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Children's Intuitive Theories Of Group Collaboration, Emory Richardson Apr 2023

Children's Intuitive Theories Of Group Collaboration, Emory Richardson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Cumulative culture has amplified human knowledge far beyond what any individual learner could teach themselves or even be taught in a single lifetime: a doctor can learn to drive a car without having to literally reinvent the wheel. In some cases, complex artifacts can be produced through the accumulation of incremental improvements over time; but frequently, they’re a product of more or less direct collaboration. But collaboration comes with costs of its own. This thesis is about the cognitive capacities individuals need for collaborative learning to be worth the trouble. I first describe a set of interrelated obstacles to the …

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Namtar: Deity, Demon, Agent Of Fate, Jonathan Beltz Apr 2023

Namtar: Deity, Demon, Agent Of Fate, Jonathan Beltz

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The categories of gods, demons, and monsters in ancient Mesopotamian cultures remain a popular topic in scholarship, whether in surveys of Mesopotamian religions, collected studies on demonology, or monographs devoted to individual gods and demons. Yet certain divine beings exhibiting characteristics of both gods and demons—thereby eluding easy classification—have yet to be the subject of their own in-depth studies. One key example is Namtar (“Fate” in Sumerian), who operated both as a minor god in the Underworld and as a demon responsible for plagues and illnesses. This dissertation is the first monograph-length study to focus on Namtar, charting his place …

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Essays On The Provision Of Transportation, Lucas Conwell Apr 2023

Essays On The Provision Of Transportation, Lucas Conwell

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Chapter 1: Are There Too Many Minibuses in Cape Town? Privatized Provision of Public Transit Workers in low- and middle-income countries waste significant time commuting, partly due to gaps in public transit. In many African cities, privately-operated minibuses provide 50–100% of urban transit, at the cost of long wait times and poor personal safety for riders. Which externalities does the private provision of transit generate, and can policy interventions improve the market allocation? I build a micro-founded model of privatized shared transit subject to externalities in matching between buses and passengers, security provision, and road congestion. I then estimate the …

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Spectroscopic Studies Of Photochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactions, Laura Fei Cotter Apr 2023

Spectroscopic Studies Of Photochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactions, Laura Fei Cotter

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions are integral to numerous energy conversion processes, including photosynthesis, fuel cells, and cellular respiration. The coupling of proton transfer (PT) with electron transfer (ET) influences the overall energetic landscape and mechanism of the PCET reaction. Developing a better understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics of PCET reactions could enable the design of more efficient technologies for energy storage and conversion. However, it is often challenging to study PCET within naturally occurring systems, as many of these reactions are part of larger, complex biological processes. Well-defined, small molecule model systems, where variables such as reaction driving …

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Essays On The Economic History Of The American South, William Steadson Damron Apr 2023

Essays On The Economic History Of The American South, William Steadson Damron

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The first chapter studies the effect of factory electrification at the establishment level. Between 1900 and 1930, the share of power in American manufacturing coming from electricity grew from 10% to 80%. Although electrification has been attributed with dramatic productivity gains, data limitations have constrained previous research to rely on aggregate data. Using a newly-collected dataset covering manufacturers in North Carolina in the early 1900s, I examine the effects of electrification at the establishment level. Manufacturers who electrified increased their productivity and output relative to manufacturers who did not. The effects on workers were mixed. While electrification increased average wages, …

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Pig Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells As A Preclinical Model For Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Luke Daniel Batty Apr 2023

Pig Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells As A Preclinical Model For Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Luke Daniel Batty

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide is heart disease, a category that includes a variety of cardiovascular diseases both inherited and acquired. Because of the urgency and complexity of the problem, copious research has been conducted on the causes and progression of these diseases with an eye towards therapeutic solutions to their manifestations. For diseases that require tissue replacement, such as vessel implantation in coronary artery blockage or single ventricle disease, cardiovascular tissue engineering (CVTE) has emerged as an attractive way to provide high quality implantable therapeutics. CVTE is a field using chemistry, biology, and …

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Evaluating The Impact Of Perceived Discrimination On Patient-Reported Outcomes, Outpatient Care Utilization, Inflammatory Markers, And Lipid Profiles In Young Adults Hospitalized For Acute Myocardial Infarction (Ami), Andrew Arakaki Apr 2023

Evaluating The Impact Of Perceived Discrimination On Patient-Reported Outcomes, Outpatient Care Utilization, Inflammatory Markers, And Lipid Profiles In Young Adults Hospitalized For Acute Myocardial Infarction (Ami), Andrew Arakaki

