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Full-Text Articles in Arts and Humanities

Front Matter, Kritika Kultura Jul 2025

Front Matter, Kritika Kultura

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.


Representasi Cancel Culture Di Korea Selatan Dalam Film Pilot (2024), Sharfina Rahmanita Adani, Amelia Burhan Jul 2025

Representasi Cancel Culture Di Korea Selatan Dalam Film Pilot (2024), Sharfina Rahmanita Adani, Amelia Burhan

Multikultura

Cancel culture is a social phenomenon that occurs when an individual receives public backlash due to actions or statements considered to violate social norms. This phenomenon has become increasingly prominent in South Korea, attracting attention in its highly collective and responsive digital society, which has led to its portrayal in various media works. One such work is the film Pilot (2024), which tells the story of a famous pilot's reputation falling after a gender-biased comment of his spread widely online and drew public scrutiny. This study aims to analyze the representation of cancel culture in the film Pilot (2024) using …


Constructing Sculptural Wearables: Indigenous Steam Education At The Intersection Of Art And Science, Patricia Andersen Jul 2025

Constructing Sculptural Wearables: Indigenous Steam Education At The Intersection Of Art And Science, Patricia Andersen

Theses and Dissertations

This paper describes an approach to STEAM education in which art is viewed as a unique discipline with distinct ways of thinking. The researchers developed and evaluated a STEAM education program to explore how art and science work together to expand and accelerate inventive thinking among Native American middle school students who participated in American Indian Services (AIS) Pre-Freshman Engineering Program (PREP). An important context of this project was the unique local environment and culture that included Diné (din-eh) culture in Gallup, NM. We hypothesize that integrating culturally responsive transdisciplinary art into an existing STEM summer program will increase students' …


Analyzing National War Propaganda Through Comparison Of Diverse Case Studies, Ike Sugitani Jul 2025

Analyzing National War Propaganda Through Comparison Of Diverse Case Studies, Ike Sugitani

Dissertations and Theses

In the build-up to war, national governments utilize propaganda to gather public support for the war effort. In some instances, propaganda campaigns are conducted but war does not occur. This begs the question as to why war follows propaganda campaigns in some cases, but not in others. I argue that propaganda efforts that lead to war can be generally characterized through three major strategies based on a patriotic participatory social structure, a claim to moral authority, and the blending of individual concepts of the state, government and nation. In this study, I analyze the major historical case studies of the …


Book Review Of, New York City’S Beloved Owl, Talitha May Jul 2025

Book Review Of, New York City’S Beloved Owl, Talitha May

English Faculty Publications and Presentations

Review of: Jacqueline Emery and David Lei, Finding Flaco: Our Year with New York City’s Beloved Owl. Foreword by Ed Shanahan. Afterword by Rita McMahon. New York: Owls of New York, 2024. 224 pp. $50.00 (hb).


“Falling Short Of Our Humanity”: Shame And Queer Catholic Families, M.T. Davila Jul 2025

“Falling Short Of Our Humanity”: Shame And Queer Catholic Families, M.T. Davila

Religious & Theological Studies Faculty Publications

Queer Catholic Families (QCF) negotiate a complicated landscape of belonging and exclusion in the church that they love. In this dynamic, shame figures as a theological and moral qualifier of their experience when observed through the lens of the Catholic Church's teaching on sexuality and gender. Understanding how shame is experienced in these families, how it deepens a rift between families and the community, and how families find ways to nourish and preserve their links to the Church, ought to be a primary ethical and pastoral task of the Church.


On Expertise Change: The Use And Misuse Of Cultural Evolutionary Models, Ge Fang Jul 2025

On Expertise Change: The Use And Misuse Of Cultural Evolutionary Models, Ge Fang

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Expertise is a major topic in the thoughts of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in the West, as well as in the thoughts of Daoist and Buddhist philosophers in the East. Expertise interests ancient philosophers due to the distinctive phenomenology of expertise, the puzzle surrounding the relationship between declarative knowledge and expertise, the practical process of expertise formation, and the use of expertise acquisition as a model for ethical and epistemic development. Philosophical interest in expertise has resurfaced in the last century, particularly regarding the phenomenology of expert performance, the relation between knowledge and expertise, and expertise-based models of ethical and …


