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Articles 22411 - 22440 of 570564

Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities

A Roman Milestone From The ‘Third Mile Estate’, Ashqelon (Pp. 223–228), Israel Roll Jan 2025

A Roman Milestone From The ‘Third Mile Estate’, Ashqelon (Pp. 223–228), Israel Roll

'Atiqot

A Roman milestone was uncovered 50 m to the northwest of the Byzantine estate buildings. It is a segment of a marble column, roughly cut at one end and broken at the other. The milestone segment bears two lapidary Latin inscriptions: one from the time of Elagabalus (218–222 CE), the other from the reign of Diocletian (284–305 CE).

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Remains From The Hellenistic Through The Byzantine Periods At The ‘Third Mile Estate’, Ashqelon (Pp. 167–222), Yigal Israel, Tali Erickson-Gini Jan 2025

Remains From The Hellenistic Through The Byzantine Periods At The ‘Third Mile Estate’, Ashqelon (Pp. 167–222), Yigal Israel, Tali Erickson-Gini

'Atiqot

The excavation revealed fragmentary evidence of occupation from the Iron Age through the Early Roman period (Area E); five early Gaza-jar kilns from the first–third centuries CE (Area F1); the remains of a well-built installation complex that included a bathhouse, pools, an oil press, two winepresses, several warehouses and a pottery kiln, belonging to a large Byzantine-period (late fourth or early fifth to early seventh centuries CE) agricultural estate (Areas A–C, E); and several Byzantine-period graves and a tomb (Areas A, D). Hellenistic and Early Roman pottery, dating from the third through the first centuries BCE, as well as five …

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A Late Bronze Age Ii Settlement On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 133–141), Yonatan Nadelman Jan 2025

A Late Bronze Age Ii Settlement On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 133–141), Yonatan Nadelman

'Atiqot

The excavation took place on a kurkar hill overlooking the sea. Four squares were opened on the southern slope, and settlement deposits of the Late Bronze Age II were revealed, without any architectural elements. A ceramic figurine was found. The vessels that were found at the site seem to indicate a single-period LB II settlement. The fabrics point to a number of sources, local (Canaanite) and foreign (Cypriot, Mycenaean and possibly Egyptian). This international character is clearly in keeping with the general picture of the period.

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An Intermediate Bronze Age Settlement And A Middle Bronze Age Ii Cemetery At The ‘Third Mile Estate’, Ashqelon (Pp. 143–165), Tali Erickson-Gini, Yigal Israel Jan 2025

An Intermediate Bronze Age Settlement And A Middle Bronze Age Ii Cemetery At The ‘Third Mile Estate’, Ashqelon (Pp. 143–165), Tali Erickson-Gini, Yigal Israel

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation was conducted on the eastern slopes of a kurkar ridge that runs parallel to the Mediterranean shoreline. The excavation revealed remains from the Intermediate Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age II. Architectural remnants of the Intermediate Bronze Age (2200–2000 BCE) comprise a ‘cluster’ of round or oval rooms, constructed of mud bricks. The pottery assemblage from the site is characteristic of the Intermediate Bronze Age in southern Canaan. Sixteen pit graves dating to MB II were discovered in three clusters. The inhabitants buried here may have lived in a satellite settlement of the MB II fortified city …

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Petrographic Analysis Of Selected Vessels From The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 123–126), Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

Petrographic Analysis Of Selected Vessels From The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 123–126), Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

Samples of nine vessels from the site on the southern beach of Ashdod were examined petrographically using a polarized microscope to identify the origins of the vessels. According to the petrographic results, it appears that none of the vessels sampled were locally made. The variety of the vessels’ raw materials bears witness to the commercial relations this site had with other sites located along the northern coast of Israel and the Lebanese coast, as well as its ties overseas. The internationality of the Late Bronze Age is well-expressed in the petrographic results.

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Botanical Remains From The Excavation On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 127–131), Yoel Melamed Jan 2025

Botanical Remains From The Excavation On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 127–131), Yoel Melamed

'Atiqot

Carbonized remains of seeds and fruit mixed with sand were collected in Areas A and B of the Late Bronze Age site (thirteenth century BCE) on the southern beach of Ashdod. The majority of the identified remains were of grapes; other species are represented by a few seeds.

