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Full-Text Articles in East Asian Languages and Societies

Qiyun And Rhythm, Feng Peng Nov 2018

Qiyun And Rhythm, Feng Peng

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Qiyun is an important concept in traditional Chinese aesthetics. From the early 20th century, western sinologists and art historians have been engaged in the translation and interpretation of qiyun and changed its meaning into rhythm. These translations and interpretations have inspired modern Chinese aestheticians to reconsider this concept. Western aestheticians misunderstood qiyun as rhythm, because they have found that both modern Western paintings and traditional Chinese paintings appreciated the rhythm of lines. Nevertheless, qiyun is not rhythm. Rhythm in modern paintings is more akin to xieyi, another important concept of traditional Chinese aesthetics.

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A Query About The "Peasant Uprising" And "Driven To Join The Liangshan Rebels" Hypotheses: An Analysis Of The Identities And Occupations Of The Heroes And Their Uprising Causes In Water Margin, Zhaoming Liu Nov 2018

A Query About The "Peasant Uprising" And "Driven To Join The Liangshan Rebels" Hypotheses: An Analysis Of The Identities And Occupations Of The Heroes And Their Uprising Causes In Water Margin, Zhaoming Liu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

In the thematic and narrative study of Water Margin, the "Peasant Uprising" and "Driven to Join the Liangshan Rebels" hypotheses, though frequently questioned, still hold unshakable position among works on Chinese Literary History, popular readings and even Chinese language textbooks for high school. In fact, statistics suggest that instead of all the 108 heroes in the story, only 11 were peasants from the angle of big agriculture, and only 9 were compelled to join the Liangshan Rebels. This thesis proposes three interpretations underlying such long-lasting misunderstanding: 1) "Peasant Uprising" and "Driven to Join the Liangshan Rebels" hypotheses greatly overlap with …

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Exploring The Lives Of Song Dynasty Women Through Hong Mai's Yijianzhi, Egan Ronald Nov 2018

Exploring The Lives Of Song Dynasty Women Through Hong Mai's Yijianzhi, Egan Ronald

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Yijianzhi is a collection of anecdotes and tales compiled by the Song dynasty literatus Hong Mai. Most of the stories it contains were transmitted orally to Hong Mai by people he knew. Consequently, Hong Mai believed the stories to be reliable accounts of events that had actually happened. This article follows the methods of the British Sinologist Glen Dudbridge in viewing such stories as belonging to medieval China's "vernacular culture." Many of Yijianzhi's stories feature one or another type of women as their protagonist, and so the collection is a valuable source for the study of women of that period. …

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From Poetry To Ci: The Misunderstanding Of Genre And Responses To "Jiangnan Spring" In The Ming And Qing Dynasties, Zhibo Tang Nov 2018

From Poetry To Ci: The Misunderstanding Of Genre And Responses To "Jiangnan Spring" In The Ming And Qing Dynasties, Zhibo Tang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Ni Zan, a famous poet living in late Yuan dynasty, wrote two seven-character ancient verses of "Southern Song" and "Jiangnan Spring". Then the two poems were merged into "Jiangnan Spring" and given to his friends as a present. Shen Zhou and other literati in the Wuzhong area began to follow the pattern of "Jiangnan Spring" during the Hongzhi period of the Ming dynasty, treating them as two tunes. During the period of Jiajing, fifty people were involved in the responses and an anthology was complied. The earliest works of Ni Zan and the following responsive verses by Shen Zhou and …

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Imagery In Chuang Tzu From The Perspective Of Pictorial-Linguistic Semiotics, Zhaohui Bao Nov 2018

Imagery In Chuang Tzu From The Perspective Of Pictorial-Linguistic Semiotics, Zhaohui Bao

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

This article tries to investigate the representation of the world from Chuang Tzu's language, and also to examine the ground on which Chuang Tzu's language activities contain imagery. It argues that Chuang Tzu represented the world by visualizing Tao, or the Way. The fact that literature is a form of language art provides help for describing the visualization of the world. Therefore, this determines that Chuang Tzu employs imagery for expression. Chuang Tzu gives prominence to the poetic function rather than referential function in his language during the process of linguistic expression. Such a feature emphasizes the poetic turn of …

