Digital Commons Network^™

Case Note: Decision No. 527 Of 15 September 1981, Social Case No. 91217, Mohamed El Kachbour

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This case note comments on Decision No. 527 of 15 September 1981 in a social case involving maintenance, divorce, and medical expertise. It analyzes the court’s reasoning concerning sterility and its relevance to a dispute over maintenance during pregnancy, while highlighting broader issues relating to the evidentiary role of medical expertise in Moroccan family litigation.

The Problem Of Protecting Civilians In Modern Wars, Ihsan Hindi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This study addresses the protection of civilians in modern warfare, marked by the expansion of military operations and the development of new methods of combat. It reviews the international humanitarian law framework applicable to non-combatants, analyzes the challenges created by contemporary conflicts for distinguishing civilians from combatants, and discusses the gap between international legal norms and effective protection on the ground.

The General Income Tax And The Moroccan Family, Sabah Naouch

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article analyzes the proposed general income tax in Morocco and its implications for the Moroccan family. It compares separate and joint taxation systems, discusses the project’s treatment of the family as an economic unit, and examines the principle of ability to pay. Particular attention is given to family allowances, fiscal equity, and the social objectives of tax policy.

The Problem Of Negotiation Between Multinational Corporations And Host Countries, Mustapha El Kettiri

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article discusses the negotiation problems that arise between multinational corporations and their host countries in the developing world. It examines the economic and political foundations of these relationships, shows how major corporations use their bargaining power in dealings with governments, and analyzes the strategies available to developing countries seeking to defend their national interests and strengthen economic sovereignty.

The Moroccan Experience In Constitutional Review Of Laws, Abderrahmane El Kadiri

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This article examines the Moroccan experience in constitutional review of legislation through comparison with the French model. It reviews the historical development of constitutional review in France, especially under the Fifth Republic, and analyzes the Moroccan institutional framework, legal basis, and competent bodies. It also discusses the impact of constitutional review on lawmaking and on the relationship between the legislative and executive branches.

Message From The Minister Of National Education On The Launch Of The Moroccan Review Of Law, Economics And Development, Azzeddine Iraqi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

This opening message by the Minister of National Education, Dr. Azzeddine Iraqi, marks the launch of the Moroccan Review of Law, Economics and Development. It praises the Faculty’s initiative to create a journal linking teaching and research, and highlights the academic needs that the journal is intended to serve.

Engaging Immigrant Families Of Children With Disabilities: Recommendations For Practitioners, Robai N. Werunga, John William Mckenna, Rocio Rosales

Developmental Disabilities Network Journal

Family involvement is essential for positive school outcomes. Yet research suggests that family engagement for students with disabilities may be marked by conflict. Furthermore, creating an environment that promotes active engagement for immigrant families may be challenging. In this paper, we synthesize existing research, legal guidance, and community-engaged insights to present four practice-oriented recommendations for educators and practitioners working with immigrant families of children with disabilities. Grounded in Hans and Love’s stages of immigrant family engagement, these recommendations aim to support meaningful and culturally responsive participation in special education processes.

Arcstone: Calibration Of Lunar Spectral Reflectance From Space, Cindy Young, M. Cooney, A. Thurston, L. Morrill, N. Ryan, M. Banchy, C. Stimson, B. Magill, J. Campbell, C. Roithmayr, R. Swanson, G. Kopp, T. Stone, C. Lukashin

The Characterization and Radiometric Calibration for Remote Sensing Annual Meeting (CALCON)

In remote sensing of the Earth system, accuracy is key for developing reliable, long-term environmental data records built from data collected by multiple instruments, for quickly detecting trends in the quantities being observed, and for determining the confidence with which conclusions can be drawn from those data. For sensors measuring light in the reflected solar wavelengths from Earth orbit, measurement accuracy has historically been limited by the techniques used in calibration (e.g., using onboard lamps and/or solar diffusers that increase instrument mass/complexity and degrade over time, or viewing ground sites through the Earth’s atmosphere, requiring an additional correction, etc.). The …

American Dental Association And American Board Of Dental Examiners Advance Dental Licensure Examinations Through New Agreement

New Orleans Dental Association News

The American Dental Association (ADA) and the American Board of Dental Examiners (ADEX) have finalized an agreement to license the ADA’s Dental Licensure Objective Structured Clinical Examination (DLOSCE) for incorporation into the ADEX Dental Examination, marking a significant step forward in modernizing dental licensure and advancing patient safety.

Noda News May 2026

New Orleans Dental Association News

New Orleans Dental Association (NODA) News includes regular columns with regional news impacting the New Orleans membership including: columns from the President and Executive Director, feature articles relating to the field of dentistry, association events and upcoming activities, component news, continuing education opportunities, and classifieds.