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Perceived discrimination, defined as experiences of indignities, microaggressions, and other types of mistreatments that privileged groups enact towards members of disadvantaged groups, is a chronic stressor that has been shown to be associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease and incident cardiovascular events. Previous studies have hypothesized that perceived discrimination adversely affects cardiovascular health through multiple physiological, behavioral, and psychosocial pathways. However, the impact of perceived discrimination on outcomes and healthcare utilization among young adults (age 18 – 55 years) hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is largely unknown. This work leveraged data from the VIRGO study (Variation in Recovery: …

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The Shape Of Things: Reading Culture Through Form In The Wilhelmine And Weimar Republic, Sophie Duvernoy Apr 2023

The Shape Of Things: Reading Culture Through Form In The Wilhelmine And Weimar Republic, Sophie Duvernoy

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation explores the historical transformation of the concept of form in Germany between 1850 and 1930 into a dynamic term that intellectually enabled the project of liberal cultural critique. It describes how form was reconceived from a static shaping force with Platonic overtones into a mobile, dynamic means of structuration that allowed for internal difference and change. The dynamization of form allowed it to become a central term in the renewal of epistemology, and in turn, allowed philosophy to move into the study of culture and its material products. The project is based around three key figures – the …

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Host Immunity And Receptor Expression Determine Rna Virus Pathogenesis, Madison Scott Strine Apr 2023

Host Immunity And Receptor Expression Determine Rna Virus Pathogenesis, Madison Scott Strine

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Identifying host factors essential for viral infections has the potential to reveal novel mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and immune escape. Here, we use two mucosal positive-sense RNA viruses – murine norovirus (MNV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) – as probes to investigate mechanisms of viral pathogenesis at mucosal barrier surfaces. Among noroviruses, murine norovirus (MNV) is a model for human norovirus and a tractable system to elucidate fundamental mechanisms of viral tropism and immune evasion. The strain MNVCR6 infects rare chemosensory epithelial cells called tuft cells, which are dispensable for the canonical non-persistent strain MNVCW3. Herein, we …

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Delineating Novel Checkpoints In Metabolic Syndromes, Jonathan Sun Apr 2023

Delineating Novel Checkpoints In Metabolic Syndromes, Jonathan Sun

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The global rise in obesity and overnutrition has rapidly increased diagnosedmetabolic syndromes, including fatty liver disease and hypercholesterolemia. This growing burden of metabolic diseases elicits an immense health and economic burden on society, as metabolic syndromes are significant risk factors for co-morbidities such as cancer and heart failures, leading to an attributable cost of $147 billion in US healthcare spending. Given this, it is of high importance to uncover the dynamic metabolic programs that drive the progression of these metabolic syndromes toward end-stage diseases. Metabolic rewiring during overnutrition can regulate the expression of feedback loops, referred hereupon as metabolic checkpoints, …

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Piezo-Brillouin Electro-Optomechanics With High-Overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonators, Taekwan Yoon Apr 2023

Piezo-Brillouin Electro-Optomechanics With High-Overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonators, Taekwan Yoon

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Bulk acoustic resonators support robust, long-lived mechanical modes, capable of coupling to various quantum systems. In separate works, such devices have achieved strong coupling to both superconducting qubits, via piezoelectricity, and optical cavities, via Brillouin interactions. In this thesis, we discuss piezoelectric and Brillouin interactions between phonons and microwave/optical photons, as well as microwave and bulk acoustic resonators that enable the interactions. Based on the understanding of these elements, we then present a novel hybrid microwave/optical platform that exploits resonantly enhanced Brillouin interactions and piezoelectric couplings to efficiently access phonons within a variety bulk crystalline materials (quartz, CaF2, Si, etc) …

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Internal And External State-Dependent Modulation Of Visual Perception And Cortical Processing, Mitchell Paul Morton Apr 2023

Internal And External State-Dependent Modulation Of Visual Perception And Cortical Processing, Mitchell Paul Morton

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The ability of humans and other animals to perceive and understand stimuli in the visual world is substantially modulated by internal and external states. Internal states, such as arousal and attention, influence how we can perceive stimuli even when the physical characteristics of that stimulus are constant. Additionally, external configuration of objects in the visual world can influence our perceptual abilities, even when other characteristics remain unchanged. We first studied internal state-dependent modulation of perception by examining what states were associated with accurate perception at threshold, a condition in which the physical properties of a stimulus remain constant, and a …

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Cpg Island Turnover Predicts Evolutionary Change In Enhancer Activity, Acadia Kocher Apr 2023