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A Thirteenth-Century Bce Site On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Shlomit Israeli, Hamoudi Khalaily, Dror Segal And Israel Carmi, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Eldad Barzilay, Pirhiya Nahshoni And Eyal Tishler) (Pp. 59–122), Pirhiya Nahshoni Jan 2025

A Thirteenth-Century Bce Site On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Shlomit Israeli, Hamoudi Khalaily, Dror Segal And Israel Carmi, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Eldad Barzilay, Pirhiya Nahshoni And Eyal Tishler) (Pp. 59–122), Pirhiya Nahshoni

'Atiqot

The site is located approximately 4 km west of Tel Ashdod, about 50 m from the shoreline. Two areas were excavated: in Area A, installations identified as winepresses, as well as occupation levels, were found; in Area B, a mud-brick complex was uncovered. One tomb (T1) was discovered, and traces indicating the presence of other tombs were discerned north of the site. In the building and in the vicinity of the winepresses numerous pottery sherds were found, of locally-produced vessels, as well as Cypriot, Mycenean and Egyptian imports. Other finds included an Egyptian scarab, spindle whorls and loomweights, metal fishhooks, …

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A Late Bronze Age Cemetery On The Coast Of Palmahim (Pp. 9–57), Eli Yannai, Ram Gophna, Shmuel Liphshitz, Yuval Liphshitz Jan 2025

A Late Bronze Age Cemetery On The Coast Of Palmahim (Pp. 9–57), Eli Yannai, Ram Gophna, Shmuel Liphshitz, Yuval Liphshitz

'Atiqot

A total of 23 tombs were excavated in the Palmahim Northern Cemetery, located on the shore, some 200 m south of Naḥal Soreq’s outlet to the Mediterranean Sea, just north of Yavne-Yam. The tombs were hewn in bedrock and lined with stone slabs, a method of burial that is almost unique in the Late Bronze Age in Israel. The pottery from the Northern Cemetery was in a fine state of preservation, pointing to various production techniques, such as knife-paring, slipping, burnishing and painting. The assemblage, dating between the late fourteenth and the beginning of the thirteenth centuries BCE, includes local …

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Underwater Ptolemaic Coin Hoards From Megadim (Pp. 1–8), Danny Syon, Catharine Lorber, Ehud Galili Jan 2025

Underwater Ptolemaic Coin Hoards From Megadim (Pp. 1–8), Danny Syon, Catharine Lorber, Ehud Galili

'Atiqot

In the shallow underwater zone adjacent to Naḥal Megadim on the Carmel coast, a concentration of bronze objects, among them coins from the Hellenistic and Mamluk periods, were discovered. The coins belonged to three hoards: 55 medium-sized Ptolemaic bronze coins (Hoard 1), probably from the joint reign of Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX; 19 silver tetradrachms (Hoard 2), ranging from Ptolemy VIII to Ptolemy X (152/1–100/99 BCE); and 10 bronze coins that were found within an amphora (Hoard 3), dating between c. 180(?) and 168 BCE. It is likely that the Ptolemaic silver coins of Hoard 2 belonged to the …

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Coins From Ḥorbat Yagur (Pp. 127–131), Robert Kool Jan 2025

Coins From Ḥorbat Yagur (Pp. 127–131), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

During excavations at the site of Ḥorbat Yagur, 132 coins were discovered, 49 of which were identified. All the coins, except for two isolated Roman Provincial types of the second–third centuries CE, are small bronze nummi, dating to the fourth and fifth centuries CE.

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The Medieval Pottery From Ḥorbat Yagur (Pp. 117–126), Yael D. Arnon Jan 2025

The Medieval Pottery From Ḥorbat Yagur (Pp. 117–126), Yael D. Arnon

'Atiqot

The medieval assemblage from the excavations at Ḥorbat Yagur dates from the ninth (Early Islamic period) until the fourteenth (Mamluk period) centuries CE. The pottery was divided into two categories based on function: tableware and cooking ware, each further divided into unglazed and glazed wares. The pottery demonstrates that the excavated area was probably a dwelling.

