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Intimate Partner Technology-Facilitated Abuse (Tfa): U.S. Prevalence, Rus'sel Sampson Mar 2026

Intimate Partner Technology-Facilitated Abuse (Tfa): U.S. Prevalence, Rus'sel Sampson

AJiC Fact Sheets

This fact sheet synthesizes research findings on prevalence of Technology‑Facilitated Abuse (TFA) in intimate partner relationships among U.S. adults, U.S. college students, and U.S. survivors of intimate partner violence.


Jerry Daniels V. Peter Damiter Mar 2026

Jerry Daniels V. Peter Damiter

2026 Decisions

USDC for the Middle District of Pennsylvania


Faculty Senate Minutes March 30, 2026, Utah State University Mar 2026

Faculty Senate Minutes March 30, 2026, Utah State University

Faculty Senate & Faculty Senate Executive Committee

  • Call to Order
  • Approval of Minutes - March 2, 2026
  • University Business
  • Faculty Senate Business
  • Reports
  • Budget and Faculty Welfare
  • Faculty Development and Educational Leadership
  • Sustainability Council
  • Information
  • EPC Report - March 5, 2026
  • Employee Benefits
  • Task Force Report
  • Additional Business
  • President Elect Nominations
  • Faculty Senate Spotlight
  • 2026-2027 Faculty Senate Calendar
  • Adjourn - 4:39


Should The Ordinary Income Rate Apply To Carried Interest?, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah Mar 2026

Should The Ordinary Income Rate Apply To Carried Interest?, Reuven S. Avi-Yonah

Articles

In 2008 professor Victor Fleischer published a famous article entitled “Two and Twenty: Taxing Partnership Profits in Private Equity Funds.” The article explained that: Private equity fund managers take a share of the profits of the partnership as the equity portion of their compensation. The tax rules for compensating general partners create a planning opportunity for managers who receive the industry standard “two and twenty” (a two percent management fee and twenty percent profits interest). By taking a portion of their pay in the form of partnership profits, fund managers defer income derived from their labor efforts and convert it …


Temporary By Design: Why International Students Need A Real Pathway To Permanent Residence, Benedetta Palese Mar 2026

Temporary By Design: Why International Students Need A Real Pathway To Permanent Residence, Benedetta Palese

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights and Social Justice (ERSJ) Blog

You grow up in a rural town abroad where English is barely taught. You teach yourself the language, travel hours to take standardized tests, and earn admission to a United States university. You stay for law school, believing that talent and persistence will bring stability. Near graduation, the question changes: what happens when the student visa expires, and life beyond campus begins?

The United States should create a meaningful, predictable pathway from F-1 student status to permanent residence. International students are welcomed as students and future workers, yet the law still structures them as temporary visitors. That instability is not …


Inspired To Explore Salvation History, Matthew Himes Mar 2026

Inspired To Explore Salvation History, Matthew Himes

Marian Library Blog Archive

UD senior Matthew Himes created the curriculum for a 16-week Bible study using scenes from “Mirror of Hope.”


Evaluating And Treating Pediatric Scoliosis, Bob Underwood, Michael Benvenuti, K Aaron Shaw Mar 2026

Evaluating And Treating Pediatric Scoliosis, Bob Underwood, Michael Benvenuti, K Aaron Shaw

Pediatrics in Practice: A CME Podcast

In this episode, pediatric orthopedic surgeons Aaron Shaw, DO, and Michael Benvenuti, MD, discuss how pediatricians can confidently assess, evaluate, and refer children with suspected scoliosis. They cover practical screening tips, red flags that warrant further workup, and how treatment decisions are made—from observation and bracing to surgical care—offering clear guidance for partnering with families and orthopedic specialists.

Click here to stream the podcast episode.