Cpg Island Turnover Predicts Evolutionary Change In Enhancer Activity, Acadia Kocher

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Enhancers play a crucial role in specifying when and where genes are expressed, and changes in their function have been shown to influence trait evolution. However, it remains challenging to determine the sequence features that contribute to variation in enhancer function across species. Here I assessed the contribution of orphan CpG islands (oCGIs), which are intronic and intergenic regions enriched in CpG dinucleotides, to enhancer evolution. I identified oCGIs in nine mammalian species and integrated them with maps of enhancer activity-associated histone modifications (H3K27ac, H3K4me3, H3K4me2, and H3K4me1), finding that active enhancers are overrepresented at oCGIs. I found widespread turnover …

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Algorithmic Decision-Making With Stakeholder Participation, Vijay Keswani Apr 2023

Algorithmic Decision-Making With Stakeholder Participation, Vijay Keswani

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The development of trustworthy systems for applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence faces a variety of challenges. These challenges range from the investigation of methods to effectively detect algorithmic biases to methodological and practical hurdles encountered when incorporating notions of representation, equality, and domain expertise in automated decisions. Such questions make the task of building reliable automated decision-making frameworks quite complex; nevertheless, addressing them in a comprehensive manner is an important step toward building automated tools whose impact is equitable. This dissertation focuses on tackling such practical issues faced during the implementation of automated decision-making frameworks. It contributes to …

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Helicobacter Pylori Catabolism Of Host Glutathione: An Emerging Mechanism Of Nutritional Virulence, Maia Joi Baskerville Apr 2023

Helicobacter Pylori Catabolism Of Host Glutathione: An Emerging Mechanism Of Nutritional Virulence, Maia Joi Baskerville

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Mammalian cells synthesize the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) to shield cellular biomolecules from oxidative damage. Certain bacteria, including the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, can perturb host GSH homeostasis. H. pylori infection significantly decreases GSH levels in host tissues, which has been attributed to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in infected cells. However, the precise mechanism of H. pylori-induced GSH depletion remains unknown, and tools for studying this process during infection are limited. We developed an isotope-tracing approach to quantitatively monitor host-derived GSH in H. pylori-infected cells by mass spectrometry. Using this method, we determined that H. pylori catabolizes reduced GSH …

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Robotic Fabrics Enabled By Functional Fibers And Responsive Materials, Trevor Luke Buckner Apr 2023

Robotic Fabrics Enabled By Functional Fibers And Responsive Materials, Trevor Luke Buckner

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The burgeoning field of soft robotics brings with it a wave of new and nontraditional materials to the robotics repertoire. New advances are being made using elastomers, foams, and gels as the core robotic substrate, giving rise to entirely new avenues of robot capability. Now more than ever, machines can be designed with extreme flexure, stretch, and even volume change as key functions, opening up a design space that rigid machinery cannot easily occupy. In this dissertation, I build upon the use of atypical materials, introducing fabrics as a new soft robotics platform. Fabrics are thin, have a fiber-based structure, …

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Realism By Rail: Art And Mobilities In Late Imperial Russia, Stephen Tyler Urchick Apr 2023

Realism By Rail: Art And Mobilities In Late Imperial Russia, Stephen Tyler Urchick

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation is the first in English to consider how artists primarily from Russia’s Partnership for Traveling Art Exhibitions, known as the Wanderers, wandered. It breaks with decades of scholarship portraying these painters as pleinarist populists who went to the people, or bourgeois professionals who stayed home. Although the Wanderers rarely accompanied their group’s eponymous Traveling Exhibition as it toured by rail, the artists remained exceptionally mobile over their careers in both the literal and extended notions of this word. How did these artists exploit the accelerations of the late nineteenth century to advance their ambitions, reproduce and circulate their …

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Stochastic Modeling And Optimization Of Blockchain Networks, Nikolaos Papadis Apr 2023

Stochastic Modeling And Optimization Of Blockchain Networks, Nikolaos Papadis

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Blockchain technology has attracted a lot of attention as the basis of the decentralized digital currency Bitcoin.Its key advantage is that it enables multiple parties to reach consensus without the need for mutual trust. A well-known tradeoff in blockchain networks arises between their scalability, security, and decentralization; this is usually referred to as the "Blockchain Trilemma," and is due to the coordination and security overhead of the distributed consensus algorithm and its trustless environment. Off-chain payment channels have been proposed as a blockchain scalability solution that enables pairs of nodes to transact without burdening the network. Connected channels form a …

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Antecedents And Consequences Of Racial Group Status Threat Among White Americans, Xanni Brown Apr 2023

