Digital Commons Network^™

Message From The Editor, Richard F. Roadcap Dds

Virginia Dental Journal

No abstract provided.

“The Whole Is Greater Than The Sum Of Its Parts” Three Vda Dentists Discuss The Value Of Membership, Elizabeth Reynolds Dds

Virginia Dental Journal

No abstract provided.

Trustee's Corner, Kirk Norbo Dmd

Virginia Dental Journal

No abstract provided.

Strategies For A Successful Future, James Willis Dds

Virginia Dental Journal

No abstract provided.

Va Dent J January, February And March 2017

Virginia Dental Journal

No abstract provided.

President’S Message, William V. Dougherty Iii, Dds

Virginia Dental Journal

No abstract provided.

Book Review: Addressing Anxiety In Young Learners: A Teacher’S Guide To Recognizing Needs And Resolving Behaviors, Jacqueline Sperling

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, rates of pediatric mental illnesses, especially anxiety disorders, have increased significantly (Racine et al., 2021), and with this change, teachers have been tasked with educating even more students who have additional needs.

Addressing Anxiety in Young Learners: A Teacher’s Guide to Recognizing Needs and Resolving Behaviors is a book that aims to provide teachers with an understanding of pediatric anxiety disorders and practical tools to support students who present with symptoms of them. The following review of the book describes what the book addresses, highlights strengths, examines areas for improvement, and offers additional …

An Equity-Based And Culturally Responsive Bill Of Rights For Early Childhood Students Of Color With Exceptionalities, Evette Simmons-Reed, Michelle Frazier Trotman Scott, Gloria Tardash, Mildred Boveda, Donna Y. Ford

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing disparities in early intervention (EI) and early childhood special education (ECSE) services for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) disabled children, exposing critical gaps in access, services and support. systemic inconsistencies in implementation, training, and funding, remain barriers limit opportunities for CLD students to benefit, despite the aims of the Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act (IDEA). To address these inequities, this manuscript proposes an expanded and updated Culturally Responsive Equity-Based Bill of Rights for EI and ECSE. Building upon Ford and colleagues' (2018) work, this revised document extends protections to children aged zero to five, emphasizing …

Phenomenological Variant Of Ecological Systems Theory (Pvest): Implications For Early Childhood Education, Kathryn L. Fletcher, Qunishia N. Carter

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

The current article provides an introduction for researchers and educators in the field of early childhood education to Spencer’s Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems theory (Spencer’s PVEST; Spencer et al., 1997; Spencer, 2006). Spencer has expanded the importance of context with her position that children experience contexts differently, particularly children from marginalized groups (Spencer et al., 1997; Spencer, 2006). Two main goals for this article are: 1) introduce Spencer’s PVEST to the field of early childhood education; and 2) apply components of this theory to young children’s self-awareness. The overarching aim of this paper is to argue that Spencer’s PVEST …

Practical Applications Of Play Therapy Principles In Early Childhood Classrooms, Colleen D. Martinez, Beth A. Trammell

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

Play in early childhood is a central tenet to everyday life for children and is thus of great importance to early childhood practitioners. However, the wide variety of definitions, policies, and practices related to play make implementing it effectively in the classroom nuanced. This article explores components of both child-led and adult-led practices—viewed through the lens of play therapy—to aid early childhood educators in applying these practices in the classroom. Case examples from the authors are included to further explore these topics in real-life situations.

