Summary, Pp. 55–56), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

Some 800 m northeast of Barqai Junction, along the route of the Cross-Israel Highway, an extensive quarry was exposed. The quarry, dated to the Roman and Byzantine periods based on the quarrying technique and ceramic finds, was used to quarry hard nari limestone, which was suitable for construction. The quarrying activity created steps or terraces. The detachment method included the separation of the stone’s sides from the bedrock and then its extraction by pulling the stone sideways. A rough calculation of the material extracted from the various quarrying locations is also attempted.

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A Burial Cave At Ḥorbat ‘Eitayim (Hebrew, Pp. 65–79; English Summary, Pp. 76*–78*), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa Jan 2025

A Burial Cave At Ḥorbat ‘Eitayim (Hebrew, Pp. 65–79; English Summary, Pp. 76*–78*), Hanaa Abu ‘Uqsa

'Atiqot

The site is located east of Nahariyya, in Western Galilee. The cave was hewn in chalk bedrock (qirton). The entrance to the cave, blocked by a rectangular closing stone, was accessed by a shaft; in the southern wall of the shaft a kokh was discovered. The cave consists of a central chamber with seven burial niches (kokhs) in its walls, four of which were found sealed with a rolling stone and small stones set into place around it. The finds within the cave were located in the central chamber and in the kokhim. They include a clay coffin with a …

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A Church And Village Remains From The Byzantine Period At Pardessiya In The Sharon (Hebrew, Pp. 67–89; English Summary, Pp. 67*–68*), Etan Ayalon Jan 2025

A Church And Village Remains From The Byzantine Period At Pardessiya In The Sharon (Hebrew, Pp. 67–89; English Summary, Pp. 67*–68*), Etan Ayalon

'Atiqot

In a salvage excavation at the site, located in the heart of the Sharon plain, the remains of buildings, agricultural installations, cisterns, a well and industrial waste of glass production were uncovered. The main building excavated is a church, erected in the fifth–sixth centuries CE, divided into three sections. Its floors were adorned with colorful mosaics, depicting floral patterns and a Greek inscription. This church, and other churches unearthed in the region, point to the possibility that the Christian incursion into the Sharon plain was less than previously estimated. In the seventh century CE the church was turned into an …

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Installations And Burial Caves In Ramat Sharet, Ramat Denya, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 31*–45*; English Summary, Pp. 156–158), Amit Re’Em, Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

Installations And Burial Caves In Ramat Sharet, Ramat Denya, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 31*–45*; English Summary, Pp. 156–158), Amit Re’Em, Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation in the Ramat Denya quarter, Jerusalem, uncovered agricultural installations, a miqweh, burial caves, cisterns and quarries dating to the Second Temple period, which were reused during medieval times. The various installations were dated on the basis of their architecture. Four winepresses were revealed; one, from the medieval period, was hewn within a Second Temple-period burial cave. The miqweh is typical of the Second Temple period, characteristically situated near agricultural installations; it was reused during the Mamluk period. Four loculi (kokhim) burial caves were excavated, characteristic of the Second Temple period. They were robbed in antiquity. The finds …

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Petrographic Analysis Of The Persian-Period Pottery From Ḥorbat Malta (Pp. 81–86), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

Petrographic Analysis Of The Persian-Period Pottery From Ḥorbat Malta (Pp. 81–86), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

Twenty-six samples of Persian-period wares from the Ḥorbat Malta excavations were studied. The pottery was divided into four petrographic groups: two groups point to the local production of amphorae, storage jars and cooking pots; the other two, to middle- and long-range imports. The middle-range imports are represented by two oil lamps, a jug and possibly a krater, and the long-range import is represented by a mortaria.