Antecedents And Consequences Of Racial Group Status Threat Among White Americans, Xanni Brown

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The United States is becoming increasingly racially diverse, with non-Hispanic White Americans expected to comprise less than 50% of the population beginning sometime between 2040 and 2050. The prospect of this racial demographic shift has been shown to cause feelings of threat among White Americans, as well as negative intergroup outcomes like increased racial bias and decreased support for integration. This work examines racial group status threat in the U.S., with an eye toward mitigating its negative consequences. Chapter 1 presents a theoretical framework for predicting the antecedents of potential consequences of racial group status threat, arguing that the US …

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Bootstrapping Fermionic Conformal Field Theories, Rajeev Suchet Erramilli Apr 2023

Bootstrapping Fermionic Conformal Field Theories, Rajeev Suchet Erramilli

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

We present the design, development, and application of new technology for the conformal bootstrap in the context of the study of three-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) with fermionic operators, as well as an exploration of the bootstrap of a fermionic gauge CFT. In doing so, we find world-record-precision rigorous bounds on the critical exponents and OPE coefficients of the $O(N)$ Gross-Neveu-Yukawa (GNY) family of CFTs for $N=2,4,8$ as well as significant progress in the bootstrap of Quantum Electrodynamics in 2+1 dimensions (QED$_3$). First, we derive closed-form expressions for all ingredients of the Zamolodchikov-like recursion relation for general spinning conformal blocks …

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Computational Studies Of The Mechanical Properties Of Granular Packings And Granular Metamaterials, Liheng Zhang Apr 2023

Computational Studies Of The Mechanical Properties Of Granular Packings And Granular Metamaterials, Liheng Zhang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Granular materials have fascinating mechanical properties near the onset of jamming. Predicting the bulk mechanical properties of granular materials has been done by applying discrete-element method (DEM) simulations to subsystems with finite system sizes and calculating the ensemble-averaged properties of the subsystems. Many studies using DEM simulations have been done for jammed packings of spherical particles under periodic boundary conditions. However, the most common form of granular materials in the nature and used by industries is non-spherical and in the real world, periodic boundary conditions are not the most representative boundary condition. There have been far less study on jammed …

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Essays On The Industrial Organization Of The Digital Economy, Michael Rolland Sullivan Apr 2023

Essays On The Industrial Organization Of The Digital Economy, Michael Rolland Sullivan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Recent years have witnessed a surge in the significance of digital platforms and online retailers. The analysis of digital firms and the industries in which they compete is useful for both furthering general economic knowledge and for informing policy. First, digital firms’ activities incidentally generate digitized data that facilitate the empirical analysis of economic concepts applying to settings traditional and digital alike. Examples of such concepts include network externalities, pass-through of tariffs in vertical relationships, and consumer search. In addition, digital firms differ from traditional firms in ways that matter for the effects of regulation; this makes an understanding of …

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Philological Botany: The Poetics Of Plant Classification In Early China And Japan, Loren Waller Apr 2023

Philological Botany: The Poetics Of Plant Classification In Early China And Japan, Loren Waller

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Flowering plants are a primary topic in Chinese and Japanese poetry, often used figuratively to express human emotions. Over time, as poets alluded to earlier works, these plants developed conventional metaphorical meanings. It is natural that such meanings would shift over time, but what is also striking is that historical understandings of the plants themselves, as well as the names used for the plants, also changed over time. An examination of three case studies will show how the identities of these plants changed over time as they were collected within literary texts and commentaries. Chapter 1 on the hibiscus (Ch. …

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Joint Equidistribution Of Maximal Flat Cylinders And Holonomies For Anosov Homogeneous Spaces, Elijah Fromm Apr 2023

Joint Equidistribution Of Maximal Flat Cylinders And Holonomies For Anosov Homogeneous Spaces, Elijah Fromm

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Let G be a connected semisimple real algebraic group and P < G be a minimal parabolic subgroup with Langlands decomposition P = MAN. Let Γ < G be a Zariski dense Anosov subgroup with respect to P. Since Γ is Anosov, the set of conjugacy classes of primitive elements of Γ is in one-to-one correspondence with the set of (positively oriented) maximal flat cylinders in Γ\G/M. We describe the joint equidistribution of maximal flat cylinders and their holonomies as their circumferences tend to infinity. This result can be viewed as the Anosov analogue of the joint equidistribution result in rank one by Margulis-Mohammadi-Oh.