Exploring The Perceptions And Lived Experiences Of African American Women With Past Criminal Histories, Georgett Tracyann Kerr Jul 2025

Exploring The Perceptions And Lived Experiences Of African American Women With Past Criminal Histories, Georgett Tracyann Kerr

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This qualitative phenomenological study explored the reintegration experiences of African American women with prior criminal histories, focusing on how they navigated systemic barriers and demonstrated resilience. These women often face compounded challenges stemming from systemic racism, gender discrimination, and economic hardship, which hinder successful reentry into society following incarceration. Historical policies such as the War on Drugs and the Welfare Reform Act disproportionately impacted African American women, contributing to higher arrest rates and increased stigma within the criminal justice system. Upon release, many encounters significant barriers to employment, housing, mental health care, and social acceptance. Despite these adversaries, some African …


Humor Subversif Dalam Video Musik Balance Ton Quoi Oleh Angele, Nur Annisa Khalish Zarkasya, Airin Miranda Jul 2025

Humor Subversif Dalam Video Musik Balance Ton Quoi Oleh Angele, Nur Annisa Khalish Zarkasya, Airin Miranda

Multikultura

The phenomenon of the #MeToo and #BalanceTonPorc hashtags became the focus of attention in various parts of the world in 2017. It was first popularized by Alyssa Milano on her Twitter account using the #MeToo hashtag, and later followed by Sandra Muller with #BalanceTonPorc in France. The feminist movement on social media inspired many artists and musicians, including Angèle, a singer from Belgium. She released a song and music video titled "Balance Ton Quoi" (2019), in which she expressed that the activist spirit of feminism resides within her, turning her song into a feminist anthem. The messages conveyed in her …


Semangka Sebagai Simbol Perjuangan Rakyat Palestina, Khaulah Tsabita Madaniyyah, Letmiros Letmiros Jul 2025

Semangka Sebagai Simbol Perjuangan Rakyat Palestina, Khaulah Tsabita Madaniyyah, Letmiros Letmiros

Multikultura

This study aims to analyze how the watermelon is used, interpreted, and disseminated as a symbol of resistance and a form of expression of solidarity with the Palestinian struggle on social media. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach through various literature sources. It draws upon Roland Barthes’ (1977) theory of signs and meaning to examine the symbolic use of the watermelon in this context. The findings reveal that the watermelon, whose internal colors resemble those of the Palestinian flag—green (rind) symbolizing resilience, white (inner rind) symbolizing sincerity, red (flesh) symbolizing courage, and black (seeds) symbolizing the emerging younger generation—has …


Tindak Tutur Mengkritik Dalam Serial Bahasa Arab Crashing Eid /Jāyibatu Al-‘Īdi/, Childa Nurhannah, Wiwin Triwinarti Jul 2025

Tindak Tutur Mengkritik Dalam Serial Bahasa Arab Crashing Eid /Jāyibatu Al-‘Īdi/, Childa Nurhannah, Wiwin Triwinarti

Multikultura

The speech act of criticizing is a statement that contains assessment, expression, and emotion towards the behavior and words of the speech partner or the object of criticism. The data corpus studied in this research is the speech act of criticizing in the Arabic series from Saudi Arabia جايبة العيد or Crashing Eid which aired on Netflix in 2023. This descriptive qualitative research data is processed with free listening and note-taking techniques. This study aims to analyze the form of criticizing speech acts in the Hijazi dialect of Arabic contained in the series and classify criticizing speech acts with direct …


Penggunaan Preposisi Tetap Bahasa Belanda Oleh Mahasiswa Program Studi Belanda Semester 3 Dan 5 Tahun Ajar 2024/2025, Caesi Rosprianti, Eliza Gustinelly Jul 2025

Penggunaan Preposisi Tetap Bahasa Belanda Oleh Mahasiswa Program Studi Belanda Semester 3 Dan 5 Tahun Ajar 2024/2025, Caesi Rosprianti, Eliza Gustinelly