Unveiling The Effects Of Speaker Quality And Congruency On Virtual Academic Conference Outcomes, Luz Suplico Jeong, Nelson Guillen, Jr., Francia Santos, Reynaldo Bautista, Jr., Alexander Josiassen Mar 2026

Unveiling The Effects Of Speaker Quality And Congruency On Virtual Academic Conference Outcomes, Luz Suplico Jeong, Nelson Guillen, Jr., Francia Santos, Reynaldo Bautista, Jr., Alexander Josiassen

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of virtual academic conferences (VACs), yet limited research sheds light on the effects of speaker quality and congruency on the outcomes of virtual academic conferences. This exploratory study investigates how speaker quality, speaker quality congruency, and participant motivations influence satisfaction and behavioral outcomes in VACs. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), we analyzed data from 282 participants (academics and students) who attended virtual conferences. The study examined relationships among peer motivation, recognition motivation, speaker quality levels, speaker quality congruency, participant satisfaction, willingness to revisit, and word of mouth intentions. Results revealed that …


The Impact Of Recreational Games, On Mitigating Psychosocial Conflict, Among Shelter Residents State Shelters For The Homeless, Enam Muhammad Jawad, Sahira Razaq Kazem Mar 2026

The Impact Of Recreational Games, On Mitigating Psychosocial Conflict, Among Shelter Residents State Shelters For The Homeless, Enam Muhammad Jawad, Sahira Razaq Kazem

Modern Sport

This study is aiming to identify the impact of recreational games on reducing the psychosocial conflict of residents in state-run shelters for the homeless, in the shadow of the psychological and social pressures faced by this group due to the loss of family stability and emotional deprivation. The research used the experimental method on a sample containing (17) residents who lives in Dar Al-Zuhour in Baghdad Governorate, and the study relied on the psychosocial conflict scale to rate the level of conflict before and after the application of the recreational program. The results showed a significant decrease in the levels …


Effectiveness Of The Panorama Instructional Strategy In Developing The Learning Of Basic Floor Exercise Skills Among First-Year Female Students In Artistic Gymnastics, Maysaa Ridha Ghanim Mar 2026

Effectiveness Of The Panorama Instructional Strategy In Developing The Learning Of Basic Floor Exercise Skills Among First-Year Female Students In Artistic Gymnastics, Maysaa Ridha Ghanim

Modern Sport

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Panorama instructional strategy in learning fundamental floor exercise skills in artistic gymnastics among beginner female students. An experimental design with pre- and post-tests for two equivalent groups (experimental and control) was adopted. The sample consisted of 30 first-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Baghdad, who were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was taught using the Panorama instructional strategy, while the control group received traditional instruction based on explanation and demonstration. The educational program included basic …


The Relationship Between Functional Etiology Of Ancle Injuries And Return-To-Play Efficiency Among Tennis Players, Mustafa Muhammad Ali Farhan Mar 2026

The Relationship Between Functional Etiology Of Ancle Injuries And Return-To-Play Efficiency Among Tennis Players, Mustafa Muhammad Ali Farhan

Modern Sport

The present study seeks to determine the role of etiology in rehabilitating injured players and the efficiency of return-to-play. The researcher hypothesizes that there are statistically significant differences in the functional efficiency of the ankle joint between injured and non-injured players. Additionally, it is hypothesized that there is a statistically significant relationship between the functional etiology of ankle joint injury and return to play efficiency among tennis players. The research population and sample include tennis players who are registered in the Middle Euphrates sports clubs and who have suffered an injury in the ankle joint, whether during the current sports …


Design And Standardization Of A Composite Test To Measure Basic Basketball Shooting Types Among University Student-Players, Faris Sami Yousif Shabba, Dani Thamer Sami Yousif, Faris Sami Yousif Malik Mar 2026

Design And Standardization Of A Composite Test To Measure Basic Basketball Shooting Types Among University Student-Players, Faris Sami Yousif Shabba, Dani Thamer Sami Yousif, Faris Sami Yousif Malik

Modern Sport

Tests in the sports field constitute an essential tool for achieving optimal results and evaluating player performance, particularly in competitive sports such as basketball. The importance of shooting emerges as it is the only means of direct scoring and the critical statistic that distinguishes victory from defeat. The researchers observed that previous tests of basic shooting types whether administered individually or in combination do not adequately reflect the complexities of actual game situations. Therefore, the problem lies in the need to address this gap by designing a composite test that simulates various playing conditions related to basic shooting skills. The …


Effect Of Transition And Fast-Break Training On Fatigue Delay, Blood Lactate Levels, And Offensive Skill Performance In Young Basketball Players, Omar Mohammed Majid Saud Mar 2026