Initial Operation Results Of A Barium-Sulfate-Coated Integrating Sphere Equipped With Led And Halogen Lamps, Kazunori Asakura, Masahiro Suganuma, Makoto Hirose, Toshiyoshi Kimura, Tadashi Imai, Yasuhiro Nakajima

The Characterization and Radiometric Calibration for Remote Sensing Annual Meeting (CALCON)

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) operates integrating spheres (barium-sulfate-coated, gold-coated, and PTFEcoated) at Tsukuba Space Center for radiometric calibration in the visible and short-wave infrared spectral bands, and several JAXA missions have utilized these spheres for the ground calibration test of their onboard sensors. The bariumsulfate- coated integrating sphere has the largest aperture diameter (36 cm), and it has been employed for calibration of satellite-borne cameras (e.g., PLANET-C, Hayabusa-2). However, the spatial uniformity of this sphere has gradually deteriorated due to long-term aging of the barium sulfate coating, after more than two decades of operation. Although its performance is periodically …

Development And Testing Of A New Imaging Transfer Radiometer At Nist, Eric Shirley, Solomon Woods, Adriaan Carter, Tim Jung, Jim Proctor, Dale Sears, Jinan Zeng, Te Sereke, Jennifer Landry, Kris Onderko

The Characterization and Radiometric Calibration for Remote Sensing Annual Meeting (CALCON)

The Low Background Infrared (LBIR) Facility at NIST is nearing completion of the User Transfer Radiometer (UXR), a cryocooled vacuum infrared radiometer with imaging capability. We will describe design and testing of the UXR, as well as development of the 30 Centimeter Collimator (30CC), a new large area collimated source custom-designed for calibration of the UXR. Compared to our current transfer radiometer (MDXR), key enhancements have been incorporated into the UXR based on lessons learned and requests from calibration customers. These improvements include ~10x better sensitivity, imaging capability using an infrared focal plane array (FPA), pulse tube cryo-cooling to replace …

Artificial Intelligence Policy Development In A Hybrid, Accelerated Dpt Program: Planning For Academic Integrity, Jennifaye V. Brown, Keiba Shaw, Otis L. Owens

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative forms like ChatGPT, has rapidly grown across higher education. Institutions are developing policies for responsible/ethical use to preserve academic integrity, while acknowledging AI’s role in healthcare to confirm diagnoses and create personalized plans based on social determinants. In physical therapy education, AI can serve a valuable purpose despite documented misuse by Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students during admissions and curricular activities. This paper describes the development of an AI policy following identified misuse and demonstrated knowledge gaps from student orientation essays. Methods: An AI task force was convened. Policy development was guided by …

Appropriate Use Of Medical Billing And Coding Procedures After Classroom Instruction: Knowledge And Confidence In Doctor Of Physical Therapy Student Across Two Universities, Jamie S. Way, Breanna Reynolds, Teresa Elliott-Burke, Kristina M. Latva

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: Accurate billing practices are essential for clinicians, insurance payers, patients and employers. Proper documentation ensures high-quality care, justifies medical necessity, and protects stakeholders. Existing literature covers ethical dilemmas and inadequacies in healthcare educational programs. The purpose of this study was to assess Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) student knowledge and confidence in the application of medical billing and coding. Methods: Prospective analysis of written exams and self-reported confidence before and after classroom instruction in two DPT programs. Instruction covered documentation, common physical therapy CPT code selection and application of units billed based on payor guidelines (Medicare, private insurance). Results: …

Artificial Intelligence (Ai) In A Hybrid Dpt Program: Student Opinions On Use, Cheating, And Plagiarism, Jennifaye V. Brown, Keiba Shaw, Otis L. Owens

Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice

Purpose: To prepare students with digital competencies needed for modern clinical practice, AI should be responsibly integrated into healthcare education programs. However, concerns exist about students misusing AI for admissions statements and academic assignments. This study examined Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students' perceptions of ChatGPT use and whether they consider its use cheating or plagiarism. Method: This retrospective multi-methods analysis compared two DPT student cohorts' online essay responses to the following questions: 1) Is using AI or specifically, ChatGPT considered cheating and/or plagiarism? and 2) What are students' opinions on ChatGPT use in the DPT curriculum? One hundred forty-seven …

8 Μm To 14 Μm Thermal Infrared Radiation Thermometer Calibrated Using Its-90 Fixed Points From In To Al, Howard Yoon, Vladimir Khromchenko, Michael P. Braine

The Characterization and Radiometric Calibration for Remote Sensing Annual Meeting (CALCON)

In the temperature range from room temperatures to above the Ag, Au or Cu points, lowest achievable calibrations of radiation thermometers are possible with direct measurements of ITS-90 fixed point blackbodies. As compared to fluid-bath or heat-pipe blackbodies, both temperatures and emissivities of ITS-90 blackbodies are known with lower uncertainties. However, commercially available radiation thermometers that operate in the 8 μm to 14 μm which are capable of direct measurements of these fixed points with < 6 mm diameter openings do not exist.