Multikultura

This study examines the use of fixed prepositions in Dutch by third- and fifth-semester students of the Dutch Studies Program in the academic year 2024/2025. The topic of this research is related to linguistics, specifically grammar and vocabulary. The theoretical framework used in this study is the meaning of fixed prepositions by Van den Toorn, Willy Vandeweghe, and Walter Haeseryn. et al. This research employs a descriptive method with a quantitative approach to analyze the extent of third- and fifth-semester students' ability in answering questions related to the use of fixed prepositions, classified according to their association with verbs, adjectives, …


Alasan, Fungsi Dan Penilaian Penggunaan Straattal Pada Episode Pertama De Tatta’S (2024), Rusmasiela Mewipiana Presilla, Andrea Pradsna Paramita Djarwo Jul 2025

Alasan, Fungsi Dan Penilaian Penggunaan Straattal Pada Episode Pertama De Tatta’S (2024), Rusmasiela Mewipiana Presilla, Andrea Pradsna Paramita Djarwo

Multikultura

This study examines the use of straattaal vocabulary in the television series De Tatta’s (2024), along with language attitudes and linguistic accommodation among youth in the Randstad region of the Netherlands. Straattaal is a form of street language that has developed within the Netherlands’ multicultural urban environments and is primarily used by young people as a means of social expression and identity. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method, combining dialogue analysis from the first episode of De Tatta’s with data collected through questionnaires distributed to respondents residing in the Netherlands. The analysis is based on Leech’s (1981) theory of …


Penerapan Hormat Circulaire 1904 Dalam Pandangan Surat Kabar Di Hindia-Belanda (1904-1906), Karen Qursyah, R Achmad Sunjayadi Jul 2025

Penerapan Hormat Circulaire 1904 Dalam Pandangan Surat Kabar Di Hindia-Belanda (1904-1906), Karen Qursyah, R Achmad Sunjayadi

Multikultura

This study examines the use of straattaal vocabulary in the television series De Tatta’s (2024), along with language attitudes and linguistic accommodation among youth in the Randstad region of the Netherlands. Straattaal is a form of street language that has developed within the Netherlands’ multicultural urban environments and is primarily used by young people as a means of social expression and identity. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method, combining dialogue analysis from the first episode of De Tatta’s with data collected through questionnaires distributed to respondents residing in the Netherlands. The analysis is based on Leech’s (1981) theory of …


Ilusi Kemiskinan Dan Hiperrealitas Dalam Film Pourris Gâtés (2021), Felisya Dara Safitri, Azkiya Nisa Jul 2025

Ilusi Kemiskinan Dan Hiperrealitas Dalam Film Pourris Gâtés (2021), Felisya Dara Safitri, Azkiya Nisa

Multikultura

This study examines the representation of the bourgeois class in the film Pourris Gâtés (2021) by Nicolas Cuche through the theoretical lens of Jean Baudrillard’s concept of hyperreality and Fredric Jameson’s notion of pastiche. The research problem focuses on how Pourris Gâtés depicts the simulated social transformation of the bourgeois class through the illusion of consumerism and hyperreality. The study employs film discourse analysis using both narrative and visual approaches, grounded in media ideology theory, hyperreality, and the consumption of signs. The findings indicate that the main characters undergo a symbolic transformation rather than a structural change. Their identities are …


Tubuh Sebagai Subyek Dalam Dunia: Kajian Atas Skema Tubuh Dan Intensionalitas Motorik Menurut Merleau-Ponty, Antonius Puspo Kuntjoro Jul 2025

Tubuh Sebagai Subyek Dalam Dunia: Kajian Atas Skema Tubuh Dan Intensionalitas Motorik Menurut Merleau-Ponty, Antonius Puspo Kuntjoro

Multikultura

This article explores Maurice Merleau-Ponty's thought on the role of the body in shaping human experience, focusing on two key concepts: body schema and motor intentionality. Contrasting with the dualistic approach of modern Western philosophy that separates body and consciousness, Merleau-Ponty asserts that the body is not merely an object but an active subject in the world. The body schema is understood as a dynamic and pre-reflective structure that enables individuals to perceive the position and movement of their bodies within a situational space. Motor intentionality, as illustrated through the case of Schneider, shows that the body has the capacity …


Eksistensi Dan Pewarisan Silat Pisau Di Kabupaten Kepulauan Anambas, Jauhar Mubarok, Mamlahatun Buduroh, Renny Puspa Sari Jul 2025