Effect Of Transition And Fast-Break Training On Fatigue Delay, Blood Lactate Levels, And Offensive Skill Performance In Young Basketball Players, Omar Mohammed Majid Saud

Modern Sport

Basketball is defined as a high intensity sport which significantly depends on an anaerobic energy system, specifically its phosphagen and lactate components, especially during very fast transitions from the offensive phase to defensive failure and vice versa. These scenarios involve continuous accelerations/decelerations coupled with accurate actions under time constraints. The relevance of these requests is even higher for under-18 players, as they are at a special stage (against the above-mentioned physical and physiological development) directly affecting the capacity to resist fatigue and keep performance levels in the 2nd half during competition. This accumulation of lactic acid leads to an erosion …


Effectiveness Of Special Compound Exercises In Developing Speed-Strength And Explosive Power In The Long Jump Among The Students, Amjad H. Mohammed Mar 2026

Effectiveness Of Special Compound Exercises In Developing Speed-Strength And Explosive Power In The Long Jump Among The Students, Amjad H. Mohammed

Modern Sport

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of compound exercises in developing explosive power and force speed in the long jump among students. The research problem lies in the limited use of compound exercises that develop explosive power and force speed during training. The researcher used an experimental design with two groups (experimental and control). The sample included 24 students from Najaf Preparatory School for Mathematical Sciences, who were randomly divided into two groups (experimental and control). Each group consisted of 12 students, representing 49% of the research population. The experimental group underwent compound exercises, which were conducted over eight …


Optimal Error Estimates Of The Diffuse Domain Method For Second Order Parabolic Equations, Wenrui Hao, Lili Ju, Yuejin Xu Mar 2026

Optimal Error Estimates Of The Diffuse Domain Method For Second Order Parabolic Equations, Wenrui Hao, Lili Ju, Yuejin Xu

Faculty Publications

In this paper, we study the convergence behavior of the diffuse domain method (DDM) for solving a class of second-order parabolic partial differential equations with Neumann boundary condition posed on general irregular domains. The DDM employs a phase-field function to extend the original parabolic problem to a similar but slightly modified problem defined over a larger rectangular domain that contains the target physical domain. Based on the weighted Sobolev spaces, we rigorously establish the convergence of the diffuse domain solution to the original solution as the interface thickness parameter goes to zero, together with the corresponding optimal error estimates under …


Multiscale Computational Modeling Of The Cardiopulmonary Consequences Of Postnatal Hyperoxia With Implications For Preterm-Born Children, Salla M. Kim, Filip Jezek, Pim J. A. Oomen, Gregory P. Barton, Feng Gu, Daniel A. Beard, Kara N. Goss, Mitchel J. Colebank, Naomi C. Chesler Mar 2026

Multiscale Computational Modeling Of The Cardiopulmonary Consequences Of Postnatal Hyperoxia With Implications For Preterm-Born Children, Salla M. Kim, Filip Jezek, Pim J. A. Oomen, Gregory P. Barton, Feng Gu, Daniel A. Beard, Kara N. Goss, Mitchel J. Colebank, Naomi C. Chesler

Faculty Publications

Moderate to extreme preterm birth (<  32 weeks gestation) affects cardiopulmonary structure and function and is associated with increased risk of heart failure through adulthood. The rat hyperoxia (Hx) model (term born; postnatal Hx exposure) captures biventricular changes, including at the cell and organ scale, and pulmonary vascular remodeling seen in preterm humans. However, synthesizing these measures across scales and organ systems is challenging. We hypothesized that in silico modeling of biventricular mitochondrial, myofiber, and organ-scale function plus circulatory function could capture key features of cardiopulmonary abnormalities due to preterm birth. Therefore, we calibrated a multiscale model to subject-specific biventricular pressure–volume data previously obtained from Hx rats alongside normoxic (Nx) controls to investigate the abnormalities in cardiopulmonary function at multiple scales in this animal model of human preterm birth. The calibrated model demonstrates excellent agreement with the data and captures the expected pulmonary vascular changes and right ventricular dilation seen in preterm-born children. Our multiscale modeling approach captures cardiopulmonary abnormalities across spatial scales and provides an innovative approach to explore the consequences of preterm birth beyond preclinical experimental data alone. This is a foundational step in understanding the impact of preterm birth on cardiopulmonary disease in childhood as well as adulthood.