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The Combination Of Emotions And Things In Traditional Chinese Poetics, Guikui Li Nov 2018

The Combination Of Emotions And Things In Traditional Chinese Poetics, Guikui Li

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

From a series of theoretical summaries based on creative practice, such as "expressing sentiment in response to objects or things", "revealing emotions in narratives" and "integration of emotions and things", it is easy to find that traditional Chinese poetics contains a set of combination of "emotion" and "things". The idea of "emotions arising from felt things" is deeply rooted in traditional Chinese poetics. Accordingly, scholars gradually realized that there should be "things" first, then "emotions". In other words, emotions are caused by things, and narratives are the basic and necessary means of lyric expression. Based on this, Wei Tai in …

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The Genealogy Of Affect Theory, Qianyue Liu Nov 2018

The Genealogy Of Affect Theory, Qianyue Liu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Affect theory emerged in the late twentieth century as a theoretical trend in the study of "affective turn" in Western humanities. Affect theory, focused on the complex narratives of affect history, is an alternative paradigm to the one which is based on the rhetoric and semiotics in the 1990s. Research on affect theory began as Spinoza, and Deleuze developed it into an important concept of subjectivity generation. In this philosophical context, the theory of affect evolved along two theoretical paths. The ontological path from Spinoza to Deleuze continued with Masumi. The other path, which was the feminist path, was initiated …

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An Exploration Of Literary Mimesis Through The Perspective Of Mirror Neurons, Huibin He Nov 2018

An Exploration Of Literary Mimesis Through The Perspective Of Mirror Neurons, Huibin He

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Mirror neurons are discovered by Italian scientists Giacomo Rizzolatti and his colleagues, which are not only active while people are acting, but also active when they are observing others' action. Mirror neurons, which imitate the action of others just like mirrors, can lead to "motor equivalence" between readers and characters. Human imitation, which is often accompanied by anthropocentrism and egocentrism, can be divided into simple ones and complex ones, and can also be divided into imitation of content and imitation of form. Mimesis, which traditionally means the writer's imitation of the world, can by extended into the field of the …

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Criticism, Rebellion And Adaptation: Multi-Dimensional Construction Of Discourse Of Remarks And Interpretation On Amorous Poems, Xiao Xiong Nov 2018

Criticism, Rebellion And Adaptation: Multi-Dimensional Construction Of Discourse Of Remarks And Interpretation On Amorous Poems, Xiao Xiong

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The formation of the concept "amorous poem" related to the semantic meaning of the character "yan" (glamorous) , and both of them were constructed as typical negative images due to their implicit "dangerous factors" in the cultural context of the past. These critical discourses thus set the tone of remarks on amorous poems, and the connotation of amorous poems thence showed a clearly ideological implication. But two new types of discourse in the remarks on amorous poems emerged in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. One emphasized the independent significance and value by the theory of "emotion-rootedness", and constituted a discourse …

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From "Phenomenological Body" To "Reversible Flesh": The Transformation Of Merleau-Ponty's Aesthetic Theory, Zhifeng Shu Nov 2018

From "Phenomenological Body" To "Reversible Flesh": The Transformation Of Merleau-Ponty's Aesthetic Theory, Zhifeng Shu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Merleau-Ponty's philosophical thinking is also aesthetics. Such an openness is vital for him, since it concerns the sensitivity and becoming of selfhood philosophy, without being trapped in the dilemma in traditional philosophy. With the transition from the "phenomenological body" to the "reversible flesh" in his philosophy, Merleau-Ponty' aesthetics shifts from perception and sensibility to ontology and "element". In his early works Cézanne's Doubt, Indirect Language and The Voice of Silence, and late work Eye and Mind, painting is always central to Merleau-Ponty's aesthetic thinking, because the pure "vision" in painting refers to the visual dimension that is ignored and marginalized …

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From The Vernacular To Colloquial: A Reflective Approach To Modern Poetry Over The Past Century, Siyun Zhao Nov 2018

From The Vernacular To Colloquial: A Reflective Approach To Modern Poetry Over The Past Century, Siyun Zhao