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Excavations At Ḥorbat Malta, Lower Galilee (Pp. 5–79), Karen Covello-Paran Jan 2025

Excavations At Ḥorbat Malta, Lower Galilee (Pp. 5–79), Karen Covello-Paran

'Atiqot

Excavations at Ḥorbat Malta, located in the Nazareth Hills, exposed evidence of occupation dating to Middle Bronze Age II (potsherds), Iron Age II and the Persian and Roman periods. The Iron II occupation included a massive fortification wall and many rock-hewn installations, including channels, grinding and pounding stones and possibly, winepresses (Area A), as well as a four-room house (Area C). The Iron Age settlement reveals intra-site planning, familiar from other contemporary sites in the central hill region. The architectural elements of the Persian period are chiefly of a domestic nature, including stone buildings, numerous rock-hewn installations (Area B), pits …

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A Late Roman Period Burial Cave And Dump At Tell Qasile (Hebrew, Pp. 29–36; English Summary, Pp. 54–55), Etan Ayalon, Semadar Harpazi-Ofer Jan 2025

A Late Roman Period Burial Cave And Dump At Tell Qasile (Hebrew, Pp. 29–36; English Summary, Pp. 54–55), Etan Ayalon, Semadar Harpazi-Ofer

'Atiqot

On the southwestern fringes of Tell Qasile, a burial cave hewn in sandstone (kurkar) was exposed. It was almost completely destroyed in the past, and only the lower eastern part was preserved. The pottery and coins found in the cave dated to the Late Roman period (third–fourth centuries CE). The upper parts of some of the jars had been purposely removed, attesting that they may have served as ossuaries. The numerous animal bones and rampant disorder indicate that the cave was used a dump in a later phase. The finds from the cave point at either a Jewish or Samaritan …

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A Burial Cave From The First–Second Centuries Ce And Double-Arcosolia Tombs From The Fourth–Fifth Centuries Ce On The Fringes Of Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 45–57; English Summary, Pp. 74*–75*), Elie Haddad Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The First–Second Centuries Ce And Double-Arcosolia Tombs From The Fourth–Fifth Centuries Ce On The Fringes Of Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 45–57; English Summary, Pp. 74*–75*), Elie Haddad

'Atiqot

The burial cave, hewn in limestone, comprises a central chamber, a rectangular standing pit and three benches. Five individuals were interred in the cave, accompanied by pottery vessels, glass vessels and bronze objects. Based on the pottery finds, the cave was dated to the first–second centuries CE. The double-arcosolia tombs (T1–3) were quarried in bedrock above and north of the cave, forming part of a larger cemetery, which was exposed to the east. Based on the glass vessels from T2, the tombs should probably be dated to the Late Roman–Byzantine periods. The finds within T2 also included 20 decorated bone …

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A Burial Cave Of The Second Temple Period In The Arnona Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 15*–29*; English Summary, Pp. 154–156), Ya‘Akov Billig Jan 2025

A Burial Cave Of The Second Temple Period In The Arnona Quarter, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 15*–29*; English Summary, Pp. 154–156), Ya‘Akov Billig

'Atiqot

The cave has one burial chamber. In its center is a rectangular, rock-hewn standing pit, flanked by three benches and six loculi (kokhim), and two repositories. All of the kokhim, save one, were sealed with their blocking stones. Found on the benches and in the kokhim were ten ossuaries with their covers and one single cover. One of the ossuaries (No. 1) was inscribed with Aramaic and Hebrew inscriptions; the others were incised, decorated or painted. Numerous objects were discovered in the cave, including pottery vessels, stone vessels, a stone spindle whorl, glass inlays, glass beads, a bone kohl spoon, …

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Human Skeletal Remains From A Second -Temple-Period Tomb In Arnona, Jerusalem (Pp. 117–120), Joe Zias Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From A Second -Temple-Period Tomb In Arnona, Jerusalem (Pp. 117–120), Joe Zias

'Atiqot

A minimum of 41 individuals was recovered from the tomb. The demographic profile shows that 51% of the population died before age 18, in accord with other reported figures from the period. The pathology of the interred is unique, representing the first reported incident of tuberculosis in an ancient Jewish population.

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Early Roman And Early Byzantine Glass Vessels From T2 And T4 Near Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 59–63; English Summary, P. 76*), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Jan 2025

Early Roman And Early Byzantine Glass Vessels From T2 And T4 Near Ḥorbat Zikhrin (Hebrew, Pp. 59–63; English Summary, P. 76*), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

'Atiqot

Eleven glass vessels were retrieved from two double-arcosolia tombs (T2, T4) near Ḥorbat Zikhrin. The finds from T2 included a bowl, a jar, a bottle and an amphoriskos dating from the fourth–fifth centuries CE. The finds from T4 were free-blown, and included a bowl rim and bottle base from the first–second centuries CE and several beads. An exceptional find is a cast-and-cut seal, dated to the sixth–fourth centuries BCE, which is probably an heirloom attesting to the affluent status of the deceased.