Unraveling Hydrologic And Hydrochemical Processes Based On Long-Term Concentration–Discharge Analysis In The Green Lake 4 Catchment, Colorado Front Range, Usa, Fengjing Liu Mar 2026

Unraveling Hydrologic And Hydrochemical Processes Based On Long-Term Concentration–Discharge Analysis In The Green Lake 4 Catchment, Colorado Front Range, Usa, Fengjing Liu

Michigan Tech Publications

Concentration–discharge (C-Q) relationships were analyzed over decadal, annual, and seasonal timescales from water years 1982 to 2020 to understand hydrologic and hydrochemical processes in the Green Lake 4 catchment, Green Lakes Valley, Colorado Front Range. Geogenic solutes, along with the magnitude of stable isotopes, were dominated by a strong (p < .05) C-Q power law (C = aQb, where a and b are constants from the curve fitting, with b usually termed the b-coefficient) and consistent patterns over various timescales. The b-coefficients of geogenic solutes were negative, suggesting that those solutes primarily originated from groundwater with higher concentrations and diluted by shallow source waters with lower …


Who Is Presidential? Women’S Political Representation, Deflection, And The 2016 Election, Kaitlin M. Boyle, Chase B. Meyer Mar 2026

Who Is Presidential? Women’S Political Representation, Deflection, And The 2016 Election, Kaitlin M. Boyle, Chase B. Meyer

Faculty Publications

In 2016, Hillary Clinton was the first woman to gain the presidential nomination from a major political party in the United States, yet she was unsuccessful. The current study explores barriers to being elected as president for women generally and Hillary Clinton specifically. Using the propositions and tools of affect control theory, we demonstrate how women’s political representation shapes cultural sentiments about women and the president. In a nationwide sample of Americans surveyed shortly before the election, we find women’s representation on the state level influences voter preferences through these cultural sentiments: More women in politics makes a woman president …


Enhancing Introductory Cybersecurity Learning: A Design-Based Research Case Study, Manny Niri Dr. Mar 2026

Enhancing Introductory Cybersecurity Learning: A Design-Based Research Case Study, Manny Niri Dr.

Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice

This study employs a design-based research (DBR) framework to examine the impact of a comprehensive curriculum redesign in an introductory Foundations of Security module for undergraduate students in computing and cybersecurity at a UK public university between 2019 and 2025. The redesign aimed to enhance student learning, engagement, and critical thinking through the embodiment of evidence-based pedagogical strategies, including flipped classroom delivery, blended learning, gamified practical exercises, repeated low-stakes mock assessments, and structured problem-solving activities. Student feedback, assessment outcomes, attendance records, and faculty reflections were analysed to evaluate the effectiveness of the redesign. The results indicate substantial improvements in student …


From Pen To Prompt: A Professional Learning Guide For Ai-Assisted Writing In Secondary Classrooms, Tracy Parks Mar 2026

From Pen To Prompt: A Professional Learning Guide For Ai-Assisted Writing In Secondary Classrooms, Tracy Parks

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A capstone submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Ernst and Sara Lane Volgenau College of Education at Morehead State University by Tracy Parks on March 30, 2026.


Introduction To Mexican American Studies: Course Syllabus (Oer), Luis B. Quesada Nieto Mar 2026

Introduction To Mexican American Studies: Course Syllabus (Oer), Luis B. Quesada Nieto

Open Educational Resources

This course studies the varied experiences of Mexicans in the United States from an interdisciplinary perspective. Through readings, lectures, media, and discussions, students will learn about the historical, social, and cultural contributions of Mexicans and Mexican Americans. The course will survey the history of Mexico and Mexicans in the United States at the same time that it explores issues of culture and identity. While the course emphasizes developments in the 20th and 21st centuries, students will also engage with developments before the 20th century. Students will study major political and social events that contributed to the incorporation of Mexicans into …


Artificial Intelligence For Automated Ct Quality Assurance: Improving Accuracy, Efficiency, And Standardization ​, Angelina Garcia, Francisco Parada, Shannell Rojas, Lizzette Serrano, Vanessa Vanegas Mar 2026

Artificial Intelligence For Automated Ct Quality Assurance: Improving Accuracy, Efficiency, And Standardization ​, Angelina Garcia, Francisco Parada, Shannell Rojas, Lizzette Serrano, Vanessa Vanegas

Research Methods Poster Session 2026

No abstract provided.