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

From the establishment of vernacular poetry to the boom of colloquial poetry in the 1980s, the development of Chinese poetry suffered from the vicissitudes and challenges brought by wars and political changes. And this becomes an approach to reflect on modern poetry over the past century. Vernacular poetry was given birth by force under the great impact of the western discourse and the great demands for huge social changes, and was guided by historical evolutionism and instrumental rational thinking, hence vernacular poetry's born deficiencies. And later it was deformed and finally reduced into verbal violence due to harsh war environment …

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Integration And Innovation: The Construction Of The Aesthetics Of Poetry For The Future, Also On The Relationship Between Traditional Poetics And Modern Poetics, Lvkun Zhang, Shiyi Wei Nov 2018

Integration And Innovation: The Construction Of The Aesthetics Of Poetry For The Future, Also On The Relationship Between Traditional Poetics And Modern Poetics, Lvkun Zhang, Shiyi Wei

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Modern poetry has a history of more than one hundred years, during which period China's social form and cultural symptoms have undergone significant changes. Centering on the inheritance and rebellion of traditions, the development of modern poetry is essentially categorized within the construction of new "tradition", no matter how it assumes social responsibilities of materialization, or turns into "modernity" affected by Western cultures. It is expected that modern poetry and poetics get their legitimacy through practice in the real world situation, on the basis of an integrative vision and an open historical context of the era which brings opportunities as …

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Opportunities And Challenges: Reflections On The Cultural Situation And Destiny Of Modern Poetry In The Past Century, Guoming Yin Nov 2018

Opportunities And Challenges: Reflections On The Cultural Situation And Destiny Of Modern Poetry In The Past Century, Guoming Yin

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

"Modern Poetry" has been around for a century since the publication of On Literary Improvement written by Hu Shi in 1917. However, the situation of today's poetry seems less satisfactory considering its influence on people's everyday life or the performance of its creation, which would even raise doubt on modern poetry's future. Undoubtedly, as an expression and accumulation of traditional artistic spirit, poetry functions as cohesion and inheritance of traditional Chinese aesthetic consciousness and artistic spirit. The development, change and innovation of poetry not only provide reference, resources and vitality for literary creation and theory constantly, but also function as …

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Reflections On Structuralist Narratology, Shouyi Jiang Nov 2018

Reflections On Structuralist Narratology, Shouyi Jiang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The rise of structuralist narratology has its theoretical source and theoretical prelude. Its theoretical source includes Saussure's concern of the language and Russian formalism's attention to "form". Its theoretical prelude includes the concern of 'perspective' in the U. K. and the USA, the contribution to novel theory, Propp's Morphology of the Folktale and the study of Lévi-Strauss's structure anthropology. After the preparations of the above theories, structuralist narratology emerged in France which developed into three research approaches: focusing on the story structure, focusing on the composition system of works and focusing on the function of the narrator. Though each approach …

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The Epistemological Attributes Of Literary Theories, Jianchang Xing Nov 2018

The Epistemological Attributes Of Literary Theories, Jianchang Xing

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Literary theories are epistemological truth/prescriptions or principles on literature. The reception of literature calls for not only implicit understandings so as to achieve its realization in individuals, but also a reinvention in the epistemological arena, e. g. a rational construction concerning the interactions between literature and society, cognition as well as ideology. The major epistemological attributes of literary theories are being non-empirical, describable, interpretative and parasitic. Literary theories are non-empirical knowledge, because their major concerns are human souls, values and significances; literary theories are describable knowledge because as reflections on literature and related areas, they are conveyed by languages, which …

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Three Meanings Of Moderation: The Effective Integration Of Literary Aesthetics And Ethic Politics As A Practice Of Rhetoric Politics, Fengjie Liu, Tiange Fan Nov 2018

Three Meanings Of Moderation: The Effective Integration Of Literary Aesthetics And Ethic Politics As A Practice Of Rhetoric Politics, Fengjie Liu, Tiange Fan

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

As a theory of artistic style within the domain of political cultivation, moderation is both the result and rhetorical practice of Confucian ethics and authoritarian politics. Moderation forms its own systemic characteristics, namely, roundabout admonishment in terms of rhetorical strategies, aesthetics of harmony regarding aesthetic taste, and a lyrical principle of starting with genuine feelings and stopping with good manners. However, after the May 4th Movement, it was replaced by the creation principle of "starting with genuine feelings, and ending with genuine feelings".