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A Complex Winepress From Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq: Evidence For The Peak In The Development Of The Wine Industry In Eretz Israel In Antiquity (Hebrew, Pp. 47–66; English Summary, Pp. 65*–67*), Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Rafael Frankel, Nimrod Getzov Jan 2025

A Complex Winepress From Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq: Evidence For The Peak In The Development Of The Wine Industry In Eretz Israel In Antiquity (Hebrew, Pp. 47–66; English Summary, Pp. 65*–67*), Dina Avshalom-Gorni, Rafael Frankel, Nimrod Getzov

'Atiqot

A large complex winepress, excavated at Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq, represents the peak in the development of winepresses in the country toward the end of the Byzantine period. Several winepresses of this type have been excavated throughout the country: in the Negev, in the southern coastal plain and in the Carmel. Although they are not identical, they functioned in a similar manner and were connected technologically. They all have five common characteristics: a large treading floor, two connecting vats, one intermediate vat, a screw press or other devices for secondary pressing and auxiliary floors. This elaborate plan allowed for industrial production of …

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Pottery Production At Ḥorbat Rodem Near Bet She’An (Pp. 37*–46*), Karen Covello-Paran, Dina Avshalom-Gorni Jan 2025

Pottery Production At Ḥorbat Rodem Near Bet She’An (Pp. 37*–46*), Karen Covello-Paran, Dina Avshalom-Gorni

'Atiqot

The site is located north of Bet She’an and sits on brown basaltic soil. Two occupational layers were revealed, dating from the Late Hellenistic–Early Roman (Stratum II) and the Late Roman–Early Byzantine (Stratum I) periods. Most of the potsherds retrieved were attributed to the later phase. A study of the frequency of the pottery types indicates that a workshop operated at the site, specializing in the production of storage vessels. As few analogous vessels are known from contemporary sites outside of Bet She’an, it would seem that the urban center at Bet She’an was large enough to support the pottery …

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Caves From The Iron Age And The Early Roman Period At ‘Ein El-Luza, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 21*–35*; English Summary, P. 197), Zvi Greenhut, Zubair ‘Adawi Jan 2025

Caves From The Iron Age And The Early Roman Period At ‘Ein El-Luza, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 21*–35*; English Summary, P. 197), Zvi Greenhut, Zubair ‘Adawi

'Atiqot

Three caves were discovered south of the confluence of the Hinom and Kidron Valleys in Jerusalem. Two natural caves (Caves 1, 3) contained Iron Age II pottery and human bones and the third (Cave 2), a hewn burial cave, was dated to the Early Roman period. Cave 1 yielded an Iron Age pottery assemblage dating between the eighth and the beginning of the sixth centuries BCE that included tableware (bowls, jars and juglets) and cooking pots typically found in burial caves. As the cave is natural, it is possible that its contents were dumped there following the evacuation of a …

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Iron Age Iia Remains From A Salvage Excavation At Sulam (Pp. 23*–32*), Yardenna Alexandre Jan 2025

Iron Age Iia Remains From A Salvage Excavation At Sulam (Pp. 23*–32*), Yardenna Alexandre

'Atiqot

The site is located in the Jezreel Valley, near the slopes of Giv‘at Ha-More. Four building phases were observed: the latest phase (Stratum I) was attributed to the late Byzantine–Early Islamic periods, while three earlier phases (Strata IIa–c) date to Iron Age II; meager Hellenistic and Iron I sherds were found as well. Strata IIc and IIa were exploited as cooking areas, and Stratum IIb may have been an industrial installation connected with fire (kiln? furnace?). The charcoal samples from Stratum IIb that were analyzed support the conventional Iron IIA chronology.

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The Glass Vessels From Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 107–112), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

The Glass Vessels From Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 107–112), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The excavation yielded a small number of glass fragments, all of which were free blown. Several vessels are decorated in various techniques, such as applied trails and pinching. The earliest glass vessels date to the Late Roman and early Byzantine periods. The major group of vessels dates to the Mamluk period. This infrequent medieval group consists of vessels that could be dated by comparison, as well as newly discovered types. The importance of this group lies in its archaeological context within a stratified Mamluk site in the vicinity of Jerusalem.

