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Uc Minutes 2026-04-29, Northern Illinois University Apr 2026

Uc Minutes 2026-04-29, Northern Illinois University

University Council Archives

No abstract provided.


Uc Transcript 2026-04-29, Northern Illinois University Apr 2026

Uc Transcript 2026-04-29, Northern Illinois University

University Council Archives

No abstract provided.


All-Inside Endoscopic Zone 1 Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study., Kevin D Martin, Yi Wei, Adam G F Smith, Franco Piscitani, Luke M Martin, Brian Steginsky, Brian Tscholl, Nathaniel A Bates Apr 2026

All-Inside Endoscopic Zone 1 Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study., Kevin D Martin, Yi Wei, Adam G F Smith, Franco Piscitani, Luke M Martin, Brian Steginsky, Brian Tscholl, Nathaniel A Bates

Surgery Articles

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendon transfer addresses chronic Achilles tendon ruptures. Traditional percutaneous plantar incisions gain FHL length but risk neurovascular injury. This study evaluated the feasibility of an all-inside endoscopic FHL zone 1 tenotomy and transfer technique, which avoids plantar incisions by using zone 1 of the FHL tendon. We hypothesized that this technique would (1) provide sufficient tendon length, (2) avoid neurovascular damage, and (3) securely anchor the FHL tendon without tunnel blowout.

METHODS: Ten cadaveric all-inside endoscopic zone 1 FHL tendon transfers were performed without fluoroscopic guidance. Specimens were independently assessed post hoc by 2 …


Idiopathic Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome With Shock And Compartment Syndrome Due To Influenza A, Jobe Ashby, Md, Katelyn Bobrowski, Do, Ryan Best, Md Apr 2026

Idiopathic Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome With Shock And Compartment Syndrome Due To Influenza A, Jobe Ashby, Md, Katelyn Bobrowski, Do, Ryan Best, Md

Books, Presentations, Posters, Etc.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (ISCLS) is a rare, poorly understood condition that leads to extreme pathology with severe but predictable complications. First described in 1960, ISCLS has been identified in about 260 case reports and is marked by a triad of hypotension, hypoalbuminemia, and hemoconcentration often preceded by upper respiratory tract infection. It is divided into distinct phases of prodrome, extravasation, and recovery. We present a case of a middle-aged woman who presented with influenza A infection and developed ISCLS needing ICU level care for shock and bilateral upper extremity compartment syndrome. DESCRIPTION: Our patient is a 49-year-old …


Beyond The Game: A Four-Phase Financial Development Program For Student-Athletes, Joanna Cirrincione Apr 2026

Beyond The Game: A Four-Phase Financial Development Program For Student-Athletes, Joanna Cirrincione

Masters Projects

Student-athletes face unique challenges including, but not limited to, significant time demands, limited financial socialization, and emerging name, image, and likeness (NIL) opportunities that influence their financial knowledge and behaviors. Although financial education exists, it is often inconsistent and not tailored to the needs of the population which the education intends to serve. This project is grounded in Nancy Schlossberg’s (1984) transition theory and Nevitt Sanford’s (1962) theory of challenge and support, framing financial literacy development as a process requiring intentional challenge and support as student-athletes transition into life after collegiate athletics. A four-phased, structured development program is proposed to …


Raising The Barb: Evaluation Of Phenobarbital Use For Alcohol Withdrawal In Patients On General Medicine Floors, Seth Arakawa, Jason Frederick, Anthony Le Apr 2026

Raising The Barb: Evaluation Of Phenobarbital Use For Alcohol Withdrawal In Patients On General Medicine Floors, Seth Arakawa, Jason Frederick, Anthony Le

Books, Presentations, Posters, Etc.

