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The Inspired Minds Expansion: The Effectiveness Of A Functional Support Group On The Mood Of Clients With Neurological Impairments, Molly Elaine Manning Jul 2024

The Inspired Minds Expansion: The Effectiveness Of A Functional Support Group On The Mood Of Clients With Neurological Impairments, Molly Elaine Manning

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

"The purpose of this mixed methods research was to assess the effectiveness of a functional support group on the mood of clients with neurological impairments. An acquired brain injury (ABI) is an insult to the brain that is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. An acquired brain injury encompasses all types of brain injuries (Biausa, 2022). The population included 16 clients with acquired brain injuries at The Resource Center through the Mental Health Association, recruited by use of convenience sampling. Data was collected through a researcher- developed 5-question survey utilizing face scales and open-ended questions. This survey, delivered once at the …

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Accessibility And Inclusion On The Western New England University Campus, Brian Buttrick Jul 2024

Accessibility And Inclusion On The Western New England University Campus, Brian Buttrick

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

"This report aims to act as a culminating product that demonstrates the key works completed during the doctoral experiential capstone, as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the entry-level doctorate in Occupational Therapy at Western New England University. The project accomplished by this student involved the completion of a thorough needs assessment of the Western New England University campus, regarding accessibility and inclusion. This report includes the condensed versions of a preliminary needs assessment and population profile, a literature review, the results of an IRB-approved survey and campus-wide accessibility assessment, a discussion of the results, and the resources created to …

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Assessing Attitudes, Knowledge, And Practices Of The Community Regarding Pelvic Floor Health, Ivy Rivers Jul 2024

Assessing Attitudes, Knowledge, And Practices Of The Community Regarding Pelvic Floor Health, Ivy Rivers

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

"To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community toward pelvic floor health. Flyers were distributed throughout Western MA that included a quick response (QR) code. Participants scanned the QR code and were directed to an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was a mix of open response and Likert style questions that assessed the knowledge, practices, awareness, and attitudes surrounding pelvic floor health. A total of 110 women completed the online questionnaire. The findings of the questionnaire underscore a concerning trend: a significant portion of Springfield and the surrounding communities lack basic knowledge about pelvic floor health. Many participants admitted …

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Occupational Therapy And Artificial Intelligence: A Collaborative Approach To Improve Quality Of Life While Recovering From Concussion, Lindsey Kiltonic Jul 2024

Occupational Therapy And Artificial Intelligence: A Collaborative Approach To Improve Quality Of Life While Recovering From Concussion, Lindsey Kiltonic

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

Literature surrounding occupational therapy’s role with concussion management is sparse. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of occupational therapy (OT) in combination with Brainbot, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) phone application for tracking and managing post-concussive symptoms. This study is composed of qualitative and quantitative data on five individuals ages 18+ who have sustained one or multiple concussions within the past five years. The researcher administered the following through pre and post assessments: The Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI), the Sport Concussion Office Assessment Tool (SCOAT-6), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). In addition, the researcher conducted the …

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Cultivating Leaders In Care: Establishing An Intercollegiate Occupational Therapy Student Leadership Society, Rianna Lafleche Jul 2024

Cultivating Leaders In Care: Establishing An Intercollegiate Occupational Therapy Student Leadership Society, Rianna Lafleche

OTD DEx Reports - College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences

"Occupational therapy (OT) students currently do not have access to an inclusive student leadership society. There are student organizations that exist, however they do not provide the opportunity to solely develop leadership skills. These organizations also do not offer the opportunity for intercollegiate collaboration. The purpose of this research project was to develop an inclusive, intercollegiate student leadership society for OT students. Through the distribution of a survey, recruitment of student volunteers, board member meetings to develop the society and a focus group to understand the effectiveness of this organization, an inclusive OT student leadership society has been developed. This …

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Russian Irregular Forces: Pursuing Accountability, Susana L. Sacouto Jul 2024

Russian Irregular Forces: Pursuing Accountability, Susana L. Sacouto

Research Reports & White Papers

This memo examines the prospects of pursuing criminal charges against individuals involved in such groups through universal or other forms of jurisdiction that permit the prosecution of grave crimes committed abroad. Specifically, it seeks to identify opportunities to bring to account members of irregular armed groups, as well as public and private actors directing or supporting their criminal activity, particularly in Ukraine, by determining which jurisdictions would be most disposed to pursuing an investigation and, if warranted, a prosecution of their crimes.