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Coins From The Excavations At Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 113–115), Ariel Berman Jan 2025

Coins From The Excavations At Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 113–115), Ariel Berman

'Atiqot

The excavation yielded 28 coins. They date from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic periods and the majority, to the Mamluk period; one coin dates to the Ottoman period.

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Tel Hazor: Areas Q (The Eastern Spur) And N (Pp. 17*–42*), Karen Covello-Paran Jan 2025

Tel Hazor: Areas Q (The Eastern Spur) And N (Pp. 17*–42*), Karen Covello-Paran

'Atiqot

Excavations in the eastern Lower City of Tel Hazor revealed part of a courtyard building (Area Q2) and a rampart (Area Q3), as well as a drainage channel and a rampart system (Area N). The building, dating to the Late Bronze Age, exhibited three building phases. Beneath the Phase II floor, two storage-jar burials were found, one of which contained fragmentary bones of a child. The finds in the building were sparse, including decorated ware, Bichrome ware and Chocolate-on-White ware. Also found were a zoomorphic figurine, an anthropomorphic(?) object and an alabastron. The building was of public (administrative?) character, as …

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A Farmstead From The End Of The Iron Age And Installations At The Foot Of Khirbat Abu Shawan (Hebrew, Pp. 25–44; English Summary, Pp. 71*–74*), Yuval Baruch Jan 2025

A Farmstead From The End Of The Iron Age And Installations At The Foot Of Khirbat Abu Shawan (Hebrew, Pp. 25–44; English Summary, Pp. 71*–74*), Yuval Baruch

'Atiqot

The site is located on a slope c. 100 m southwest of Khirbat Abu Shawan, near the village of El-Wallaja. The excavation exposed the remains of a farmstead, extending across an area of two to three dunams. Two buildings were unearthed, delimited by an enclosure wall. An installation and a partially-hewn cave were discovered as well. The site was dated to the end of the Iron Age based on the pottery found within the buildings and the installations. One building (200) comprised a large percentage of holemouth jars, and it probably served as a workshop and storeroom for agricultural produce. …

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A Tomb From The Second Temple Period At Shoham (Pp. 43*–49*), Alla Nagorsky Jan 2025

A Tomb From The Second Temple Period At Shoham (Pp. 43*–49*), Alla Nagorsky

'Atiqot

The tomb, hewn in soft limestone bedrock, comprises an entrance chamber and a burial chamber, in whose walls are four kokhs (loculi). The tomb contained fragments of at least five limestone ossuaries, some bearing incised decoration, and lids of two common types: flat and vaulted. Numerous human skeletal remains were scattered in the tomb, representing a minimum number of 13 individuals. A few fragments of pottery and glass vessels were found, as well as a bronze bell, beads and a glass bracelet, dating to the Roman period. The general plan of the tomb and its architecture conform to the accepted …

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Survey And Excavations At Ḥorbat Burgin In The Judean Shephelah: Burial Caves, Hiding Complexes And Installations Of The Second Temple And Byzantine Periods (Hebrew, Pp. 15–48; English Summary, Pp. 60*–64*), Boaz Zissu, Amir Ganor Jan 2025

Survey And Excavations At Ḥorbat Burgin In The Judean Shephelah: Burial Caves, Hiding Complexes And Installations Of The Second Temple And Byzantine Periods (Hebrew, Pp. 15–48; English Summary, Pp. 60*–64*), Boaz Zissu, Amir Ganor

'Atiqot

This article summarizes the results of several surveys and excavations conducted between 1995 and 1996 at Ḥorbat Burgin, northeast of Bet Govrin. Within the boundaries of the necropolis that surrounded the settlement on three sides were three types of tombs, dating to the later part of the Second Temple period; a Christian burial cave was documented as well, belonging to the Byzantine-period settlement at the site. A bell-shaped cistern was found to contain the engravings of crosses and two illegible inscriptions in Paleo-Hebrew script. Three hiding complexes were observed in the survey; all had been breached and plundered in the …

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A Hebrew Seal From Bet Shemesh And Another Of Unknown Provenance In The Israel Antiquities Authority Collection (Pp. 1–4), Benjamin Sass Jan 2025

A Hebrew Seal From Bet Shemesh And Another Of Unknown Provenance In The Israel Antiquities Authority Collection (Pp. 1–4), Benjamin Sass

'Atiqot

Two seals in the Israel Antiquities Authority collections, which were considered unreadable, were found to be inscribed in ancient Hebrew script. One was discovered in the excavations directed by Mackenzie at Bet Shemesh, the other is of unknown provenance. Both seals are of a popular design, bearing the names of their owner and his father, probably dating to the eighth century BCE.