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Developing E-Covery, An App-Based Intervention To Support Individuals With Co-Occurring Problem Alcohol And Opioid Use, Adam Viera Apr 2023

Developing E-Covery, An App-Based Intervention To Support Individuals With Co-Occurring Problem Alcohol And Opioid Use, Adam Viera

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Background: Co-occurring alcohol and opioid use are an under-addressed factor associated with increased drug overdose mortality. There are many challenges in the treatment of co-occurring alcohol and opioid use with most individuals in need of substance use treatment not receiving treatment services. Those that do have a high likelihood of returning to use, with resumption of use following treatment episodes increasing risk for overdose. Contextual factors have been recognized as triggers of cravings to return to use. Few interventions work to address the effect these factors have on individuals in early recovery, with locations serving as a particularly challenging trigger. …

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Peptidic Environments For Site- And Enantioselective Nitrene Transfer, Naudin Van Den Heuvel Apr 2023

Peptidic Environments For Site- And Enantioselective Nitrene Transfer, Naudin Van Den Heuvel

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Metal-catalyzed nitrene transfer remains one of the most powerful methods to introduce nitrogen into minimally functionalized organic frameworks. In recent years, there have been significant advances in the development of catalytic systems to achieve these transformations selectively in increasingly complex environments. Despite this, full site- and stereocontrol remains challenging in many cases. This work describes our contributions to the field of selective metal-catalyzed nitrene transfer, which involve the use of peptide- based environments surrounding the catalytic metal. Chapter 1 places this work in a larger context, introduces the topics of homogeneous catalysis and nitrene transfer, and discusses methods to enable …

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Policy Approaches To Address Supply Of Mental Health Treatment In The Us, Siqing Xu Apr 2023

Policy Approaches To Address Supply Of Mental Health Treatment In The Us, Siqing Xu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Millions of Americans experienced some form of mental illness in 2020. To make matters worse, many of these individuals also experience barriers to care. Many of these challenges arise from supply side barriers, that is, a constraint in the mental health workforce. This dissertation evaluates two policies relevant to mental health in the US: (1) Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act and (2) granting nurse practitioners (NPs) full practice authority (FPA). Chapter 1 offers an overview of the current mental health landscape in the US. It provides a discussion of what the US mental health workforce looks like, barriers …

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Spin Manipulation With Optical And Microwave Photons In Integrated Platform, Sihao Wang Apr 2023

Spin Manipulation With Optical And Microwave Photons In Integrated Platform, Sihao Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The rapid development of quantum information technology has fueled a vast interest in sourcing the optimal platform according to the application needs. Solid state spin system emerges from many popular choices for its favorable optical and microwave properties to achieve complex functionalities in quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum sensing. Interfacing spins with thin film nanophotonic circuits opens up the opportunities to harvest not only the advantages from spins, including long coherence and high quantum-efficiency fluorescence, but also the advantages of the mature fabrication technologies for low loss, high throughput nanophotonic structures. Such an integrated system with spins plays an …

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Pushing The Frontiers Of Non-Equilibrium Dynamics Of Collisionless And Weakly Collisional Self-Gravitating Systems, Uddipan Banik Apr 2023

Pushing The Frontiers Of Non-Equilibrium Dynamics Of Collisionless And Weakly Collisional Self-Gravitating Systems, Uddipan Banik

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm of cosmology, structure formation occurs via gravitational encounters and mergers between self-gravitating structures like galaxies and dark matter halos. This perturbs galaxies and halos out of equilibrium. These systems are collisionless, i.e., cannot relax within the Hubble time via two-body encounters, thereby prevailing in a state of non-equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium at best. However, such perturbed collisionless systems can relax via other mechanisms such as phase-mixing, Landau damping and violent relaxation. Phase-mixing and Landau damping take several dynamical times to achieve completion. Both these processes can be described using a linear order perturbation of the collisionless Boltzmann …

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Necroptotic Cell Death Sensing Directly Promotes Fibroblast And Macrophage Inflammatory Effector Responses, Lindsey Demaree Hughes Apr 2023

Necroptotic Cell Death Sensing Directly Promotes Fibroblast And Macrophage Inflammatory Effector Responses, Lindsey Demaree Hughes

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Programmed cell death is carried out by a wide array of molecularly executed pathways. We postulated that the ensuing tissue effector response to cellular corpses reflects this diversity in cell death modalities. Importantly, the demise of a cell does not immediately coincide with the termination of its capacity to relay information to the surrounding tissue. We have previously described that apoptotic cell death in the lung, in the context of helminth infection and an IL-4-rich environment, is sensed by macrophages to direct the resolution of inflammation and induction of a tissue repair gene expression program. In organs like the gut, …

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