Eksistensi Dan Pewarisan Silat Pisau Di Kabupaten Kepulauan Anambas, Jauhar Mubarok, Mamlahatun Buduroh, Renny Puspa Sari

Multikultura

Silat Pisau is a distinctive cultural heritage of the Anambas Islands Regency. Although it has existed for quite some time, its presence has remained relatively obscure—possibly due to its exclusion from modern silat organizations. Silat Pisau began to develop several years before Indonesia’s independence in the village of Candi, Anambas Islands Regency, with the knife serving as the primary weapon in its practice. The use of this weapon carries both practical and philosophical significance. This paper aims to provide an overview of the existence and transmission of Silat Pisau in the Anambas Islands Regency. A qualitative approach was employed in …


Epistemologi Intelijen Dalam Narasi Negara Yang Bias Tentang Gerwani Dalam G30s 1965, Nadilya Adhwari Firyasa, Donny Gahral Adian, Meutia Irina Mukhlis Jul 2025

Epistemologi Intelijen Dalam Narasi Negara Yang Bias Tentang Gerwani Dalam G30s 1965, Nadilya Adhwari Firyasa, Donny Gahral Adian, Meutia Irina Mukhlis

Multikultura

This study analyzed epistemic bias in the state’s narrative about Gerwani during the 1965 G30S event using the epistemology of intelligence approach. Through a qualitative philosophical method, this research evaluated the state’s processes of information acquisition, interpretation, and dissemination, focusing on the identification of political bias, gender bias, confirmation bias, framing effects, overconfidence bias, as well as the use of misinformation and disinformation. The findings revealed that the state’s narrative about Gerwani was systematically constructed to support the New Order regime’s political agenda through the manipulation of information. These biases led to dangerous epistemic failures and justified violence and the …


The Pharaohs’ Golden Parade: Dampak Pemindahan Mumi Ke Nmec Terhadap Budaya Dan Pariwisata, Putra Pandu Dewanata, Apipudin Apipudin Jul 2025

The Pharaohs’ Golden Parade: Dampak Pemindahan Mumi Ke Nmec Terhadap Budaya Dan Pariwisata, Putra Pandu Dewanata, Apipudin Apipudin

Multikultura

Acara pemindahan mumi-mumi firaun dari Museum Mesir di Tahrir ke The National Museum Egyptian Civilization (NMEC) pada 3 April 2021, dikenal sebagai "The Pharaohs' Golden Parade". Acara ini merupakan momen bersejarah yang tidak hanya menarik perhatian lokal, tetapi juga internasional. Penilitian ini berfokus pada dampak acara pemindahan mumi firaun dari museum Mesir di Tahrir, Cairo ke The National Museum Egyptian Civilization (NMEC). Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana dampak dari acara pemindahan mumi Firaun dari Museum mesir di Tahrir ke the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization (NMEC) dari aspek budaya dan pariwisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Penelitian …


Kuliner Sebagai Representasi Identitas Diaspora Korea Di Amerika Serikat: Studi Kasus Juru Masak Edward Lee, Jasmine Anindita Radianti, Zaini Zaini Jul 2025

Kuliner Sebagai Representasi Identitas Diaspora Korea Di Amerika Serikat: Studi Kasus Juru Masak Edward Lee, Jasmine Anindita Radianti, Zaini Zaini

Multikultura

In recent years, the popularity of Korean cuisine has experienced a significant increase, in parallel with the growing influence of the Korean Wave (hallyu) across various countries. Beyond this cultural phenomenon, Korean diaspora communities have also played a crucial role in promoting Korean cuisine on a global scale. This study aims to analyze the representation of Korean-American diaspora identity through a case study of culinary presentation innovations by chef Edward Lee in the reality show Culinary Class Wars. The research adopts a descriptive qualitative method. The findings indicate that Edward Lee’s diasporic identity is represented through the …


Studium Punctum: Politik Citra Putin Dalam Foto Саммит Стран Брикс 2024 / Sammit Stran Briks (Ktt Brics 2024), Dyah Hayu Permatasari Wahyuningsih, Banggas Limbong Jul 2025

Studium Punctum: Politik Citra Putin Dalam Foto Саммит Стран Брикс 2024 / Sammit Stran Briks (Ktt Brics 2024), Dyah Hayu Permatasari Wahyuningsih, Banggas Limbong