We describe the design, construction and characterization of an 8 μm to 14 μm thermal infrared RT which has sufficiently low size-of-source effect (SSE), small …

Understanding Dysgraphia: Teaching Students With Dysgraphia, Elizabeth Klein Ms.

The Language and Literacy Spectrum

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In today’s inclusive classrooms, the ability to develop skilled, confident writers is a core competency for every educator. However, while reading disabilities …

Speaking Her Truth: Sarah Aronson On Bella Abzug And Developing A New Generation Of Activists, Roxanne F. Owens Phd

The Language and Literacy Spectrum

Sarah Aronson is an award-winning author of children’s literature whose books have appeared on numerous recommended state and professional organization reading lists. She is the recipient of the Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators (SCBWI) Crystal Kite Award and the Prairie State Author of the Year Award. She is a sought-after presenter and writing instructor through organizations such as the Highlights Foundation and Writers on the Net. This article draws upon interviews and professional correspondence between Aronson and the author who is a university children’s literature professor. It examines Aronson’s creative motivations, the influence of activist Bella Abzug on …

Synthesis Report, Omar Azziman

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Omar Azziman explains that the Moroccan DOC, initially the most poorly received of all 1913 codes, was strongly criticized for its clumsiness, length, uncertainties, hesitations, and terminology. Critics also accused it of being neither insensitive to Islamic law nor impermeable to Germanic legal thought. However, these criticisms faded, and by the 1960s, doctrine became rather praiseful, hailing the DOC as an original work achieving a miraculous synthesis of Islamic law and modern European legislation. The DOC had fulfilled its mission as the legal foundation of Morocco's newly established economic system. Azziman notes that since 1965, considerable changes have occurred, challenging …

Article 54 Of The Dahir Of Obligations And Contracts: Why Has It Not Been Applied?, Mohammed Azzeddine Benseghir

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Mohammed Azzeddine Benseghir asks why Article 54 of the Moroccan DOC remains unapplied in practice. Article 54 allows contract rescission based on illness or similar grounds, protecting certain vulnerable persons, including non-interdicted or non-institutionalized mentally ill individuals. The author analyzes the article's components: rescission motives, protected persons, judicial powers, and the nature of nullity. He then explores possible interpretations of Article 54, considering it as a remedy for gaps in traditional consent defects (fraud, mistake, duress) and lesion. Finally, he examines Article 54 as a potential foundation for a theory of exploitation in contract law, suggesting this overlooked provision might …

The Dahir Of Obligations And Contracts And Ecological Damage: The Environment At The Boundaries Of Nuisance Law, Mohamed Ali Mekouar

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Mohamed Ali Mekouar asks whether the Moroccan DOC, despite its age, can address modern ecological damage. He notes that environmental degradation is a defining phenomenon of the late 20th century, yet the DOC dates from 1913, long before such concerns emerged. Is it not illusory to seek ecological solutions in an aging code whose drafters could not have foreseen industrial pollution or resource depletion? Mekouar refuses to answer too hastily in the affirmative, suggesting that condemning the DOC for senility would be premature. Instead, he explores whether legal mechanisms at the borders of traditional nuisance law (voisinage) might offer pathways …

Lesion In The Dahir Of Obligations And Contracts, Azzedine Kettani

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Azzedine Kettani examines the doctrine of lesion (laesio)—gross economic imbalance in a contract—within the Moroccan DOC. He notes that the DOC provides no definition of lesion, nor do other codes. Rather than merely measuring the "wrinkles" of this aging code, Kettani seeks to explore a part of the DOC that has remained intact not because of its robust constitution, but because it has rarely been invoked. Some might argue the DOC was born handicapped, and jurisprudence has failed to improve its deficiencies regarding lesion. Kettani acknowledges he may not be entirely praiseful toward the code or Moroccan jurisprudence, which has …

Articles 79 And 80 Of The Doc And The Evolution Of Jurisprudence On This Subject (Some Current Aspects Of Administrative Liability In Morocco), Hassan Ouazzani Chahdi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Hassan Ouazzani Chahdi examines Articles 79 and 80 of the DOC, which address administrative liability in Morocco. Article 79 holds the State and municipalities liable for damages directly caused by their administration's functioning and service-related faults of their agents. Article 80 holds agents personally liable for harm caused by fraud (dol) or gross misconduct during their duties, with the State/municipality liable only if the responsible official is insolvent. The author notes that in 1958, Professor Paul Decroux observed that the DOC was poorly received by legal practitioners, with many wishing for its repeal or revision. These critical observations apply equally …