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A Settlement From The Roman–Mamluk Periods At Ḥorbat Yagur (Hebrew, Pp. 77*–90*; English Summary, P. 143), Kareem Sa‘Id Jan 2025

A Settlement From The Roman–Mamluk Periods At Ḥorbat Yagur (Hebrew, Pp. 77*–90*; English Summary, P. 143), Kareem Sa‘Id

'Atiqot

The excavation at Ḥorbat Yagur uncovered a settlement inhabited continuously from the Roman to the Mamluk periods, with a gap from the eighth to the first half of the ninth centuries CE. In Area A, two strata were discerned: Stratum II, comprising the remains of buildings, dated by ceramic finds to the Roman period; and Stratum I, comprising a wall dating to the Byzantine period. One-hundred twenty-nine coins from the fourth–fifth centuries CE were found. In Area B, four strata were discerned: part of a building in Stratum IV; fills of burnt earth in Stratum III; part of a building …

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A Crusader-Period Bathhouse In ‘Akko (Acre) (With A Contribution By Danny Syon) (Pp. 71–108), Howard Smithline, Edna J. Stern Jan 2025

A Crusader-Period Bathhouse In ‘Akko (Acre) (With A Contribution By Danny Syon) (Pp. 71–108), Howard Smithline, Edna J. Stern

'Atiqot

A Crusader-period bathhouse, which was exposed in the Montmusard suburb north of the Crusader city wall, is the first large verifiable Crusader-period structure to be found in this area. It was constructed directly upon remains of the Hellenistic city, with no intervening occupation levels. The bathhouse, only partially preserved in its western part, is of the hypocaust type, comprising a furnace, a storage and stoking room, a northern hot room and a larger eastern hot room. Its eastern part was very poorly preserved due to extensive stone robbing during the Ottoman period. The finds include fragmentary ceramic vessels, water pipes …

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Glass Finds From The Crusader-Period Bathhouse In ‘Akko (Acre) (Pp. 109–116), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Glass Finds From The Crusader-Period Bathhouse In ‘Akko (Acre) (Pp. 109–116), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

More than 700 glass fragments were discovered in the Crusader bathhouse in ‘Akko, the vast majority dating to the Crusader period. Four very small cast-bowl fragments and a glass inlay or gaming piece from the late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods were also found, as well as a fragment of a Byzantine wineglass. Windowpane fragments form the largest part of the Crusader-period glass finds. They were all blown, with a circular or oval outline. Most of the panes were of poor-quality light greenish glass, some were colorless with grayish green, yellowish green, or other undertones, and 30 fragments were in …

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Remains Of A Byzantine And Early Islamic Rural Settlement At The Be’Er Sheva‘ North Train Station (With Contributions By Natalya Katsnelson And Moshe Sade) (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–76*; English Summary, Pp. 140–142), Yigal Israel, Gregory Seriy, Oded Feder Jan 2025

Remains Of A Byzantine And Early Islamic Rural Settlement At The Be’Er Sheva‘ North Train Station (With Contributions By Natalya Katsnelson And Moshe Sade) (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–76*; English Summary, Pp. 140–142), Yigal Israel, Gregory Seriy, Oded Feder

'Atiqot

Two areas were excavated, uncovering the remains of four buildings (Buildings 100, 200, 300 and 400). Building 100, a watchtower, was probably erected during the Byzantine period. Building 300, a farmhouse, included a kitchen, in which two ovens were constructed; numerous pottery vessels date the building to the late Byzantine and Early Islamic periods. The building also yielded fragments of glass vessels, a fragment of a small iron pruning-knife and archaezoological finds. Building 400, the corner of a farmhouse, included pottery from the end of the Byzantine period. Building 200, probably from the beginning of the Early Islamic period, included …

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Wall Paintings From The Late Roman Or Early Byzantine Period In Cave 4 At Ben Shemen (Hebrew, Pp. 45*–50*; English Summary, P. 139), Talila Michaeli Jan 2025

Wall Paintings From The Late Roman Or Early Byzantine Period In Cave 4 At Ben Shemen (Hebrew, Pp. 45*–50*; English Summary, P. 139), Talila Michaeli