Abstract: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) can present as a spectrum of symptoms such as a mild headache, gastrointestinal issues, and diaphoresis. However, if not treated properly, it can progress to severe hallucinations, seizures, or delirium tremens. Current guidelines from the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) recommend benzodiazepines as first line agents for alcohol withdrawal with phenobarbital recommended as an adjunct agent or replacement to benzodiazepines by providers who are familiar with its use. Although most evidence supporting phenobarbital in AWS comes from critical care settings, emerging data suggest it may also be safe and effective in general ward patients. …


Increasing Structured Inpatient Teaching In A Family Medicine Residency, Eric Waelbroeck, Mh Choe Apr 2026

Increasing Structured Inpatient Teaching In A Family Medicine Residency, Eric Waelbroeck, Mh Choe

Books, Presentations, Posters, Etc.

Background: What is not measured cannot be improved. Residents at Providence Milwaukie Family Medicine Residency identified a need to increase structured teaching on inpatient rotations. Other projects aimed at increasing structured teaching during family medicine training have demonstrated improvements in resident confidence in key areas of practice, licensing exam performance, and resident satisfaction with their training. However, without a system of measurement, the number of teaching opportunities cannot be reliably improved. Objectives: Develop a method of documenting structured inpatient teaching that occurs at Providence Milwaukie Hospital. Then, implement interventions using a quality improvement model to increase structured teaching over time. …


Addressing Food Insecurity Through Partnering With The Community Teaching Kitchen On Lifestyle Medicine Hypertension Class, Emily Miyasako, Jill Christensen Apr 2026

Addressing Food Insecurity Through Partnering With The Community Teaching Kitchen On Lifestyle Medicine Hypertension Class, Emily Miyasako, Jill Christensen

Books, Presentations, Posters, Etc.

Background: Food insecurity is defined as limited or unreliable access to adequate and nutritious food. In Oregon, approximately 1 in 8 residents experience food insecurity, with rates disproportionately affecting low-income individuals, racial and ethnic minorities, and households with children or elderly individuals. Food insecurity remains a significant threat to our patients’ health and is associated with obesity, malnutrition, and poor mental health. As a primary care provider, I have seen the effects of food insecurity on my patients, but I am thankful for the presence of our Community Teaching Kitchen. The Community Teaching Kitchen (CTK) at Providence Milwaukie provides nutritional …


Isu University Band: April 29, 2026, Lauren N. Bobarsky, Wesley Anderson, Madison Mueller-Howell, Colby Powers, Alexandra Karafotias, Michael Hammon, Sam Kapus, Gunnar Tejes, Jessica Wenc Apr 2026

Isu University Band: April 29, 2026, Lauren N. Bobarsky, Wesley Anderson, Madison Mueller-Howell, Colby Powers, Alexandra Karafotias, Michael Hammon, Sam Kapus, Gunnar Tejes, Jessica Wenc

School of Music Programs

This is the two hundred and fifth program of the 2025-2026 season.

Center for the Performing Arts

April 29. 2026

Wednesday Evening

8:00 p.m.


Unleashing Stress: The Effects Of Training, Bond Strength, And Stress On Pet Dog Behaviors And Health, London Maria Wolff Apr 2026

Unleashing Stress: The Effects Of Training, Bond Strength, And Stress On Pet Dog Behaviors And Health, London Maria Wolff

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

Humans and dogs have formed a unique ability to communicate with each other through evolutionary and developmental mechanisms. This increased communication serves to form dynamic interspecies bonds by facilitating learning and training over the lifetime of a dog. However, it is not known what factors permit the unique capacity of dogs to form bonds with, and learn from, their human companions. Odor is a notable candidate for interspecies communication about emotional states, with studies showing that both dogs and humans use odor information to detect human emotions (Calvi et al., 2020). Possibly, this may include detection of both acute and …


Centering Access: Reimagining Basic Writing Through Critical Disability Frameworks, Jason Burton Mccormick Apr 2026

Centering Access: Reimagining Basic Writing Through Critical Disability Frameworks, Jason Burton Mccormick

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

Despite decades of scholarship arguing otherwise, developmental writing spaces are still often treated as places of deficit in higher education. This deficit positioning emerges in the ways the courses are discussed (as barriers and burdens to graduation), the way learners are imagined (being “unprepared” for college work), and the way placement is understood as punishment. Developmental educators continue to fight this stigma, but rely on stories of students “overcoming” rather than acknowledging that the stigma is a product of the institution and its discriminatory norms, not the offering itself.