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What's Wrong With Star Wars, Star Trek And Žižek?: A Marxist Analysis, Gregory Mahoney Josef Nov 2018

What's Wrong With Star Wars, Star Trek And Žižek?: A Marxist Analysis, Gregory Mahoney Josef

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Star Trek and Star Wars are two of the most popular science fiction franchises in commercial history. This essay examines these two franchises from a critical Marxist perspective. Both offer fantastic visions of human development, which I will argue prove all too familiar to the reified consciousnesses of contemporary consumers. How and why do these films appeal, and how do they repackage the "end of history" in ways that normalize current logics of hegemony for a future that remains founded, nevertheless, on forms of injustice and commodity fetishism as familiar to us now as they were to Marx in the …

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Our Modernity: The Cross-Cultural Potential Of Chinese Scholarship, Yiqing Liu Nov 2018

Our Modernity: The Cross-Cultural Potential Of Chinese Scholarship, Yiqing Liu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

The issues of "how the west understands China" and "how China understands China" have been the two sides of the same coin in the global scholarship. Both China and the West are trapped by the same issue of understanding China, because modern Chinese social structure and basic aspects of mentality are shaped by modernity, and China and the west are equally confronted by the challenges of modernity under the circumstances of globalization. Chinese modernity came into being due to the western impact, and consequently Chinese tradition has become the Other for contemporary China, which means that there is a gap …

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Aesthetic Experience Of Semir Zeki, "Father Of Neuroaesthetics", And Related Research, Jun Hu Nov 2018

Aesthetic Experience Of Semir Zeki, "Father Of Neuroaesthetics", And Related Research, Jun Hu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Based on neural mechanism of the brain, Professor S. Zeki, known as the "father of neuroaesthetics", has made much research on human vision, aesthetic experience, aesthetic judgment, and the relationship between aesthetics and human perception, like that of color, form, and motion. This article analyzes Zeki's research on aesthetic experience and expounds how Zeki, through brain fMRI (functional magnetic resonance) scan, discovered that aesthetic experience can activate certain area of brain – A1 region of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). On this basis, the article not only discusses the definition of beauty, but also differentiates aesthetic experience from pleasure experience …

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An Interdisciplinary Discussion On The Political And Ethical Dimensions Of Aesthetics: An Interview With Professor Simon Critchley, Xi Wang Nov 2018

An Interdisciplinary Discussion On The Political And Ethical Dimensions Of Aesthetics: An Interview With Professor Simon Critchley, Xi Wang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Simon Critchley is an English Philosopher, the Hans Jonas Professor in New School, New York. He is the founding member of the executive committee of Forum for European Philosophy, the previous program director of College International de Philosophie in Paris, the previous president of British Society for Phenomenology and the research fellow of Johann Wolfgang Goethe University. He has held visiting professorship at numerous universities and authored more than twenty books which are translated into French, German, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, etc. In these books, he develops a strikingly independent philosophical voice of western leftist and inquired the increasingly overlapped terrain …

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Digital Humanistic Transformation Of World Literature, Distance Reading And Literary Criticism: Franco Moretti's Evolution Logic Of Literary Theory, Xiaohui Chen Nov 2018

Digital Humanistic Transformation Of World Literature, Distance Reading And Literary Criticism: Franco Moretti's Evolution Logic Of Literary Theory, Xiaohui Chen

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Franco Moretti is one of the most controversial scholars of world literature today. Compared with others', his world literature is not of "substantive existence", but of "conceptual existence". From the perspective of conception, Moretti regards world literature as a holistic thinking mode of dealing with the evolution of literature in the era of globalization, and it is also the problem itself that needs new critical methods to solve. As a solution to the problems of world literature by Moretti, "distant reading" symbolizes the paradigm revolution of reading objects, reading subjects and reading methods with its "second-hand reading", large-scaled reading, collaborative …