Gene-Agnostic Therapeutic Strategies For Inherited Retinal Diseases: Neuroprotection And Immunomodulation, Lucas W. Rowe, S. Patricia Becerra, Robert E. Maclaren, Robert L. Avery, Charles C. Wykoff, Allen C. Ho, Carl D. Regillo, Dean Eliott, Andrew Osborne, Katie M. Binley, Thomas A. Ciulla Mar 2026

Gene-Agnostic Therapeutic Strategies For Inherited Retinal Diseases: Neuroprotection And Immunomodulation, Lucas W. Rowe, S. Patricia Becerra, Robert E. Maclaren, Robert L. Avery, Charles C. Wykoff, Allen C. Ho, Carl D. Regillo, Dean Eliott, Andrew Osborne, Katie M. Binley, Thomas A. Ciulla

Wills Eye Hospital Papers

Background/Objectives: Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) represent a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders caused by mutations in over 280 genes with more than 3100 identified variants. While gene-specific replacement therapies have achieved landmark success with voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna) for biallelic RPE65-associated retinal dystrophy, developing individual therapies for each genetic subtype remains impractical. This review examines gene-agnostic therapeutic approaches utilizing neuroprotection and immunomodulation that target common pathophysiological mechanisms shared across multiple IRD genotypes. Methods: We reviewed the literature on neuroprotective and immunomodulatory gene therapy strategies for IRDs, focusing on neurotrophic factors and complement system modulation. Results: Neuroprotective approaches delivering neurotrophic factors—including pigment …


The Count Of White Blood Cells And Body Mass Index In The Smoker Population Of Tehsil, Dhirkot, District Bagh, Badra Younis, Muhammad Shahbaz, Ayesha Chattha, Anum Sadiq, Zakia Arif, Syeda Sabahat Fiaz Mar 2026

The Count Of White Blood Cells And Body Mass Index In The Smoker Population Of Tehsil, Dhirkot, District Bagh, Badra Younis, Muhammad Shahbaz, Ayesha Chattha, Anum Sadiq, Zakia Arif, Syeda Sabahat Fiaz

Journal of Bioresource Management

During this study, a total of 145 blood samples was collected from individuals aged between 16-65 years from tehsil Dhir Kot. Among them, 110 were smokers and 35 were non-smokers. Samples were taken in an evacuated container having Ethylene Diamine Tetra acetic Acid. Leucocyte count was done by using a hemocytometer and body mass index (BMI) was measured by using the formula BMI= kg/m2. Among the smokers, 53 (48 %) individuals have normal BMI and out of the normal BMI, 47 (89 %) individuals have normal BMI and normal WBCs, but 3 (6 %) smokers had normal BMI …


Bridging The Gap: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring The Relationships Between Student-Teacher Demographic Mismatch And Students’ Perceptions Of Fairness, Inclusion, And Achievement, Nicholas Nahrwold Mar 2026

Bridging The Gap: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring The Relationships Between Student-Teacher Demographic Mismatch And Students’ Perceptions Of Fairness, Inclusion, And Achievement, Nicholas Nahrwold

Theses and Dissertations

This study examines the relationships between student-teacher demographic mismatch and students’ perceptions of fairness, inclusion, and achievement. The purpose of this research was to determine how race, gender, and SES mismatch between students and teachers is related to their feelings of belonging and academic outcomes. A mixed-methods study was conducted involving a combination of survey data, student performance records, and student interviews. Results from the study indicated a relationship between student-teacher gender match and GPA, student-teacher racial match and GPA, and student-teacher racial match and attendance outcomes. Although not statistically significant, the data collected also highlighted trends between student-teacher SES …


A Study Of Early Childhood Coaches’ Preparedness To Implement Lgbtq+ Affirming Social–Emotional Practices, Nicole Lynn Muñoz Mar 2026