My work reimagines the developmental writing classroom as an essential liminal …


Development Of A Decision Aid For Single-Sided Deafness Intervention For Adults: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study, Priya Karimuddanahalli Premkumar Apr 2026

Development Of A Decision Aid For Single-Sided Deafness Intervention For Adults: An Exploratory Mixed Methods Study, Priya Karimuddanahalli Premkumar

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

Individuals with single-sided deafness (SSD) encounter challenges such as difficulty localizing sounds, understanding speech in noisy environments, heightened auditory fatigue, and a diminished quality of life. The available treatment options for SSD are diverse, ranging from contralateral routing of signal (CROS) devices and bone conduction devices (BCD) to osseointegrated auditory implants (OAI), cochlear implants (CI), or even opting for no device at all. However, each of these treatment choices comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Navigating the decision-making process for SSD treatment can be challenging due to each option's unique pros and cons. Furthermore, there remains a …


Sister Suite, Evan Lebouef Apr 2026

Sister Suite, Evan Lebouef

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

Sister Suite is a large ensemble work for a 17-piece jazz orchestra, double string quartet, 3 vocalists, and media. This piece is informed by the historical significance of music in the lives of three sisters and by how their musical choices each reflect their personalities, societal roles, and effects on their children and loved ones. In this work, themes, interpretations, and motivic development shape the soundscape for the audience. Using interviews and detailed musical research, I have created a substantial work that highlights the effectiveness of music and how siblings can influence one another and those outside their families.


Problems With Small Drinking Water Systems In Developing And Developed Countries: How Do They Compare?, Kurt Kesteloot Apr 2026

Problems With Small Drinking Water Systems In Developing And Developed Countries: How Do They Compare?, Kurt Kesteloot

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

This dissertation compares the factors that drive the long-term functionality of small drinking water systems (serving fewer than 10,000 people) in developing and developed country contexts, with a focus on groundwater supplies. Using regression analysis in SAS and complementary fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) for developing countries, the study integrates two datasets: 23 Engineers Without Borders project surveys (90+ variables across 14 countries) and a multi-year National Park Service inspection dataset (approximately 1,561 systems; 7,460 recorded deficiencies, enriched with U.S. Census ZIP-code aggregates). In developing countries, statistically significant predictors of success include government cash contributions (odds ratio [OR] ≈ 67.6), …


Rosai-Dorfman Disease In A Rare Cardiac Presentation: Left Ventricular Mass Causing Ventricular Tachycardia, Motaz Al Yafi, Swetha Pasala, Valentina Robila, Cory Trankle, Bharadhwaj Kolipakkam, Patricia Nicolato Apr 2026

Rosai-Dorfman Disease In A Rare Cardiac Presentation: Left Ventricular Mass Causing Ventricular Tachycardia, Motaz Al Yafi, Swetha Pasala, Valentina Robila, Cory Trankle, Bharadhwaj Kolipakkam, Patricia Nicolato

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare, benign histiocytic disorder that most often presents with nodal involvement. Cardiac involvement is exceedingly uncommon and poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Case summary: A 51-year-old woman presented with shortness of breath and palpitations and was found to have monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Imaging revealed a left ventricular mass, and biopsy confirmed RDD. The lesion was surgically excised with cryoablation and CorMatrix reinforcement. The patient recovered uneventfully and remains disease free 25 months postoperatively.