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Cycles Of Change: Msw Portfolio, Paul T. Everett Jul 2024

Cycles Of Change: Msw Portfolio, Paul T. Everett

Graduate Student Portfolios, Professional Papers, and Capstone Projects

The purpose of this portfolio is to share my experience with these cycles from the individuals I have worked with, to families, groups and my community, implementing Just Practice’s own core process cycle of cultivating social justice through an integrated approach to practice. Relying on examples from my coursework and practicum opportunities, I offer critical self-reflection of my own values and assumptions shaping my ethical and professional behavior, demonstrating my growth as an advanced integrated practitioner. Incorporated are the theoretical approaches I have utilized in bringing historical, cultural, and political perspectives towards understanding difference, oppression, and social-justice oriented action. I …

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Beta Lactams Anticancer Effect On Human Breast Cancer, Mcf-7 Cell Line, Ailis A. Abalos Jul 2024

Beta Lactams Anticancer Effect On Human Breast Cancer, Mcf-7 Cell Line, Ailis A. Abalos

Theses and Dissertations

Cancer is a disease where abnormal cells replicate uncontrollably in that same region and/or other parts of the body. One in eight women are diagnosed with breast cancer, thus making it the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. Chemotherapy, is the utilization of medicinal compounds (drugs) to treat cancer. While most are nonspecific and target both cancer and healthy cells, more emphasis is on developing drugs with specificity (only target tumor cells) and low toxicity. Interestingly, Beta Lactams (β-lactams) have emerged as a class of compounds that are effective in the treatment of various cancers. The benefits …

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Modulating Covalency In A Ni-H-Al Subunit: Synthesis And Characterization Of A Series Of Electronically Differentiating Ni-Al Heterometallics, Aleida Guadalupe Gonzalez Jul 2024

Modulating Covalency In A Ni-H-Al Subunit: Synthesis And Characterization Of A Series Of Electronically Differentiating Ni-Al Heterometallics, Aleida Guadalupe Gonzalez

Theses and Dissertations

Metal hydrides are moieties that are present in a variety of applications as intermediates in catalysis. Despite the vast utilization of metal hydrides, monometallic metal hydride complexes bear limitations in inert-bond activation and functionalization. A strategy to overcome these limitations and access more challenging reactivity is utilizing metal-metal cooperativity on a single platform to further activate hydride moieties. Although incorporating multiple metal centers on a single ligand scaffold has been realized, access to heterometallic hydride-bearing complexes is a greater synthetic challenge. Given the limitations in accessing such systems, the reactivity and electronic structure of heterometallic hydrides are seldom studied. Recently, …

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A Deep Dive Into The Conformations Of Fluorine-Substituted Benzoic Acids And Ethanesulfonic Acid And Spectroscopic Characterizations Of Their Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes, Alitza Gianina Gracia Jul 2024

A Deep Dive Into The Conformations Of Fluorine-Substituted Benzoic Acids And Ethanesulfonic Acid And Spectroscopic Characterizations Of Their Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes, Alitza Gianina Gracia

Theses and Dissertations

Microwave spectroscopy is a technique used to study the molecular structures of a wide range of systems. The first part of the thesis focuses on fluorinated benzoic acids and complexes they form through hydrogen bonding to explore the fluorination effect, while the last part shifts to ethanesulfonic acid and its interaction with water. The study of 3,4,5-triflurorbenzoic acid with formic acid offers insight on the proton tunneling process, which is a process that occurs in many chemical and biological processes. Microwave spectroscopy can help provide dynamic information for the better understanding of this fundamental process. Solvation is another topic that …

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Unquiet Quitting: The Lived Experiences Of Latinx Teacher Attrition In The Lower Rio Grande Valley, Dolores Araujo Jr. Jul 2024

Unquiet Quitting: The Lived Experiences Of Latinx Teacher Attrition In The Lower Rio Grande Valley, Dolores Araujo Jr.