Reflections On Delictual And Contractual Fault In The Dahir Of Obligations And Contracts, Françoise Monéger

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Françoise Monéger examines whether the Moroccan DOC's alleged "defect" in not strictly maintaining the distinction between tortious and contractual obligations might actually be an advantage. Citing a 1944 author who attributed this blurring to the DOC's complex origins reconciling European legislations with Islamic law, Monéger notes that French doctrine now questions this distinction due to its absurdities and difficulties. She observes that Moroccan jurisprudence has not always rigorously respected the separation, with many decisions basing liability on tortious obligation articles (77 ff.) even when parties were bound by contract. She suggests the DOC may resemble recent codes that unify both …

From The Civilist Conception Of Contractual Unilateral Termination To The Statutory Notion Of Dismissal, A Bouadhain

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

A. Bouadhain examines the evolution from civil law's contractual approach to unilateral termination toward labor law's statutory concept of dismissal in Moroccan law. The study analyzes how employment relationship cessation differs from standard contract termination. The author outlines various forms of cessation: suspension of the employment relationship (exclusive causes, illness, disciplinary layoff, force majeure), employee resignation, mutual agreement termination, non-renewal of fixed-term contracts, unilateral and substantial modification of indefinite-term contracts, and employer-fault termination. This research highlights the tension between civil law's individualistic contractual framework and labor law's protective statutory regime, demonstrating how employment termination requires distinct legal treatment beyond traditional …

Unconditional Guarantees In International Trade And Moroccan Law Of Obligations And Contracts, François-Paul Blanc Blanc

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

François-Paul Blanc explains that the global market shift to a "buyer's market" has prioritized buyer guarantees over the past fifteen years. Importers now protect themselves against all risks linked to potential exporter default, particularly in developing countries where industrial installations cannot always be precisely evaluated by local experts. The exporter's guarantee obligation is often considered insufficient. For major equipment markets, third-party guarantees from entities with unquestionable financial stature are systematically required by project owners who can impose their conditions due to competitive bidding. These conditions frequently take the form of autonomous security instruments, whose validity under Moroccan law remains subject …

The Dahir Of Obligations And Contracts And Social Law, Ahmed El Aouani

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Ahmed El Aouani narrows the broad field of social law to focus on individual labor relations. He addresses whether labor law's autonomy from civil law is fiction or necessity, as labor law embodies a more protective philosophy. While scholars disagree on absolute autonomy, they unanimously recognize two distinct spirits: civil law as "conservative" and labor law as a recognized haven of "progressivism." El Aouani rejects the idea of absolute autonomy for individual labor relations, noting that despite increased state intervention, the individual employment contract remains the true source of party obligations. However, he argues it is necessary to alter and …

The Dahir Of Obligations And Contracts And International Contracts In Private Law, Layachi Messaoudi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Layachi Messaoudi notes that one of the most striking post-war characteristics is the unprecedented development of international trade. States now participate directly or indirectly in commercial exchanges, contributing to the emergence of international trade law as a new branch of private law. This has resulted in a proliferation of contracts and the triumph of arbitration. Practice has developed contractual techniques resistant to traditional legal categories, such as turnkey contracts, leasing, factoring, renting, know-how, and technical assistance. A central question, particularly when public legal entities face foreign private parties, concerns which law applies to these contracts. Uncertainty in this area, amplified …

The Dahir Of Obligations And Contracts As A Fundamental Source Of Commercial Law, Mohamed El Mernissi

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Mohamed El Mernissi addresses the apparent paradox of considering a civil code as a fundamental source of commercial law, given that commercial law's autonomy has long been established. He notes that after breaking away from civil law, commercial law became conquering and imperialistic, increasingly invading civil law. This encroachment led to what scholars call the "commercialization of civil law." This phenomenon occurs because civil law cannot remain indefinitely isolated from economic life. Non-merchants also need commercial techniques: everyone uses checks, bills of exchange, promissory notes, credit for purchases, bank operations, and securities investments without necessarily having legal status as a …

On The Scope Of Application Of The Doc: Beyond A Border Conflict, Omar Azziman

Revue Marocaine de Droit, d'Economie et de Gestion (Moroccan Journal of Law, Economics and Management)

Omar Azziman argues that despite the DOC being seventy years old, questions about its scope of application remain relevant. Determining which legal acts fall under the DOC is not obvious beyond formal boundaries. The stakes extend beyond border disputes due to current jurisprudential uncertainties and resulting legal insecurity. More importantly, the debate reignites questions about the sources inspiring Moroccan justice. Under the protectorate, pluralism was institutionalized: the DOC applied only before French courts in the southern zone and governed primarily foreigners appearing before modern courts. Moroccans, as litigants before traditional law courts, remained outside the DOC's scope. This historical duality …