Discussion: RDD with cardiac involvement has been reported in only approximately 25 cases, with very few affecting the left ventricle. …


A Safety-Ensured Control Policy Based On Various Control Barrier Functions And Quadratic Programming, Zeyuan Wei Apr 2026

A Safety-Ensured Control Policy Based On Various Control Barrier Functions And Quadratic Programming, Zeyuan Wei

Electrical and Systems Engineering Undergraduate Student Research

With the increasing prevalence of autonomous systems, the ways to control them to ensure safety remain a challenge. Control Barrier Functions (CBF) is a newly developed way of ensuring absolute safety. In this project, we explored the topic of CBF in many ways. We did a thorough literature review on the existing CBFs, including Zeroing CBF and Observer Robust CBF. We also deduce the quadratic programming problem using both single integrator and unicycle models. We then derived our definition of the bound function (M_delta) in the ISS observer. Finally, we analyzed the effect of changing bounds and plotted the figures. …


Bearing The Burden: The Emotional And Psychological Impact Of Racial Stress On Black Women In Missouri, Ivy Smith Apr 2026

Bearing The Burden: The Emotional And Psychological Impact Of Racial Stress On Black Women In Missouri, Ivy Smith

McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations

This dissertation examines the emotional and psychological impact of racial stress on Black women in Missouri using a multi-method, longitudinal approach grounded in Racial Trauma Theory. Racial stress is conceptualized as a multidimensional construct that includes racial trauma, racial violence exposure through social media, and racial discrimination distress. This study addresses gaps in the literature by examining the prevalence of mental health outcomes, emotional responses to these experiences, and the role of racial stressors over time. Using three waves of data, this study assesses the proportion of participants meeting clinical cutoff scores for depression and anxiety using the Multiple Affect …


Two Centuries Of Sexism In British Parliament: A Computational Analysis Of Women’S Representation In The Hansard Corpus, Mandira Sawkar Apr 2026

Two Centuries Of Sexism In British Parliament: A Computational Analysis Of Women’S Representation In The Hansard Corpus, Mandira Sawkar

Theses

Detecting sexism and gender bias in text is a central problem in NLP, yet most existing work focuses on short, informal content such as social media posts. In contrast, much less is known about how sexism operates in long-form, formal discourse, where it is often expressed indirectly through rhetorical framing, appeals to tradition, or references to gender roles. Parliamentary debates offer a particularly rich setting for studying such language, but their scale, linguistic complexity, use of archaic English, and the presence of distributional shift across centuries make systematic analysis challenging and historically infeasible without automation. In this work, we analyse …


3d Infographic Animation Series Unleashing The Mechanism Of Disease (Mod) Of Ventricular Tachycardias In Cellular And Molecular Levels: Afterdepolarization Subtypes And Triggered Activity, Yan Ning ‘Harmony’ Wong Apr 2026

3d Infographic Animation Series Unleashing The Mechanism Of Disease (Mod) Of Ventricular Tachycardias In Cellular And Molecular Levels: Afterdepolarization Subtypes And Triggered Activity, Yan Ning ‘Harmony’ Wong

Theses

Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) account for 75-80% of sudden cardiac deaths, causing 184,000 to 450,000 deaths annually in the U.S. VAs commonly occur in individuals with structural heart diseases, but idiopathic ventricular tachycardias (VTs) caused by delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs), early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and triggered activity, can also arise due to calcium ion discrepancies without apparent structural abnormalities. Despite advances in understanding abnormal impulse conduction, there is a paucity of visual aids that explain impulse formation anomalies of VTs. There are no 3D animations that link ECG interpretation to molecular dynamics in the cardiac EC coupling process. Moreover, ECG interpretation skills are …


Exploring Eating Behaviors And Dietary Patterns Among Adolescents And Emerging Adults With Adhd: A Scoping Review, Annika Waller Apr 2026

Exploring Eating Behaviors And Dietary Patterns Among Adolescents And Emerging Adults With Adhd: A Scoping Review, Annika Waller

Theses

Objective     To map global evidence on eating behaviors and dietary patterns among adolescents and emerging adults with ADHD, with attention to executive function, medication-related appetite timing, and gender. Introduction     Adolescents and emerging adults with ADHD gain increasing autonomy over food choices during a developmental period marked by heightened executive-function demands and irregular routines. Research examining ADHD and diet is fragmented across disciplines and uses heterogeneous eating and dietary outcomes, limiting synthesis. Inclusion Criteria Studies were eligible if they included adolescents or emerging adults aged 12 to 25 years with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reported at least one eating behavior, dietary pattern, …