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A Middle Bronze Age Iia–B Tomb At Bet She’An (Hebrew, Pp. 11*–20*; English Summary, Pp. 195–196), Michael Cohen Jan 2025

A Middle Bronze Age Iia–B Tomb At Bet She’An (Hebrew, Pp. 11*–20*; English Summary, Pp. 195–196), Michael Cohen

'Atiqot

The tomb, uncovered beneath the Bet She’an Youth Hostel, was hewn from the local travertine. At least four individuals were interred in the cave, each with their associated burial goods—pottery vessels and metal artifacts. The finds date from the end of Middle Bronze Age IIA to the transition to Middle Bronze Age IIB. It seems that the tomb served the population of a nearby settlement located about 800 m from Tel Bet She’an.

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The Medieval Ceramics From Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 75–104), Adrian J. Boas Jan 2025

The Medieval Ceramics From Khirbat Ka‘Kul (Pp. 75–104), Adrian J. Boas

'Atiqot

The ceramic assemblage from Khirbat Ka‘kul is typical of village sites from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries CE, reflecting on the regionalism of certain wares and the broad distribution of others. Some imported wares from Cyprus were found as well, probably indicating trade in imports. Handmade painted wares are numerous amongst the finds, as are coarse handmade cooking pots. A small quantity of metal, bone and stone finds was recovered, the most exceptional being a small bronze cross.

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Salvage Excavations At Ḥorbat Ma‘Raba (Pp. 13*–21*), Lilly Gershuny Jan 2025

Salvage Excavations At Ḥorbat Ma‘Raba (Pp. 13*–21*), Lilly Gershuny

'Atiqot

Excavations at the site, located in the southern coastal plain, were initiated after the exposure of ancient pottery vessels. During excavations, a homogeneous pottery assemblage, including store jars, open and carinated bowls and dipper juglets, was recovered from five areas. It seems that the finds originated in pit graves, which were dug into the kurkar sandstone during Middle Bronze Age II. Similar graves, dating to the same period, are dispersed along the southern coastal ridges.

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A Jewish Mausoleum Of The Roman Period At Qiryat Shemu’El, Tiberias (Pp. 7*–29*), Fanny Vitto Jan 2025

A Jewish Mausoleum Of The Roman Period At Qiryat Shemu’El, Tiberias (Pp. 7*–29*), Fanny Vitto

'Atiqot

The tomb, constructed from large, roughly dressed basalt stones, consisted of a courtyard, a burial chamber surrounded by two stories of loculi (kokhim) and a large subterranean chamber. Part of a basalt-stone door, which originally sealed the tomb opening, was found; it was carved in imitation of a paneled wooden door, and originally swung on hinges, one of which survived in situ. The finds within the tomb included pottery and glass vessels, an iron nail and a limestone ossuary, mostly dating to the end of the first–early second centuries CE; a magical amulet, representing a reaper and incised with a …

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The Greek Inscription From Tel Ashdod: A Revised Reading (Pp. 31*–36*), Leah Di Segni Jan 2025

The Greek Inscription From Tel Ashdod: A Revised Reading (Pp. 31*–36*), Leah Di Segni

'Atiqot

Following a reexamination of the Greek inscription on a mosaic pavement uncovered at Kibbutz Hazor, near Ashdod (see ‘Atiqot 51), a new reading is offered. The inscription, which must have adorned the entrance of a winepress attached to a monastery, states the date the winepress was commemorated. The date points to the use of a non-local era; this use might hint at the abbot’s wish to symbolically mark the border between himself and his foundation, and the catholic bishop of Ascalon.

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An Inscribed Jar Handle From Khirbat Ka‘Kul (P. 105), Nitzan Amitai-Preiss Jan 2025

An Inscribed Jar Handle From Khirbat Ka‘Kul (P. 105), Nitzan Amitai-Preiss

'Atiqot

A large jar handle was found, impressed with an Arabic inscription, dating, at the latest, to the early ninth century CE. Similar stamped jar handles were recorded from Jerusalem and its vicinity.

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