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Socioeconomic Characteristics Of Households, Government Programs On Human Capital, And Natural Shocks As Determinants Of Philippine Household Income Mobility, Melcah Pascua Monsura

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

The purpose of this study is to introduce income mobility analysis to examine households’ welfare through time. Income mobility in the Philippines has been characterized by offsetting forces of upward and downward mobility. In this kind of scenario, policy targeting for households’ welfare can be done by examining the drivers of income mobility. Pseudo-longitudinal panel data generated from the Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES), through the household matching method, were used to identify the households included in the study. The needed information on the levels of living and differences in income and expenditure of Filipino families were provided by …

How Does Psychosocial Safety Climate Affect Burnout Among Malaysian Educators During The Covid-19 Pandemic?, Kok Ban Teoh, Daisy Mui Hung Kee, Nadeem Akhtar

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

Nowadays, the COVID-19 pandemic has led Malaysian educators to experience more significant burnout due to job demands. This paper is an effort to examine the reasons that caused burnout among Malaysian educators. A total of 413 Malaysian educators participated in the study. This study’s findings revealed that PSC has a significant negative relationship with hindrance demands and burnout, whereas both challenge and hindrance demands have insignificant positive relationships with burnout. Furthermore, the study showed that two variables—challenge demands and hindrance demands—played significant mediators in the relationship between PSC and burnout. As a result, it is concluded that PSC can reduce …

Does Gender Divergence Matter? The Moderating Effect Of Media Exposure On Adherence To Covid-19 Quarantine Protocol, Luz Suplico Jeong, Nelson Guillen, Reynaldo Bautista Jr., Rhiana Toledo, Bienvenido Lorenzo Encarnacion

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

This study aimed to find out if there are gender differences in how Filipinos adhere to the COVID-19 quarantine protocol. This research utilized the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a framework. According to the TPB, the behavior to follow the COVID-19 protocol will be determined by one’s attitude, subjective norms, controllability, and self-efficacy. Media was added as a moderating variable between these predictors and the behavior to follow the COVID-19 protocol. An online survey was conducted amongst 200 females and 200 males in Metro Manila. This research locale was chosen as it had the highest COVID-19 infection rate in …

Impact Investment For Brics Cooperation On Sustainable Development, Anita Mujumdar, Alexey Shadrin

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

A sustainable development agenda has always been at the core of BRICS cooperation. However, the progress has been limited for many reasons, including economic diversity, over-reliance on Western technologies and capital, lack of own sources of financing, and common strategy. At the same time, accounting for over 40% of the global population, over 20% of the world’s GDP, and contributing to more than 40% of global CO2 emissions, BRICS countries are among the world’s most important players in sustainability and climate. Therefore, finding organic ways of sustainable growth in these countries is crucial to global efforts in achieving sustainable development …

Contested Representations Of Agent Orange’S Destruction In Vu Le My’S Where War Has Passed And Masako Sakata’S Agent Orange: A Personal Requiem, Nguyen Thi Nhu Trang

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

This study examines two documentaries on the impact of Agent Orange in post-war Vietnam: Where War Has Passed (1997), by the Vietnamese director Vu Le My and Agent Orange: A Personal Requiem (2007), by Japanese director Masako Sakata. In order to depict the destructiveness of Agent Orange, these directors focus exclusively neither on the footprints of war in Vietnam’s physical landscape nor the sufferings of Vietnamese victims. By highlighting the existence of Agent Orange victims in the landscape that was once the target of a series of American spraying missions, both documentaries urge the audience to remove the boundaries between …

The Brics Plus Cooperation In International Organizations: Prospects For Reshaping The Global Agenda, Ekaterina Y. Arapova, Yaroslav D. Lissovolik