Dynamic Control Of Active Optical Structures Using Fea-Derived State-Space Models, Damian Suarez Apr 2026

Dynamic Control Of Active Optical Structures Using Fea-Derived State-Space Models, Damian Suarez

Theses

Active optical systems commonly use influence coefficient methods to map actuator commands to surface deformation, but these static models only describe steady-state behavior and do not capture transient or frequency-dependent structural dynamics. This work develops a finite element analysis (FEA)-derived state-space framework for active optical control by reducing an ANSYS deformable mirror model into modal coordinates and mapping structural deformation into optical Zernike space. The framework is used to compare three control strategies: static feedforward inversion, LQI feedback tracking, and a combined LQR–feedforward controller under steady-state and time-varying Zernike setpoints. The results show that feedforward control provides rapid static correction, …


Thermal And Reactive Transport Phenomena In Plasma With Numerical Modeling, Nitish Kumar Singh Apr 2026

Thermal And Reactive Transport Phenomena In Plasma With Numerical Modeling, Nitish Kumar Singh

Theses

As semiconductor node technology advances to below 5 nm, it is vital to control Non-uniformity, Line Edge Roughness (LER), and Line Width Roughness (LWR). These factors are crucial for meeting performance, reliability, and yield goals. This study presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for optimizing Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) processes, focusing on the synthesis of thin films such as Silicon Dioxide from precursor gases like Silane and Nitrous Oxide. The model is designed to accurately simulate the complex transport and reaction dynamics within the low-pressure, non-equilibrium plasma environment. The transport of neutral radical species (which form the bulk …


What If You Were My Fucked Up Dad And I Was Your Fucked Up Boy And We Cried Together, Ferris Ramirez Apr 2026

What If You Were My Fucked Up Dad And I Was Your Fucked Up Boy And We Cried Together, Ferris Ramirez

Theses

When I was six, maybe seven, my father said I would be disowned if I ended up a faggot. Twenty years have passed since I learned to perform as someone else around my father. As I come to terms with our irreparable estrangement, I present a question to the father I fail to connect with and to an imagined man: What if you were my fucked up dad and I was your fucked up boy and we cried together? This line of inquiry is the very title of my multimedia series, framing concepts of projection, queer desire, fatherhood, role-playing, and …


Scriptural Coping And Emotional Wellbeing: Examining The Mediating Role Of Hope Among Christian Professionals In The Helping Profession, Chinedum Amene Apr 2026

Scriptural Coping And Emotional Wellbeing: Examining The Mediating Role Of Hope Among Christian Professionals In The Helping Profession, Chinedum Amene

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This quantitative study examined the relationship between scriptural coping and emotional well-being among Christian medical and mental health professionals, with particular attention to the mediating role of hope. Christian medical and mental health professionals often operate in emotionally demanding environments and are frequently guided by faith-based practices, such as engaging with Scripture, to manage stress and maintain emotional stability. While religious coping has been extensively studied, limited empirical research has examined scriptural coping as a distinct construct within psychological research.

Grounded in Religious Coping Theory, Snyder’s Hope Theory, and principles of cognitive-behavioral theory, this study investigated whether engagement in scriptural …


High-Functioning Autism, Stress, And Access To Resources: A Grounded Theory Analysis Of Families’ Strategies To Create A Network Of Support, Emmett S. Ramirez Vasquez Apr 2026

High-Functioning Autism, Stress, And Access To Resources: A Grounded Theory Analysis Of Families’ Strategies To Create A Network Of Support, Emmett S. Ramirez Vasquez

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this systematic grounded theory study was to understand the process of partnership building for parents of individuals between the ages of 10-29 with high-functioning ASD at two counties in Central New York. The method of grounded theory was applied in this study as it gave an opportunity to study this process of partnership building between parents and support systems since previous theories had been insufficient to address this process. This study used a qualitative methodology to gather data from 12 participants including parents of individuals between the ages of 10-29 with high-functioning ASD as well as their …