A Study Of Early Childhood Coaches’ Preparedness To Implement Lgbtq+ Affirming Social–Emotional Practices, Nicole Lynn Muñoz

Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative collective instrumental case study examined how early childhood consultation specialists (coaches) perceive and implement LGBTQ+ affirming practices in early learning environments serving children from birth to five. Although legal and policy advancements have increased recognition of LGBTQ+ identities, early childhood education remains an underexamined context for inclusive practice. Grounded in a constructivist and interpretivist paradigm and informed by Queer Theory, Transformative Leadership Theory, Practice-Based Coaching, and the Pyramid Model, data were collected through interviews, surveys, and reflective field notes with a purposeful sample of New Jersey coaches. Findings highlight how coaches define inclusion, navigate organizational conditions, and identify …


Edga-Based Directed Educational Units And Their Effect On Visual Memory And Some Basketball Skills Among Female Students, Hanaa Abbas Abdullah Mar 2026

Edga-Based Directed Educational Units And Their Effect On Visual Memory And Some Basketball Skills Among Female Students, Hanaa Abbas Abdullah

Modern Sport

This study aimed to design teaching units based on the EDGA model and examine their effect on visual memory and selected basketball skills (high dribbling, low dribbling, chest pass, rebound, and ladder shooting) among first-level female students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Baghdad. An experimental design with two equivalent groups and pre- and post-tests was used. The research population consisted of 26 first-year female students (2025–2026). Twenty-four students (92.31%) were selected as the research sample after excluding two students. The participants were randomly assigned into an experimental group (n = 12), which studied using …


The Effect Of Using A Ground Contact Angle Sensor On Improving Start Mechanics In Short-Distance Sprinters (100 M) Among Youth Athletes, Intisar Muzhir Saddam Mar 2026

The Effect Of Using A Ground Contact Angle Sensor On Improving Start Mechanics In Short-Distance Sprinters (100 M) Among Youth Athletes, Intisar Muzhir Saddam

Modern Sport

This study aims to investigate the effect of using a ground contact angle sensor on improving start mechanics among youth short-distance sprinters. The researcher employed an experimental approach using a control and experimental group design. The training program was applied to a sample of (n = 12) sprinters over an intervention period of (6) weeks. The experimental group followed a training program supported by ground contact angle detection technology, while the control group continued with conventional training. The study relied on objective biomechanical measurements, including a ground contact angle sensor (electronic sensor), high-speed video analysis, and force platforms to measure …


Effectiveness A Guidance Program Combined With Specific Exercises On Reducing Psychological Stress Among Players In The Stars League Of Football, Ahmed Thare Hani Mar 2026

Effectiveness A Guidance Program Combined With Specific Exercises On Reducing Psychological Stress Among Players In The Stars League Of Football, Ahmed Thare Hani

Modern Sport

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a combined guidance and physical exercise program on psychological stress levels among Star League football players during competitive matches. The study is significant due to the need for validated strategies that help players regulate emotions, follow a structured mental plan, and optimize performance under competitive pressure. It aimed to determine whether the proposed program would significantly reduce psychological stress, thereby contributing to the psychological dimension of sports performance research. An experimental design with one group and two measurements (pre- and post-test) was employed. The sample consisted of 15 players …


Attitudes Of Students Of The College Of Physical Education And Sports Sciences Toward E-Cigarette Use And Its Relationship To Some Demographic Variables, Ali Abdullah Hammadi Al-Qara Ghulli, Zaid Ali Hadi Kadhim Mar 2026

Attitudes Of Students Of The College Of Physical Education And Sports Sciences Toward E-Cigarette Use And Its Relationship To Some Demographic Variables, Ali Abdullah Hammadi Al-Qara Ghulli, Zaid Ali Hadi Kadhim

Modern Sport

The main aim of this research was analyzing the attitudes of students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustaqbal University towards e-cigarette use. The research explored how e-cigarette use is related to demographic, economic, and social variables; in addition to the level of health awareness of its risks. The researchers followed a descriptive approach and used a survey method. The research was conducted on a sample of (80) students belonging to the four stages of the 2024–2025 academic year. Data were obtained through a questionnaire in accordance with scientific principles and verified by five specialized experts. …