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

The research is based on the Russian approach to implementing the BRICS Plus concept. The “BRICS Plus Circle” could unite the members of the five integration blocks, driven by the BRICS countries, which are mainly developing countries. These countries call for the creation of a more balanced global architecture based on the principles of non-discrimination, equal access to resources, and their fair distribution. Multilateral cooperation in the Bretton Woods institutions (the WTO, IMF, and the World Bank) may become one of the main modalities of the BRICS Plus interaction. In this regard, the paper aims to analyze the prospects for …

Influence Of Mixture Proportions On Fresh And Mechanical Properties Of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Ghafur H. Ahmed

Polytechnic Journal

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) is a concrete that able to flow and consolidate under its own weight, and it is cohesive enough to fill spaces of almost any size and shape without segregation or bleeding. In this study, workability and strength characteristics of seven SCC mixes were examined and compared with two additional vibrated mixes of normal and high strength. For this purpose, the flowability, deformability, and passing ability of fresh concrete mixes were tested through slump test, slump flow, T500, and the J-ring tests. Furthermore, the hardened concrete specimens were tested for mechanical properties with the variation in shape and …

Challenges In The Implementation Of The Bologna Process, Jabbar H. Ade

Polytechnic Journal

Bologna process is the instruction for reshaping in the higher education system, which created significant obstacles for its implementation. The objective of this study is to investigate the issues and challenges faced Kurdistan universities during the implementation of the Bologna process. In this study, three universities have been focused; two public and a private university. A questionnaire form was designed or the three universities’ staff (Erbil Polytechnic University [EPU], Soran University, and Cihan University) which included several questions about the challenges faced them during European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) implementation. The results show that Cihan University provides more knowledge about …

Computational Fluid Dynamic Optimization Of Supply And Return Duct Position For Zone Air Distribution, Bashir E. Kareem, Younis K. Khdir

Polytechnic Journal

Air conditioning accounts for roughly half of all energy consumption in residential buildings. Today’s issue is optimizing the air conditioning system and methods of conveying heated and cooled air to prevent additional energy consumption. The optimal supply and return duct position is studied and the results based on the minimum air temperature and pressure in the room, while the room air distribution is taken into account. The main objective of air conditioning, which is impacted by duct position, is to provide thermal comfort in the room. Using Computational Fluid Dynamic, a controlled zone is designed and analyzed in the room …

Identification Of Relationships Between Fingerprint Patterns And Gender In Koya, Kurdistan Region, Iraq., Zaitoon A. Hamad, Hemn R. Salih, Layla K. Ali

Polytechnic Journal

According to this research probe the correlation between fingerprints and the gender for all 10 fingerprints. For this inquiry, 4939 samples were collected from 247 females and 247 male’s ages between 7 and 13 years old. This is the first systematic research of its kind to check at ten fingerprints for people from Koya, Kurdistan region north of Iraq. As per the findings, gender identity is accurate for people with any of their ten fingerprints. After magnifying the obviously acquired photos, the four basic fingerprint structures were identified and registered: Arch, Radial loop, Ulner loop, and Whorl. Statistical analysis was …

Growth Of (Platanus Orientalis L.) Seedlings Under Different Drought Stress Condition, Halmat A. Sabr

Polytechnic Journal

A lath house study was performed in order that understand the adjustment responses to three different water conditions of Platanus orientalis L. seedlings trying to make them able to adjust to new under dry conditions. Eight months seedlings were exposed to three water regimes (90, 60 and 30% water holding capacity [WHC]) were used r with a completely randomize design. The following parameters were measured; seedling height, leaf area, total chlorophyll content in the leaves, root length, root to shoot ratio, total dry mass, and leaf area ratio. It is found that water stress significantly reduced height and base diameter …

Effect Of Fenugreek Seeds In Maternal Diet On Some Features Of Newborn Pups In Albino Mice, Karim R. Hamad

Polytechnic Journal

Introduction: Fenugreek seeds have got interest of researchers for their positive effects on laboratory animals and human being, including their effects on reproductive system. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 5% raw fenugreek seed and its boiled aqueous extract containing diet on adult female mice, for 2 weeks before mating, to evaluate fertility, and some features of newborn pups. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 adult female mice randomly and equally were divided into three groups. Group I: Control, Group II: Female mice treated with 5% raw fenugreek seed containing diet, and Group III: Female mice …