'Atiqot

Traces of simple wall paintings, painted in fresco technique with reddish brown paint, were found in Arcosolium Cave 4 at Ben Shemen. The depiction of a wreath might be connected with Christian funerary art, symbolizing the victory of Christ and his believers; however, the wreath may have framed an inscription with the name of the deceased or his portrait. The dating is difficult, since reddish brown monochrome paintings appear in Israel in tombs dating from the mid-third to the fifth centuries CE. Therefore, only a general date can be attributed to the paintings: the final phase of the Roman or …

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A Greek Inscription From The Late Roman Period In Burial Cave 4 At Ben Shemen (Pp. 67–70), Leah Di Segni Jan 2025

A Greek Inscription From The Late Roman Period In Burial Cave 4 At Ben Shemen (Pp. 67–70), Leah Di Segni

'Atiqot

A Greek inscription, consisting of four lines, including the term “servants of Christ”, was found in a rock-hewn arcosolium burial cave (Cave 4) in Ben Shemen. The inscription was painted in red on a plastered section of the cave wall that had collapsed from above the eastern arcosolium. Based on palaeography, as well as the type of abbreviations used in the script, the tomb was used in the late third or early fourth centuries CE.

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Burial Caves From The Early Roman–Early Byzantine Periods At Ben Shemen (With Contributions By Uri Baruch And By Israel Carmi And Dror Segal) (Hebrew, Pp. 19*–44*; English Summary, Pp. 137–138), Oren Shmueli, Eli Yannai, Yifat Peleg, Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Burial Caves From The Early Roman–Early Byzantine Periods At Ben Shemen (With Contributions By Uri Baruch And By Israel Carmi And Dror Segal) (Hebrew, Pp. 19*–44*; English Summary, Pp. 137–138), Oren Shmueli, Eli Yannai, Yifat Peleg, Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Four burial caves were discovered at Ben Shemen: Caves 1–3 are loculi (kokhim) caves of the type characteristic of Jerusalem and the Judean Hills during the Early Roman period; Cave 4 is an arcosolium cave, attributed to the Late Roman and early Byzantine periods. The kokhim caves yielded stone ossuaries—decorated with standard motifs characteristic of the period—and meager finds dating from the mid-first and second centuries CE. They were used as family burial place for the nearby Jewish settlement. Cave 4 consists of three arcosolia, each containing a burial shelf. The ceiling, the walls and the partitions of the burial …

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The Glass And Small Stone Finds From A Roman Tomb At ‘Ein El-Sha‘Ara (Pp. 53–65), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal Jan 2025

The Glass And Small Stone Finds From A Roman Tomb At ‘Ein El-Sha‘Ara (Pp. 53–65), Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

'Atiqot

Twenty-five glass vessels were recovered from the Roman tomb at ‘Ein el-Sha‘ara, 19 of which are presented. Forty beads were also retrieved from the tomb, 15 of glass, one of faience and one of carnelian. Three stone inlays are made of quartz, agate and an unidentified stone. A glass spindle whorl was also uncovered. All the glass vessels were free-blown, some decorated with applied trails or indentations. The majority of the vessels are of colorless or greenish blue glass, a few are pale green or blue. Most of this assemblage represents the contents of a family burial tomb that was …

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A Lead Coffin From The Roman Period At Ḥorbat Ohad, Kibbutz Bet Guvrin (With A Contribution By Natalya Katsnelson) (Hebrew, Pp. 11*–18*; English Summary, P. 136), Daniel Varga, Rina Talgam Jan 2025

A Lead Coffin From The Roman Period At Ḥorbat Ohad, Kibbutz Bet Guvrin (With A Contribution By Natalya Katsnelson) (Hebrew, Pp. 11*–18*; English Summary, P. 136), Daniel Varga, Rina Talgam

'Atiqot

In a tomb hewn into soft limestone (qirton) at Ḥorbat Ohad, a lead coffin and its lid were uncovered. Within the coffin were the bones of a female, aged 17–20 years and an intact candlestick-type glass bottle. The coffin is decorated with mythological scenes—a winged Eros hunting a lion, and drunken Heracles holding a drinking vessel while riding a carriage driven by two centaurs—as well as geometric and floral motifs. Similar lead coffins are frequently found along the Israeli and Phoenician coast, and are known also from inland sites. The decorative motifs on the coffin, as well as the glass …