Multikultura

This research takes a data corpus in the form of visuals provided by five Russian digital news channels with a focus on the image of Vladimir Putin as the leader of Russia at the BRICS Summit congress in Kazan in 2024. The author will analyze five online news channels from Russia published between October 23, 2024 and October 25, 2024 with headlines related to the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan. The method used in this research is a descriptive analysis method. Through this research, the author will explain the meaning contained in the visualization of these online news as a …


Majapahit Sebagai Simbol Kekuasaan: Pengaruhnya Terhadap Visi Politik Di Indonesia, Ahda Abid Al Ghiffari, Dwi Mulyatari, Didik Pradjoko Jul 2025

Majapahit Sebagai Simbol Kekuasaan: Pengaruhnya Terhadap Visi Politik Di Indonesia, Ahda Abid Al Ghiffari, Dwi Mulyatari, Didik Pradjoko

Multikultura

This article examines the image of Majapahit as a symbol of power and political construction in Indonesia in the early 20th century AD until the 1960s. Majapahit is known in the imagined of past greatness. Its image was then accepted in the context of nationalism, revolutionary ideology, and the struggle against colonialism. Over its development, the symbols and constructions of the image of Majapahit shaped its influence in the political vision of nationalists in Indonesia. Entering the era of Indonesian Independence, the debate about Majapahit had formed an elements in the national political vision. This article aims to …


Pemasaran Lintas Budaya Melalui Iklan Produk Makanan Indonesia Di Negara-Negara Arab, Dhannya Febryana Jul 2025

Pemasaran Lintas Budaya Melalui Iklan Produk Makanan Indonesia Di Negara-Negara Arab, Dhannya Febryana

Multikultura

This paper analyzes the media discourse surrounding advertisements for Indonesian food products, such as the instant noodle brand Indomie, in Arab countries. The expansion of Indonesian food products in international markets, including in Arab nations, is largely driven by effective and culturally adaptive marketing strategies. This study focuses on the analysis of television commercials and advertising posters, aiming to uncover how linguistic, semiotic, and sociocultural elements are employed to construct persuasive advertising messages. The method used is discourse analysis, with data comprising transcripts of television advertisements and visual elements from promotional posters. The advertising strategies of these products seek …


Lanskap Linguistik Di Taman Literasi Martha Christina Tiahahu, Jakarta Selatan, Suryani Indrastuti, Sri Munawarah Jul 2025

Lanskap Linguistik Di Taman Literasi Martha Christina Tiahahu, Jakarta Selatan, Suryani Indrastuti, Sri Munawarah

Multikultura

Taman Literasi Martha Christina Tiahahu (TLMCT) is a tourist attraction located in South Jakarta that has been established since 1948. As a tourist attraction, TLMCT has signages and facility markers to facilitate visitors to find and utilize the facilities at the park. Those signs use code preference, inscription, and emplacement to maximize the information delivery. The formulation of the problem in this research is how the code preference, inscription, and emplacement of linguistic landscape (LL) at TLMCT. This research aims to explain the code preference, inscription, and emplacement of LL at TLMCT. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used in this …


Multimodal Poster Kampanye Antirokok Stivoro Dalam Upaya Mengurangi Prevalensi Merokok Di Belanda, Aurellia Virgie Andjani, Triaswarin Sutanarihesti Jul 2025

Multimodal Poster Kampanye Antirokok Stivoro Dalam Upaya Mengurangi Prevalensi Merokok Di Belanda, Aurellia Virgie Andjani, Triaswarin Sutanarihesti

Multikultura

This study examines the multimodal elements in the campaigns of STIVORO (Stichting Volksgezondheid en Roken), the Netherlands' first national organization dedicated specifically to tobacco control. The objective of this research is to analyze and describe the roles of visual and verbal elements in STIVORO’s campaigns in conveying anti-smoking messages to the Dutch public. This research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach and applies the theory of multimodality developed by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006). The research objects consist of eight posters, classified based on their target audience: active smokers and passive smokers. The findings reveal that visual and verbal …