Quality Of Life Of Pharmacy Students With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome In South India: A Cross-Sectional Study, Vinodkumar Mugada, Krishna Priya Mandarapu

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: One in five women in India suffers from polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the quality of life of pharmacy students suffering from PCOS and provide awareness through counseling.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 103 students with PCOS for 6 months. The Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Quality of Life (PCOSQ) questionnaire was used to determine the quality of life.

Results: The prevalence of PCOS in our study was 39.5%. The mean age of the students was 21.1 (±1.8) years. The mean duration of the disorder was 17.8 (±13.0) months. More …

Does Quran Memorization Influence Adolescents’ Intelligence Quotient And Memory Level?: A Cross-Sectional Study In Malaysia, Ismarulyusda Ishak, Amira Aqilah Shaidin, Dzalani Harun, Nor Malia Abdul Warif, Vanitha Mariappan, Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin, Ahmad Rohi Ghazali, Farah Wahida Ibrahim, Normah Che Din

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: The process of memorizing various reading materials enhances the brain capacity to process, store, and assemble memories and increases the intelligence quotient (IQ) level. However, the connection between the memorization of Quran and the enhancement of memory level is not fully understood. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the correlation between Quran memorization and the IQ level among Muslim adolescents from selected Islamic schools in Selangor, Malaysia.

Methods: The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence was used to measure the student’s IQ level, whereas Digit Span and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test were used to evaluate …

Knowledge, Attitudes, And Practices Of Saudi Citizens On Covid-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Region Survey, Maha Sanat Alreshidi, Nojoud Abdullah Daaya Alreshidi, Ebaa Felemban, Ferdinand Gonzales

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: Although policies and guidelines may not always be optimal in all settings, a tailor-fitted guideline is appropriate. This study aims to determine the differences in the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Saudi citizens toward Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods: A quantitative-comparative-correlational approach was carried out from March 21 to May 22, 2020. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and t-test were used to determine the differences in knowledge and demographic characteristics. Linear regression was used to determine relationships among KAP.

Results: The participants’ knowledge yielded 82.83%, positive attitudes (M = 2.10; SD = 1.15) and good …

Perceived Preparedness Of Healthcare Workers To Cope With Covid-19 Pandemic In Hail Region Hospitals, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study, Farhan Alshammari, Evalynn Rondilla, Abdalkarem Asharari, Fahad Alshammari

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: All hospitals must have emergency plans because they play a crucial role in providing critical care. This study assesses the perceived hospital preparedness of healthcare workforces to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic regarding their demographic characteristics.

Methods: This study utilized a descriptive, cross-sectional design to investigate the preparedness of hospital and healthcare workers in the city of Hail, Saudi Arabia. A convenience and snowball sampling method was used. A total of 330 healthcare workers participated in the study, which utilized a Google Form survey and was adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Descriptive …

Depression And Behavioral Changes Associated With Social Media Dependency During Covid-19 Pandemic Among University Students In Bangladesh: A Cross- Sectional Study, Sushmita Karmokar, Md. Ashraful Islam, Mohammad Hamid Al Muktadir, Rakibul Hasan, Abu Montakim Tareq, Mohammad Nurul Amin, Talha Bin Emran

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: With its rapid spread, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a detrimental effect on students’ psychological well-being, depression, and behavioral changes due to indefinite educational leaves, lockdowns, restricted outdoor activities, and excess use of social media. This study aims to assess the relationship of social media exposure with the psychological well-being, depression, and behavioral changes of Bangladeshi university students.

Methods: A web-based cross-sectional survey was carried out on 530 students from June 17 to July 10, 2020, to evaluate psychological well-being, depression, behavioral changes, and social media exposure via self-reported measures.