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Knowledge Production And Canonization Of Modern Chinese Poetry: Selected Modern Chinese Poetry (1919-1949) In Historical Perspective, Chang’An Fang Nov 2018

Knowledge Production And Canonization Of Modern Chinese Poetry: Selected Modern Chinese Poetry (1919-1949) In Historical Perspective, Chang’An Fang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Selected Modern Chinese Poetry (1919-1949), edited by Zang Kejia and published in 1956 by China Youth Press, is the first and one of the most important anthologies of modern poetry in China since 1949. For literary construction in modern China, its preface, "An Outline of the Development of Modern Chinese Poetry since the 'May Fourth Movement'", has reconstructed the history of the development of modern Chinese poetry from 1919 to 1949, which saw anti-imperialistic and anti-feudalistic themes highlighted and realism become the mainstream. Because the editor used it as a historical framework and discourse basis to break through the existing …

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Musicalization: Xu Zhimo's Poetic Aesthetics, Liming Chen Nov 2018

Musicalization: Xu Zhimo's Poetic Aesthetics, Liming Chen

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Apart from its shallow poetic imagery due to the vernacular and transparent language, a main reason why the New Poetry has been widely criticized since the May 4th Movement lies in the lack of musicality, more obvious when compared with Chinese classical poetry. But Xu Zhimo is an exception in that he made some effective and innovative transformation of the musicality of the poetry both at home and abroad by means of an integration of reading, translation and writing. It is therefore argued that musicality has characterized the most important features of his poetry, which is most obviously manifested as …

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The Other In The View Of The Self And The Self In The Horizon Of The Other: The "Reconstruction Of Canon" In The Translations Of Literary Mind And The Carving Of Dragons In American Scholarship, Pengfei Gu Nov 2018

The Other In The View Of The Self And The Self In The Horizon Of The Other: The "Reconstruction Of Canon" In The Translations Of Literary Mind And The Carving Of Dragons In American Scholarship, Pengfei Gu

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

This article discusses a basic literary question: suppose there is an original text which is an authorized canon, then is its translated text still a canon? The circulation of Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons in American scholarship is an example. Those translated texts, rewritten through cross-cultural translation, deviate from the original because they were reconstructed in a heterogeneous cultural context. With three kinds of research methods, including contextual reduction of the original text, form reconstruction of the paratext and comparison of intertextuality between Chinese and Western versions, Vincent Yu-chung Shih, Stephen Owen and Yang Guobin succeeded in reestablishing …

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The Relationship Between Meaning, Images, And Words Of Yang Wanli's Poetics, Ruiqing Li Nov 2018

The Relationship Between Meaning, Images, And Words Of Yang Wanli's Poetics, Ruiqing Li

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Illustrating the system of meaning, images, and words from The Book of Changes, Yang Wanli concludes that one should seek images through and within words, and Tao through and within images. Applying this philosophical logic to poetic logic, Yang reaches the conclusion that in that case, wan xiang bi lai (you can see all images in your head), and yi zai ju zhong (what you intend to convey has been expressed in sentences) help form rigorously structured poetics with Confucian tradition of meaning and words. Based on Yang's unique theory of mind-material relationship and his favor to natural imagery, wan …

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What Is The Antimimesis Of Narrative? An Exploration Of Brian Richardson's Unnatural Narratology, Biwu Shang Nov 2018

What Is The Antimimesis Of Narrative? An Exploration Of Brian Richardson's Unnatural Narratology, Biwu Shang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

As a founder and major proponent of unnatural narratology, Brian Richardson is one of the most prominent narratologists in contemporary Western academia. Defining unnatural narrative as "one that contains significant antimimetic events, characters, settings, or frames", Richardson analyzes its unnaturalness from such aspects as story, discourse and narrative representation apart from revealing its ideological function. The controversies of unnatural narratology, to a large extent, center on the concept of the unnatural, and methodology and applicability of the theory. To fully develop "a poetics of unnatural narrative," unnatural narratologists, Richardson in particular, need to further clarify the concepts of unnatural narratology …