Theses and Dissertations

Teacher attrition, a critical issue in education, has significant implications for the quality of instruction and student success. The Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas, known for its substantial Latinx population, faces a concerning trend of high teacher turnover particularly among Latinx educators who leave teaching within their novice years. This inquiry provides a comprehensive examination of the factors contributing to teacher attrition in the region, with a specific focus on the experiences of Latinx teachers. Findings are organized into four thematic categories: "Traversing Organizational Terrain," elucidating the institutional dynamics shaping teachers' experiences; "Interweaving Bonds," highlighting the relational aspects within …

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The Lipan Apache (Ndé) Tribe Of Texas Powwow: A Curriculum Of Culture(S) And Pedagogy Of Place, Ashley S. Leal Jul 2024

The Lipan Apache (Ndé) Tribe Of Texas Powwow: A Curriculum Of Culture(S) And Pedagogy Of Place, Ashley S. Leal

Theses and Dissertations

This ethnographic study examines the Lipan Apache (Ndé) Tribe of Texas powwow as a curriculum of culture(s) and a pedagogy of place through which culture is preserved, performed, transmitted, and transformed. Integrating both emic (insider) and etic (outsider) perspectives, I combine personal experiences as a Lipan Apache tribal member and dancer with academic research. Kovach (2009) suggests that incorporating such experiences can unveil educational concepts and theories that might otherwise be overlooked. The theoretical framework combines Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy (CSP) and Place-Based Education (PBE), emphasizing the strengths of cultural heritage and deeply embedded learning in the local community. Methodologies include …

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The Effects Of Using Dynamic Geometry Software While Exploring The Properties Of Quadrilaterals, Jose J. Jaramillo Jul 2024

The Effects Of Using Dynamic Geometry Software While Exploring The Properties Of Quadrilaterals, Jose J. Jaramillo

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of my study was to determine the effectiveness of using dynamic geometry software while exploring the properties of quadrilaterals. Dynamic geometry software can be effective if used properly in the exploration process as students construct their own knowledge through constructivism. Students were given the Van Hiele Test as a pretest to determine their van Hiele level prior to taking a high school geometry course. The results determined that the majority of the students were not at the level needed for the course, which is typically taught at a van Hiele level 3. Students in the treatment group used …

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Fight, Eduardo Daniel Guerra Jul 2024

Fight, Eduardo Daniel Guerra

Theses and Dissertations

FIGHT, is a story of a boxers mental health and his struggles before and after every fight. The protagonist, Eddy, is an anxious fighter who experiences a panic attack before his fight and in his panicked state, his mind runs wild as he imagines every possible scenario that can happen. Thus, when the scenarios come true, Eddy, becomes unsure of what is and isn’t true. Which begs the question, is Eddy brain damaged from the fight and stuck living in the traumatic memory that is replaying in his head or is he still in the restroom before the fight, paralyzed …

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Too American For The Mexicans And Too Mexican For The Americans: Autohistorias Of A Tejana Educator, Roberta Zamilpa Jul 2024

Too American For The Mexicans And Too Mexican For The Americans: Autohistorias Of A Tejana Educator, Roberta Zamilpa

Theses and Dissertations

This study explores how my personal and professional experiences have influenced my identity and pedagogy as a tejana in the Rio Grande Valley. Spoken word diaries and the concept of autohistoria were used as a method of self-reflection. The research was guided using a Gloria Anzaldúa framework that consists of mestizaje/neplanta, coyolxauhqui, and the seven stages of conocimiento. The three major themes that emerged during my research are the backbone of my study: personal entanglements, things I learned from my students, and things I learned from teaching. Each theme was deeply broken down, creating subsections that further analyzed my experiences. …

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They See Themselves In The Lesson: Leveraging Students’ Scientific And Cultural Insights Through The Cultural Biohealth Synergy Science Curriculum [Se Ven A Sí Mismos En La Lección: Aprovechando Los Conocimientos Científicos Y Culturales De Los Estudiantes A Través Del Currículo De Ciencias De Sinergia De Bio Salud Cultural], Miriam M. Ortiz Jul 2024