Results: The prevalence of …

Parental Differences In Knowledge, Perception, And Safety Behaviors Regarding Home Injuries In An Urban Malaysian District, Munirah Mohd Basar, Mohd Fairuz Ali, Aznida Abdul Aziz

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: Parents play an essential role in the prevention of home-related injuries among children. Traditionally, mothers provided direct overall care, whereas evidence on fathers' roles in children’s injuries is limited. This study assesses the differences between parents of children attending kindergarten regarding their knowledge and perception of home injuries and safety behaviors.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2018 in 10 private kindergartens in the Selangor district in Malaysia. Self-administered questionnaires on sociodemographic data, knowledge of home injuries, perceptions toward home injuries, and safety behaviors at home were distributed. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were …

Prevalence And Associated Factors Of Dizziness Among A National Community-Dwelling Sample Of Older Adults In India In 2017–2018, Supa Pengpid, Karl Peltzer

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of dizziness in older community-dwelling adults in India.

Methods: The cross-sectional sample was composed of 21,343 individuals (≥65 years) from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) Wave 1 in 2017–2018. Dizziness was assessed by determining if the individuals suffered from “persistent or troublesome dizziness or light headedness” in the past 2 years.

Results: Women and men had the overall prevalence of 14.6%/17.2% and 11.6% in past 2-year dizziness, respectively. Adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that sociodemographic factors (female sex), physical chronic conditions (angina), geriatric conditions …

Trends And Determinants Of Family Planning Utilization Among Men In Indonesia, Haerawati Idris, Willyana Syafriyanti

Makara Journal of Health Research

Background: Population growth rate in the world is still increasing. To control population growth, governments issue family planning programs for married women and men. However, contraception use is still dominated by women. This study aims to analyze the trends and determinants of family planning utilization among men in Indonesia.

Methods: This study is quantitative in nature with a cross-sectional design, using secondary data from the Indonesian Health Demographic Survey (2007–2017). The sample comprised married men with a total of 27,859 respondents. For the final analysis, we conducted logistic regression statistical tests to determine family planning utilization among men. …

Seroprevalence Of Toxoplasma Gondii Immunoglobulin G And Immunoglobulin M Antibodies Among Leukemia Patients In Erbil City-Kurdistan Region/Iraq By Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Technique, Hemdad H. Mawlood

Polytechnic Journal

The current study was revealed the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM among different types of leukemia (Acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma [HL], multiple myeloma [MM], non-HL [NHL], and chronic myeloid leukemia) from male and female patients in different age groups (18–≥48 years) using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results of 140 cases of different types of leukemia showed the highest T. gondii IgG (44.44%) among MM leukemia whereas T. gondii IgM highest (12.5%) among NHL leukemia. Significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences between T. gondii antibodies and age group were recorded, that increased with the …

Transcript: The Roberts Court And Free Speech Symposium, Michael T. Cahill, Joel M. Gora, Geoffrey R. Stone, Ronald K.L. Collins, David L. Hudson Jr., Floyd Abrams, Ellis Cose, Robert Corn-Revere, Genevieve Lakier, William D. Araiza, Helen Norton, Nadine Strossen, Erwin Chemerinsky

Brooklyn Law Review

On April 9, 2021, the Brooklyn Law Review gathered a panel of First Amendment scholars for a symposium on the Roberts Court's free speech jurisprudence. This transcript captures the panelists' diverse perspectives on the free speech themes highlighted by the Roberts Court's free speech jurisprudence.