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A Roman Tomb At ‘Ein El-Sha‘Ara (Pp. 45–52), Tal Kayesar Jan 2025

A Roman Tomb At ‘Ein El-Sha‘Ara (Pp. 45–52), Tal Kayesar

'Atiqot

The tomb, which was crudely hewn in the hard limestone bedrock, was poorly preserved. Only part of a square central chamber and four burial troughs survived. The troughs contained the remains of over 16 adults and children. The objects recovered from the tomb comprise glass, ceramics, a three-legged basalt bowl, bone and ivory pins and needles, assorted metal items and jewelry, and various small stone finds. Such items are well-known in Roman domestic and funerary contexts in Israel and throughout the Roman world, and probably represent the personal effects of the deceased. The burial complex of ‘Ein el-Sha‘ara may have …

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An Iron Age Ii Burial Cave In The Southern Burial Ground At Tel ‘Etun (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–9*; English Summary, P. 135), Sa‘Ar Ganor, Amir Ganor, Ron Kehati Jan 2025

An Iron Age Ii Burial Cave In The Southern Burial Ground At Tel ‘Etun (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–9*; English Summary, P. 135), Sa‘Ar Ganor, Amir Ganor, Ron Kehati

'Atiqot

The burial cave, hewn into the local soft chalk (qirton), comprises a central opening flanked by two carved doorposts, from which steps descend into a central, rectangular entrance passage. From the sides of the passage, three openings lead into three burial chambers (Nos. 1–3); Chambers 2 and 3 were found looted. Along the sides of Chamber 1 are hewn stone burial-benches, on which human bones and pottery vessels, characteristic of the eighth century BCE, were revealed; a headrest for the deceased was found at the end of each bench. The arrangement of the burial chambers indicates the presence of a …

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Petrographic Examination Of Selected Pottery Vessels From Ḥorbat Duvshan (Pp. 37–39), Anastasia Shapiro Jan 2025

Petrographic Examination Of Selected Pottery Vessels From Ḥorbat Duvshan (Pp. 37–39), Anastasia Shapiro

'Atiqot

Eleven pottery vessels from the Late Chalcolithic site of Ḥorbat Duvshan were sampled for petrographic examination. The results revealed that the raw materials, both the clay and the temper, which were used in the production of the ceramic vessels, originated nearby. These raw materials most likely derived from the erosion and weathering of the Pliocene-Pleistocene basalts of the Golan Heights and the Korazim Plateau.

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The Flint Assemblage From Ḥorbat Duvshan (Pp. 41–44), Hamoudi Khalaily Jan 2025

The Flint Assemblage From Ḥorbat Duvshan (Pp. 41–44), Hamoudi Khalaily

'Atiqot

A total of 184 flint artifacts were collected from the three excavated squares. The tool inventory from Ḥorbat Duvshan includes most of the types typical of northern Chalcolithic assemblages.

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Tel Hanan: A Site Of The Wadi Rabah Culture East Of Haifa (Pp. 1–17), Hamoudi Khalaily, Alla Nagorsky Jan 2025

Tel Hanan: A Site Of The Wadi Rabah Culture East Of Haifa (Pp. 1–17), Hamoudi Khalaily, Alla Nagorsky

'Atiqot

A small-scale excavation was undertaken at the site, and two archaeological layers were discerned: Layer A, dating to the Iron Age, and Layer B, ascribed to the Late Neolithic period (Wadi Rabah culture). Within the Neolithic layer were two depositional phases, rich in archaeological finds; no architectural remains were identified. The material culture recovered in the Neolithic layer is distinctive and consists of typical Late Neolithic pottery and flint types, a few obsidian artifacts, several bone tools and some beads. The discovery of a thick occupation layer dating to the Late Pottery Neolithic period at Tel Hanan increases the number …

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Ḥorbat Duvshan: A ‘Golan’ Chalcolithic Site In Eastern Galilee (Pp. 19–35), Howard Smithline Jan 2025