They See Themselves In The Lesson: Leveraging Students’ Scientific And Cultural Insights Through The Cultural Biohealth Synergy Science Curriculum [Se Ven A Sí Mismos En La Lección: Aprovechando Los Conocimientos Científicos Y Culturales De Los Estudiantes A Través Del Currículo De Ciencias De Sinergia De Bio Salud Cultural], Miriam M. Ortiz

Theses and Dissertations

In response to the global crisis of type 2 diabetes prevalence, this dissertation investigated the impact of a culturally sustaining, health-centric science curriculum contextualized in type 2 diabetes. Using a case study methodology, it explored how the curriculum shaped math and science preservice teachers’ (PSTs) perceptions of science and how it can be taught and how prepared they felt to design and implement culturally sustaining, health-centric lessons. Four themes that emerged across both cases included: 1) connecting health, nutrition, everyday science, and culturally sustaining pedagogy through the CBSS curriculum, 2) connecting science to health and wellness concepts through the CBSS …

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Actions Taken At Firm-Level To Mitigate The Adverse Impacts Of Climate Risk, Deepak G. More Jul 2024

Actions Taken At Firm-Level To Mitigate The Adverse Impacts Of Climate Risk, Deepak G. More

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation comprises of two essays on actions taken at firm-level to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate risk. Our first essay documents a positive relation between firm-level climate change exposure (CCE) and long-term tax avoidance. Our results suggest that firms use tax avoidance to mitigate the adverse impacts of CCE. The positive effect of CCE on tax avoidance is stronger post the release of Stern Review and weaker after the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, 2017. Our study is the first to show that firms with high CCE use tax avoidance to increase cash holdings as …

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Two Essays On Corporate Finance. The Impact Of Ceo Cultural Heritage And Corporate Decision Making, Md Showaib Rahman Sarker Jul 2024

Two Essays On Corporate Finance. The Impact Of Ceo Cultural Heritage And Corporate Decision Making, Md Showaib Rahman Sarker

Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation consists of two essays that investigate the effect of CEOs’ cultural heritage on corporate decision-making. In the first essay, I examine the impact of CEOs’ cultural heritage on corporate social responsibility (CSR). I present empirical evidence that CEOs originating from countries with high power distance, more uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation have high CSR scores, while those from individualistic and indulgent cultures have low CSR scores. This effect lasts up to three generations before it disappears due to acculturation. These results are robust to using propensity score matching, entropy balancing, and Oster’s test to address endogeneity and selection …

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The Effect Of Advertising On Consumer Self-Improvement Motivation: When And How Advertising Motivates Consumers, Suwakitti Amornpan Jul 2024

The Effect Of Advertising On Consumer Self-Improvement Motivation: When And How Advertising Motivates Consumers, Suwakitti Amornpan

Theses and Dissertations

In today's modern world, advertising permeates nearly every facet of consumers’ daily lives, from billboards over city streets to posts seamlessly integrated into social media feeds. The current research identifies a positive unintended consequence of advertising on consumer behavior: increased consumer self-improvement motivation. Across four studies, I find that exposure to mass (vs. luxury) advertising increases consumer motivation to engage in self-improvement. Specifically, I argue that because advertisements for mass (vs. luxury) products prime attainable (vs. unattainable) consumption goals, they increase consumer confidence in their ability to achieve their consumption goals (i.e., they enhance self-efficacy perceptions). This, in turn, puts …

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From Motivation To Hinderance: Unveiling Resigned Employees’ Entrepreneurial Intentions And Actions, Shuaijun Zhang Jul 2024

From Motivation To Hinderance: Unveiling Resigned Employees’ Entrepreneurial Intentions And Actions, Shuaijun Zhang

Theses and Dissertations

The phenomenon known as the 'Great Resignation' witnessed a record number of employee resignations since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Reports indicate that approximately 32% of those who resigned during this period transitioned to entrepreneurship. This thesis explores the relationship between resignation and entrepreneurial actions through the lens of creativity. It expands the typology of resignation beyond a simple dichotomy of voluntary and involuntary into four categories: Genius group (voluntarily resigns with high creativity), Traditional group (voluntarily resigns with low creativity), Forced group (involuntarily resigns with high creativity), and Trapped group (involuntarily resigns with low creativity). Previous research suggests …