Broken Promesa: Why The United States Should Abandon Its Use Of The Territories Clause To Control The Local Affairs Of Puerto Rico, Julia R. Cummings

Brooklyn Law Review

Puerto Rico’s sovereignty status is an anomaly. Since the United States acquired the island in 1898, the federal government has treated Puerto Ricans differently compared to residents of its other acquired territories. The United States also exerts significant control over Puerto Rico’s local affairs, most recently through the enactment and enforcement of the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA) in response to the current debt crisis in Puerto Rico. This note assesses the validity of the federal government’s use of the territories clause to control local Puerto Rican affairs, examining the complex history between the United States …

دراسة تحليلية لمعايير التعليم المحاسبي وارشادات الهيئات المهنية الدولية, ناظم شعلان جبار, نور سالم شناوه

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

تتمثل معايير التعليم المحاسبي بكونها إرشادات عامة والموجه الأساس لبرامج التعليم المحاسبي حيث تؤدي الى توجيه وترشيد الممارسات التعليمية في المجال المحاسبي، حيث يقوم مجلس المعايير الدولية للتعليم المحاسبي (IAESB) الذي تأسس في شهر نوفمبر من العام 2003 بإصدار هذه المعايير بهدف الوصول إلى مخرجات تعليمية المحاسبون المرشحون تتمتع بالكفاءة والمهارات المهنية الاتزمة، كما تهدف إلى توحيد الأسس التعليمية المتبعة من قبل الدول والهيئات المحاسبية العضوة في الاتحاد الدولي للمحاسبين، ولا يخرج هدف بيانات الموقف للجنة تغيير التعليم المحاسبي بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عن هذا النطاق اذ تتضمن عددا من التوجيهات والارشادات الهادفة الى اصلاح برامج التعليم المحاسبي وتحسين أداء الخريجين …

دور الحوكمة والمعلومات المحاسبية في برنامج الإصلاح المالي والإداري, سعود جايد مشكور, عبد الهادي سلمان صالح, حيدر عباس عبد

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

اهتمت غالبية دول العالم في السنوات الأخيرة بتطبيق نظام حوكمة الشركات في جميع القطاعات الاقتصادية بعد الأزمات المالية التي حدثت في الكثير من الشركات نهاية القرن الماضي وخاصة في الدول المتقدمة بسبب انخفاض مستوى جودة المعلومات المحاسبية التي تعبر عن كفاءة الأداء والمركز المالي للوحدة الاقتصادية ، مما أدى إلى فقدان الثقة في المعلومات المحاسبية التي تتضمنها التقارير والقوائم المالية . تهدف هذه الدراسة في إطارها النظري إلى عرض مدخل مفاهيمي عن نظام حوكمة الشركات وأهميته، فضلا عن مفهوم جودة المعلومات المحاسبية، ومن ثم توضيح طبيعة العلاقة بين نظام الحوكمة وجودة المعلومات المحاسبية ، وتأثير هذه العلاقة في برنامج الإصلاح …

تعزيز الاثر المالي للموارد البشرية من خلال استثمار راس المال الاستراتيجي, حسين وليد حسين, حبيب مروح ناصر الياسري

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

الغرض الرئيس لهذا البحث هو التعرف على اهمية الدور الذي يسهم به الاستثمار في راس المال الاستراتيجي في تفعيل وتعزيز الاثر المالي للموارد البشرية، اذ يشكل راس المال الاستراتيجي اهم انواع رؤوس المال التي تمتلكها المنظمة وذلك للخصائص النادرة والقيمة التي يمتاز بها، كما تشكل الموارد البشرية اثمن الموارد التي تمتلكها وان الاستثمار فيها يترتب عليه تحقيق نتائج مالية تفوق بشكل كبير التكاليف التي انفقت عليها، وعلى رغم ذلك تعاني المنظمة المبحوثة من انخفاض الادراك المعرفي حول اهمية الاستثمار في راس المال الاستراتيجي ودوره في تعزيز الاثر المالي للموارد البشرية، لذا تبرز اهمية البحث في معالجة المشكلات التي تواجهها في …

العدالة التنظيمية والصمت التنظيمي/ العلاقة والأثر: دراسة لعينة من الافراد العاملين في مديرية تربية محافظة نينوى, سجى نذير حميد الصراف