Ḥorbat Duvshan: A ‘Golan’ Chalcolithic Site In Eastern Galilee (Pp. 19–35), Howard Smithline

'Atiqot

The site lies in the center of the Korazim Plateau, which extends from the Hula Valley southward to the Sea of Galilee. Three squares were excavated: two (Sqs 1, 3) revealed the remains of very poorly preserved structures dating to the Late Chalcolithic period, and the third (Sq 2), a portion of a structure or complex rich in ceramic finds. The small excavation at Ḥorbat Duvshan is the first in the eastern Galilee to reveal definitive ‘Golan’ affinities: its ceramic repertoire is identical to that of the Golan in its distinctive dark, reddish brown basaltic ware and in its typology.

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Butchers’ Waste: Zooarchaeological Analysis Of A Crusader/Ayyubid Bone Deposit From Jerusalem Street, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 99*–109*), Guy Bar-Oz, Noa Raban-Gerstel Jan 2025

Butchers’ Waste: Zooarchaeological Analysis Of A Crusader/Ayyubid Bone Deposit From Jerusalem Street, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 99*–109*), Guy Bar-Oz, Noa Raban-Gerstel

'Atiqot

A small assemblage of 162 complete and fragmentary bones was retrieved from strata dated to the second half of the twelfth–thirteenth centuries CE. The faunal remains comprise predominantly domesticated livestock: sheep and goat (most frequent) as well as domestic fowl, cattle, an equid, a pig and a dog. In addition, a single shell fragment of a tortoise and two fish head-fragments were identified. The anatomical representation of sheep/goat skeletal elements seems to indicate a context of a butcher’s shop. The absence of burnt bones further attests to the excavated refuse being principally the leftovers of butchery deposits. More than 38% …

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The Coins From Jerusalem Street, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 91*–97*), Robert Kool Jan 2025

The Coins From Jerusalem Street, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 91*–97*), Robert Kool

'Atiqot

Eighteen coins were found in the vestiges of three structures on Jerusalem Street, Safed, and all were identified. Four Frankish-period billon deniers date to the 1160s–1250s: an Amalricus denier, a twelfth-century French Feudal coin, a Cypriote denier of Lusignan Cyprus and a thirteenth century denaro minted in the kingdom of Sicily. One Zangid and five Ayyubid copper fulus date between the second half of the twelfth and the first two decades of the thirteenth centuries. Eight Mamluk fulus date to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

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Glass Vessels From Jerusalem Street, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 84*–89*), Yael Gorin-Rosen Jan 2025

Glass Vessels From Jerusalem Street, Safed (Zefat) (Pp. 84*–89*), Yael Gorin-Rosen

'Atiqot

The glass vessels from the excavation on Jerusalem Street, Safed were retrieved from a well-dated context, in a Crusader–Ayyubid building. They were attributed to the second half of the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries CE. Beakers dominate the assemblages, accompanied by bottles and flasks. The beakers are of well-known medieval types, distinguished by their decoration: mold-blown ribs or applied prunts. This glass assemblage reflects a tradition common in medieval Europe of using glass vessels predominantly for drinking.

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Excavations Along The High Level Aqueduct To Caesarea Maritima (Hebrew, Pp. 107–149; English Summary, Pp. 124*–126*), Yosef Porath, Uzi 'Ad Jan 2025

Excavations Along The High Level Aqueduct To Caesarea Maritima (Hebrew, Pp. 107–149; English Summary, Pp. 124*–126*), Yosef Porath, Uzi 'Ad

'Atiqot

Salvage excavations along the central sector of the High Aqueduct to Caesarea were conducted in five areas (Areas 1–5). Area 1 was excavated at the foothills of Mount Carmel. Area 2 was excavated at the point where Road 4 cuts the aqueduct. Area 3 was located where Channel A was diverted into Deviation Channel D. Area 4 was opened on both sides of the modern breach of Naḥal ‘Ada, and Area 5, where Channel D joins Channel A. The High Aqueduct functioned continuously for about six centuries, until the Islamic conquest in 640/1 CE. It comprised three channels (A–C), which …

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