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Conditional Optimal Sets And The Quantization Coefficients For Some Uniform Distributions, Evans Nyanney Jul 2024

Conditional Optimal Sets And The Quantization Coefficients For Some Uniform Distributions, Evans Nyanney

Theses and Dissertations

Bucklew and Wise (1982) established that the quantization dimension of an absolutely continuous probability measure on a Euclidean space equals the Euclidean dimension of the space, and that the quantization coefficient is finite and positive. This thesis explores the variability of quantization coefficients for uniform distributions on various geometric structures, including line segments, circles, and regular polygons. We derive the conditional optimal sets of n-points and calculate the n-th conditional quantization errors for uniform distributions under different conditions. On line segments, we identify optimal point distributions as either equally spaced or geometrically spaced towards fixed end-points. For circles, we analyze …

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On The Development Of A Software Pipeline For Automatic Detection Of Transients With The Transient Optical Robotic Observatory Of The South, Alejandro Reyes Jul 2024

On The Development Of A Software Pipeline For Automatic Detection Of Transients With The Transient Optical Robotic Observatory Of The South, Alejandro Reyes

Theses and Dissertations

The Transient Optical Robotic Observatory of the South (TOROS) telescope has the mission to follow up transient events in the southern hemisphere by surveying the visible sky and responding to detection alerts from space and ground based observatories, such as the Fermi Gamma-Ray Telescope, the Swift X-ray Telescope, and the LIGO VIRGO Kagra gravitational wave detectors. In this work we study the automation of various data analysis pipelines and instrumentation control under development for implementation at the TOROS observatory. I present the design of libraries and routines for data organization, archival, and data reduction, as well as a tool to …

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Ecological Effects On Greenhouse Gas Emissions In Vegetated Estuarine Soils Of The Lower Laguna Madre, David R. De La Garza Jul 2024

Ecological Effects On Greenhouse Gas Emissions In Vegetated Estuarine Soils Of The Lower Laguna Madre, David R. De La Garza

Theses and Dissertations

Coastal wetlands are important ecosystems that provide numerous ecosystem services including erosion control, habitat for fauna, and carbon sequestration. Notably, coastal wetlands are producers of greenhouse gases (GHGs) but are able to store significant amounts of carbon relative to their surface area. Mangrove forests are amongst the most effective ecosystems for carbon sequestration. Soil emits (GHGs) containing carbon (such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)), which are produced by organic matter decomposition and soil organic carbon mineralization, and both are an important component of the global carbon cycle. Soil emissions may be affected by a variety of factors including …

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Psychosocial Impact Of Assistive Technology On Veterans With Disabilities In Higher Education, Maricela Rosales Jul 2024

Psychosocial Impact Of Assistive Technology On Veterans With Disabilities In Higher Education, Maricela Rosales

Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this dissertation study was to examine the psychosocial impact of assistive technology (AT) on veterans with disabilities in higher education. A current problem is that there is a research and knowledge gap in the AT needs of student veterans with disabilities living in South Texas, as well as in the psychosocial impact that AT for everyday life activities has on the quality of life of student veterans with disabilities who live with functional limitations. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to examine the psychosocial impact variables with participants from higher education institutions via online and in-person surveys. …

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Licensed Professional Counselors In Texas: The Role Of Stigma In Seeking Counseling Services, Raquel C. Vasquez Jul 2024

Licensed Professional Counselors In Texas: The Role Of Stigma In Seeking Counseling Services, Raquel C. Vasquez

Theses and Dissertations

The literature on stigma has revealed this attribute as a deterrent to seeking mental health services. This study encompassed an investigation of the impact of self-stigma and public stigma on the intentions to seek mental health services of Texas Licensed Professional Counselors. A survey was sent via email, social media platforms associated with Licensed Professional Counselors, and snowball sampling to recruit participants. The participants (N = 99) completed self-report measures about self-stigma, public stigma, social desirability characteristics, and attitudes towards seeking mental health help. The results indicated that neither self-stigma nor public stigma was a deterrent to seeking mental health …