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

قرار العاملين في حجبهم للمعلومات و الافكار والآراء مسألة في غاية الاهمية لما لها آثار سلبية على اداء العاملين والمنظمة معا” وبدورها تؤدي الى احداث ظاهرة غير مرغوب بها داخل المنظمة تسمى الصمت التنظيمي, وأسباب تلك الظاهرة عديدة ومتنوعة وقد تكون العدالة التنظيمية واحدة من تلك الاسباب , ومن هذا المنطلق سيتم توضيح علاقة العدالة التنظيمية بحدوث ظاهرة الصمت التنظيمي وما تاثير العدالة التنظيمية في الصمت التنظيمي, و في ضوء ذلك تم طرح التساؤلات الاتية :- هل يرتبط بتحقيق العدالة التنظيمية في المنظمة المبحوثة بظاهرة الصمت التنظيمي؟ هل هناك تأثير للعدالة التنظيمية على حدوث الصمت التنظيمي لدى العينة المبحوثة ؟ …

المخاطر المالية النظامية وانعكاسها على القيمة السوقية للمصارف التجارية (دراسة تطبيقية على مصرف بغداد للمدة 2010-2019), رائد حسن علي, زهراء حسين نشاد

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

يهدف هذا البحث الى معرفة انعكاس المخاطر المالية النظامية على القيمة السوقية وذلك من خلال عرض تحليل وقياس علاقة المخاطر المالية النظامية بالقيمة السوقية للمصارف التجارية، وقد تم اختيار ثلاثة من المخاطر المالية النظامية تمثلت في مخاطر الائتمان ومخاطر الملاءة المالية ومخاطر جودة الموجودات, وقد طبق هذا البحث في مصرف بغداد (BBOB), للمدة 2010-2019, وقد استخدم المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في وصف وتحليل وقياس جميع المتغيرات من خلال البيانات المالية الفعلية المتاحة لمصرف بغداد، وذلك بهدف تقييم وقياس المتغيرات المستقلة، والمتغيرات التابع ، وتحليل وتفسير علاقة الارتباط والأثر بينها، إذ استخدم تحليل التباين باستخدام البرنامج (SPSS rv24) لِقياس علاقة الارتباط والأثر …

المنافذ الحدودية أهميتها ودورها التنموي في العراق, قاسم جبار خلف

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

يعتبر العراق من البلدان العربية التي تتميز بتنوع مصادرها الاقتصادية الطبيعية ومنها النفط وقد ساعد هذا التنوع في تحقيق رفاهية وسعادة الأفراد بالإضافة إلى تحقيق الاستقرار والنمو في البلد وذلك في فترة ما قبل الحرب العراقية الإيرانية, ولكن وبسبب الآثار المدمرة للحرب أصبحت مؤسسات العراق ووضعه الاقتصادي والتنموي ومحصلاته الاقتصادية والاجتماعية ضعيفة ومشابهة لتلك في البلدان الأقل نموا وتطورا .تأتي أهمية هذه الدراسة في ظل تدني مستوى التجارة الدولية عبر الحدود في العراق بالرغم مما تمتلكه من إمكانيات اقتصادية واجتماعية وتجمعات سكانية يمكن استثمارها في إيجاد تنمية اقتصادية كبرى للعراق وتنمية إقليمية متكاملة فتعزيز التجارة عبر الحدود أصبح حاجة ملحة …

Biomechanical Evaluation Of Functional Ability And Postural Stability In Patients With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Disorder, Safi Ullah

Theses and Dissertations

BACKGROUND: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a very common disease most prevalent in people with type-II diabetes. DPN is caused by high blood glucose levels that instigates nerve damage which results in sensation loss mainly in the lower extremities. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to explore into the motor disability resulting from DPN disorder by investigating into the muscle activation patterns, force output in lower extremity muscles, the onset of muscle fatigue and most importantly evaluating the postural stability in DPN patients and comparing the results to healthy control subjects. We hypothesize that the DPN patients suffer …