Representasi Stratifikasi Sosial Dalam Film Zoete Dromen (2023) Karya Ena Sendijarevic, Najla Maharani, Barbara Elisabeth Lucia Pesulima Jul 2025

Representasi Stratifikasi Sosial Dalam Film Zoete Dromen (2023) Karya Ena Sendijarevic, Najla Maharani, Barbara Elisabeth Lucia Pesulima

Multikultura

Film is a form of visual art that can shape public perceptions of various aspects of life, including social and cultural issues. One of the recurring themes in film is colonialism, which often represents issues such as racism and social stratification. These themes are reflected in the film Zoete Dromen (2023), directed by Ena Sendijarević, with a runtime of 1 hour and 42 minutes. The film narrates a conflict over inheritance within a sugar plantation-owning family, in which the entire estate is left to a child born from a relationship with a concubine. The research problem addressed in this study …


Stasiun Kereta Api Bogor, Jawa Barat Abad Ke-19 Hingga Ke-20: Kajian Arkeologi Industri, Rakan Amir Ilham, Isman Pratama Nasution Jul 2025

Stasiun Kereta Api Bogor, Jawa Barat Abad Ke-19 Hingga Ke-20: Kajian Arkeologi Industri, Rakan Amir Ilham, Isman Pratama Nasution

Multikultura

Bogor railway station is a railway building in the city of Bogor that has played a role in community activities since the 19th century. This research uses an industrial archaeology approach in reconstructing social and economic activities as well as the development of railway technology and operations. This research was conducted through seven stages, namely formulation, implementation, data collection, data processing, data analysis, data interpretation, and publication. This research produced an overview of railway activities such as the development of locomotive types, the division of social classes at the station, as well as the political, tourism, and economic influences of …


Social Capital And Mobility Of Starling Madura Coffee Traders In Jakarta, Yeni Priana, Manneke Budiman Jul 2025

Social Capital And Mobility Of Starling Madura Coffee Traders In Jakarta, Yeni Priana, Manneke Budiman

International Review of Humanities Studies

This study aims to generate knowledge about the social capital underlying the resilience of Starling Madura coffee traders in Jakarta. The idea that underlies this analysis is Bourdieu's social capital theory, in which social capital formed through networks is able to provide independence in overcoming social and economic problems. In addition to social capital, mobility strategies are utilized as opportunities by Starling Madura coffee traders in an effort to survive sustainably in the context of the informal economic order in Jakarta. This study provides data and analysis that strengthen the idea that Starling Madura coffee traders adopt distinctive social capital …


Revisiting The Post-Tsunami Aceh School: A Community-Based Evaluation Framework For Improving Build Back Better Projects, Muhammad Naufal Fadhil, Aji Sofiana Putri, Muhammad Fadli Muslimin Jul 2025

Revisiting The Post-Tsunami Aceh School: A Community-Based Evaluation Framework For Improving Build Back Better Projects, Muhammad Naufal Fadhil, Aji Sofiana Putri, Muhammad Fadli Muslimin

ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement

This study proposes a community-based evaluation framework to assess and improve the existing conditions of post-tsunami schools based on the occupants’ evaluations. Rapid, donor-driven reconstruction often defaults to ‘fit-for-all’ solutions that bypass community needs, resulting in facilities that are misaligned with local contexts. This project focused on Lampageu State Elementary School in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, which was reconstructed in 2009 by a German NGO after the 2004 tsunami. The project began by observing the school’s physical condition through the community engagement team, followed by a review and exploration of the school’s design needs with the school community. The community-based evaluation …


Life-Course And Biography Of Things: Minangkabau Women's Headgear, Attari Putri Denendra, Irmawati Marwoto Jul 2025

Life-Course And Biography Of Things: Minangkabau Women's Headgear, Attari Putri Denendra, Irmawati Marwoto

International Review of Humanities Studies

Like men, objects also have a biography or life-course. Both biographies are intertwined, so when someone experiences a new life phase transition in their life-course, it will cause changes in the objects attached to them. This is also supported by the statement that the identity is performative. The headgear as one of the elements used by Minangkabau women also represents the identity of the wearer. This research was conducted in three stages: (1) data collection in the form of old photos and literature of Minangkabau women with headgear in Batipuh, Fort de Kock, and Payakumbuh, (2) data processing by analysis …