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Word-Image-Meaning: Unique Discourse In Chinese Culture And Aesthetics, Fa Zhang Nov 2018

Word-Image-Meaning: Unique Discourse In Chinese Culture And Aesthetics, Fa Zhang

Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

Image is unique in the theory of word-image-meaning in Chinese culture. Word, Image and meaning are interconnect and at the same time autonomous whether in Zhouyi philosophy or aesthetics. The theory of word-image-meaning in aesthetics took form in the Wei and Jin Dynasties and evolved into the theory of "visay" in the Tang Dynasty because of its interaction with the Buddhist theory of visay, thus having completed its aesthetic turn and established the structure of "the visay within word-visay" (scene-image-affection-meaning) and "the visay beyond visay" (including scenery beyond scenery, image beyond image, and meaning beyond meaning. )

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落葉哀蟬曲：珍妃之死·香草美人·家國之喻, Shengqing Wu Nov 2018

落葉哀蟬曲：珍妃之死·香草美人·家國之喻, Shengqing Wu

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

庚子之變是近代中國創傷性經驗的歷史關捩點，也引發了悲情書寫的機制。本文討論世紀之初一群在京文人的詩詞寫作，特别圍繞兩個相關的個案：對珍妃之死的回應，以及王鵬運、朱祖謀與劉福姚等篝燈酬唱而完成的兩部詞集《庚子秋詞》與《春蟄吟》。各種幽微曲折的心思，託喻性的整體風格，鑲嵌繁複的典故，共同成就了那一時期的詞學風貌。集體的唱酬進一步劃分或强化了知識群體，爲有共同文化信念的文人提供表達的機緣、情感慰藉的場域。在這類高度風格化的書寫中，女性的符號成爲其中最活躍的修辭要素。本文探討創傷、隱喻、女性身體與家國想像這些交相糾結的命題，以及托喻作爲一種古老的“詩用”行爲對於晚清士大夫階層的意義。

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蘇軾前身故事的真相與改寫, Gang Zhu, Huiqing Zhao Nov 2018

蘇軾前身故事的真相與改寫, Gang Zhu, Huiqing Zhao

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

北宋禪僧惠洪最早記録了蘇軾前身是雲門宗禪僧五祖師戒的故事。他不僅構建了這個故事，也一手記録了五祖師戒形象的所有元素。惠洪所爲可能與其祖師黄龍慧南叛出雲門宗這一事件相關，他通過建構蘇軾前身故事及五祖師戒形象，來維護黄龍慧南的聲名，表明其並非背叛雲門宗，而是真正傳承雲門法脈。後來蘇軾前身故事被世俗社會引入戲曲小説，並將其與紅蓮故事拼合，展現出與士大夫話語不一樣的面貌，成爲禪宗在世俗社會的傳法手段。五祖師戒在小説戲曲中被訛變爲五戒禪師，這個新形象成爲流傳最廣的蘇軾前身樣態。

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遞藏·題跋·複製：蘇軾《洞庭春色賦》、《中山松醪賦》書跡, Lo-Fen I Nov 2018

遞藏·題跋·複製：蘇軾《洞庭春色賦》、《中山松醪賦》書跡, Lo-Fen I

嶺南學報 Lingnan Journal of Chinese Studies

蘇軾《洞庭春色賦》、《中山松醪賦》合卷書於北宋哲宗紹聖元年(1094)，白麻紙，全幅縱28.3釐米，横306.3釐米，加上後人的題跋，總共全長450.3釐米，是篇幅最長的蘇軾書跡，現藏吉林省博物院。本文分析《洞庭春色賦》和《中山松醪賦》的書寫與複製情形，整理歷代庋藏流轉脈絡，以及九位題跋者的十三則題跋。研究發現：蘇軾多次書寫此二賦，尤其是寫《中山松醪賦》予友人，彌補個人作品出版受限制的困境。後世的石刻和法帖促進此二賦的傳布。乾隆皇帝至少兩次臨摹《中山松醪賦》，四度題寫《洞庭春色賦》、《中山松醪賦》合卷，其中兩次是在蘇軾寫《中山松醪賦》的河北定州，頗具深意。

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