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Deformation Demands And Collapse Performance Of Seismically Detailed Concentrically Braced Frames, Samuel Jablonsky Jul 2024

Deformation Demands And Collapse Performance Of Seismically Detailed Concentrically Braced Frames, Samuel Jablonsky

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) and ordinary concentrically braced frames (OCBFs) are seismic-force-resisting systems often used in steel building construction. Previous research has shown that lower brace width-to-thickness ratios delay brace fracture during cyclic inelastic loading that is typical during moderate-to-large earthquakes. To ensure adequate seismic performance, SCBF and OCBF brace shapes are thus limited by the highly and moderately ductile width-to-thickness ratio limits, respectively, presented by the American Institute of Steel Construction Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings. To justify these limits, system-level analysis of SCBFs and OCBFs during high seismic events is needed. This study uses nonlinear response-history …

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Mechanical And Thermal Design Of High Specific Power Electrical Machines, Towhidul Islam Chowdhury Jul 2024

Mechanical And Thermal Design Of High Specific Power Electrical Machines, Towhidul Islam Chowdhury

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Historically, large and small commercial aircraft have been powered by fossil fuel based turboprop, turboshaft or jet engines. Emissions from these engines are responsible for the rise in CO2 levels contributing to global warming. There has been a nationwide push towards aircraft propulsion electrification to counter emissions by replacing fossil fuel based engines with electrical machines. In the aerospace industry, aircraft weight is a critical factor. For the same amount of power produced, traditional electrical machines weigh more than traditional fossil fuel based engines. That is, electrical machines have lower specific power (kW/kg) compared to fossil fuel based engines. Observing …

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Contribution Of Dentoalveolar Heights On Facial Heights In Class I And Class Ii Untreated Subjects, Mira Bharat Suvagia Jul 2024

Contribution Of Dentoalveolar Heights On Facial Heights In Class I And Class Ii Untreated Subjects, Mira Bharat Suvagia

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Objective: This research aims to investigate the impact of dentoalveolar heights on craniofacial growth and the development of Class I and Class II malocclusions in untreated subjects aged 6-18 years. The study seeks to establish relationships between dentoalveolar heights and anterior and posterior facial heights. The findings contribute to understanding the dynamic interplay between dentoalveolar growth, mandibular rotation, and facial height establishment, shedding light on critical aspects of craniofacial development. Materials and Methods: The study draws upon cephalograms from the University of Michigan Growth Study, encompassing untreated Class I and Class II subjects aged 6-18 years. A subsample of 408 …

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The Validation Of Remote-Synchronous And Remote-Asynchronous Physical Performance-Based Outcome Measurements, Kieran James Mullen Jul 2024

The Validation Of Remote-Synchronous And Remote-Asynchronous Physical Performance-Based Outcome Measurements, Kieran James Mullen

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Performance-based outcome measures are used by clinical and research communities to identify health risks, assess change in physical function over time, and assess the success of treatment. With the onset of COVID-19, remote assessments were sought as alternatives to in-person testing, however there is inadequate literature on the validity of remote performance-based outcome measurement to assess physical function. Current literature is limited to small cohort studies, and none take advantage of novel comparison of agreement methodology. This study assessed the level of agreement between three methods of performance-based outcome data collection: in-person data collection, remote synchronous data collection, and remote …

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Reliability Of The Cvms Method To Assess The Craniofacial Growth Spurt, Holly Ingersoll Jul 2024

Reliability Of The Cvms Method To Assess The Craniofacial Growth Spurt, Holly Ingersoll

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Objective: Cervical vertebral maturation staging (CVMS) is a popular method to determine the growth potential of a child utilizing the changing shapes of C2, C3, and C4. Staging is separated into six stages where the first two stages are before the growth spurt, the second two stages are during the growth spurt, and the last two stages are after the growth spurt. This method is highly practical because it is read on a lateral cephalogram, a radiograph taken by the orthodontist for diagnostic records. However, many clinicians question its reliability and validity as a test. The objective of this study …

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