A Correlational Study Of Principal Self-Efficacy When Compared To Levels Of Work Locus Of Control And Perceived Autonomy Support, Christene Michelle Anderson Apr 2026

A Correlational Study Of Principal Self-Efficacy When Compared To Levels Of Work Locus Of Control And Perceived Autonomy Support, Christene Michelle Anderson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative predictive correlational design study was to examine how well perceived autonomy support and work locus of control predict perceived principal self-efficacy among public secondary school principals throughout the state of Maryland. Discovering factors that could contribute to the effectiveness of school-based leadership may help school districts uncover new ways of providing professional development and support to assist principals in leading their buildings. The Principals’ Sense of Self-Efficacy Scale, Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Perceived Autonomy Survey were instruments used to measure the criterion variable of principal self-efficacy and the predictive variables of locus …


A Phenomenological Study On The Lived Experiences Of Military Spouses With Secondary Traumatic Stress Who Are Married To Veterans Diagnosed With Ptsd, Trisha R. Perry Apr 2026

A Phenomenological Study On The Lived Experiences Of Military Spouses With Secondary Traumatic Stress Who Are Married To Veterans Diagnosed With Ptsd, Trisha R. Perry

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutical phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) in military spouses whose partners have Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The theory guiding this study was Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC). The central research question was: What are the lived experiences of STS in spouses married to a service member with PTSD? Additional sub-questions addressed changes in worldview, marital satisfaction, and daily functioning. Criterion and snowball sampling were used to select participants who were married to service members with PTSD for the study. Following the hermeneutical phenomenological …


A Predictive Correlational Study Of The Accuracy Of Facial Action Units And Heart Rate Variability To Predict Sustained Attention In Kindergarten, First-, And Second-Grade Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Carrie Michelle Harmer Apr 2026

A Predictive Correlational Study Of The Accuracy Of Facial Action Units And Heart Rate Variability To Predict Sustained Attention In Kindergarten, First-, And Second-Grade Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Carrie Michelle Harmer

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, predictive correlational study was to determine to what extent facial action units brow raise, lip press, lip suck, and mouth open and heart rate variability predict sustained attention and how accurately heart rate variability predicts the same facial action units in children ages 5 to 7 in kindergarten, first, and second grade with autism in a northeast Florida public school district. Results add to the existing body of research on how accurately facial expression analysis and heart rate variability predict sustained attention in a larger, younger sample of children with autism. They also clarify the …


Artificial Intelligence, Synthetic Media, And The Criminal Justice System, Jeffrey J. Jacobs Apr 2026

Artificial Intelligence, Synthetic Media, And The Criminal Justice System, Jeffrey J. Jacobs

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies continue to evolve at an exponential pace, and their utilization of synthetic media in criminal activity presents both unprecedented opportunities and significant challenges for criminal justice systems. This dissertation explores the intersection of AI-driven synthetic media crime and the U.S. criminal justice system, identifying how such technologies are being utilized in criminal activity and evaluating the system’s capacity to adapt. This study uses a longitudinal, mixed-methods research design; it also collects and analyzes data from law enforcement agencies, AI developers, and cybersecurity experts to forecast future crime trends and assess the efficacy of current justice system …


Impact Of The Menstrual Cycle On Female Endurance Athletes' Performance, Julia M. Monk Apr 2026

Impact Of The Menstrual Cycle On Female Endurance Athletes' Performance, Julia M. Monk

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Background: During different phases of the menstrual cycle, a female endurance athlete will experience some physiological and fatigue variables. This study aims to analyze whether the differences in variables, specifically an increase in heart rate and fatigue, impacts endurance performance. Method: 20 endurance-trained, runners performed a maximal treadmill test in each of the phases of the menstrual cycle: early follicular phase (days 2–3, ± 1 day), mid-follicular phase (days 10–12, ± 1 day), and luteal phase (days 21–22, ± 1 day). Heart rate was measured before, during, and immediately after the test as well as time to exhaustion and the …