Latent Transition Analysis: A Statistical Method For Identifying Underlying Subgroups Over Time, Holmes Finch

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

Researchers working in early childhood research are often interested in assessing change over time in multiple variables. In addition, they may wish to ascertain whether there exist subgroups in the data with respect to these variables, and whether/how membership in these groups is related. Latent transition analysis (LTA) provides such researchers with a useful tool for investigating questions around such groups, including their composition, frequency, and the likelihood of moving from one to another at different points in time. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a full demonstrate of LTA and show how it can be used to …

Comparison Of Multidimensional Models For Extreme Response Styles, Holmes Finch, Brian French

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

Self-administered scales are ubiquitous throughout the social sciences. Therefore, it is crucial that they properly reflect the measured latent trait(s), and are not influenced by other factors. One potential threat to validity is the response style favored by an individual completing the items. In particular, a tendency to engage in extreme responding (ERS) can result in a tendency to provide responses in the outer range of the response scale, independent of the actual level of the response to the item. The purposes of this study was to demonstrate how these models can be used to account for ERS in practice, …

A Tutorial For Identifying And Comparing Change Points In Developmental Trajectories, Holmes Finch

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

Researchers in a variety of social science fields work with sequential data, such as measurements made over time. In some instances, one or more of the moments (e.g., mean, variance) of the series may change abruptly at some point in the sequence, yielding what is known as a change point. There is a broad literature describing methods for changepoint detection. Researchers working with multiple sequential series containing change points may be interested in comparing the locations of these changes. The purpose of this manuscript is to demonstrate how a researcher can detect changepoints and compare changepoints between two or more …

Using Multilevel Modeling To Understand Nested Data, Holmes Finch

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

Researchers in the social sciences often work with nested data, in which individuals are collected in higher level clusters. For example, educational research often involves working with samples in which students are nested within schools. Standard data analyses, such as regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA), yield statistically biased results when this nested structure is ignored. One widely used and effective approach for handling such nested data is multilevel modeling. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the basics of multilevel modeling and to provide the reader with a fully worked example in which the analytic approach and results …

Using Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals, And The Bayes Factor To Better Understand The T-Test, Analysis Of Variance, And Regression Results, Holmes Finch

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

Null hypothesis testing is a widely used paradigm for assessing research hypotheses across the social sciences. Despite their ubiquity, researchers have discussed a number of problems and limitations to hypothesis testing and have suggested alternatives that might provide greater depth and explanation of research results. The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of several such alternatives and to show how they can be integrated with one another and with null hypothesis testing in order to provide a more holistic view of research hypotheses.

Early Education Indirect Service Research With Generalization Data: A Systematic Review Of Single-Case Design Methodological Rigor, Zachary C. Labrot, Brittany D. Garza, Tyler Smith, Emily Maxime, Abigail Lawson

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

Consultation and coaching are both forms of indirect service delivery that have been found to be effective for improving early childhood educators’ implementation of evidence-based practices. These indirect service delivery modalities have also been found to be effective for promoting early childhood educators’ generalization of evidence-based practices. However, less is known regarding the methodological rigor of early childhood indirect service delivery research that collected generalization data. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to apply the 2020 and 2020 What Works Clearinghouse single-case design standards to this literature base to determine the extent to which these studies were conducted in …

Guest Editor's Introduction: Methodological Innovations For Advancing Early Childhood Educational And Psychological Research, Anthony Mangino Ph.D.

Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and Education

The goal of this special issue is to provide you, the inquisitive reader and developmental scientist, with some of the methodological tools to aid in augmenting your analytic capacity.

Explorations Of Border-Crossing Identity Through Dreamscape In Frontera, Mariela Speltz

Steeplechase: An ORCA Student Journal

This analysis examines how Frontera, a graphic novel that follows a young man as he attempts to cross the Sonoran Desert to return to Arizona after being deported, draws upon the mythologically-rich space of the desert to create a dreamscape that explores Mexican-American identity. Featuring visual differentiation, cultural icons, and spiritual figures that interact with the main character, Mateo, the text’s dreamscape serves as a narrative bridge for characters to transcend their individual identity and connect with a communal identity. Specifically, a spiritual jaguar from Aztec mythology, and the ghost of an immigrant who died crossing the desert help Mateo …

Influence Of Pollinator Island Patch Size On Forb Establishment And Pollinator Networks In Palouse Prairie Restoration, Yaelle Esther Reeve

2026 Symposium

The Palouse Prairie Ecoregion is one of North America’s most endangered grassland ecosystems, with less than 1% retaining native vegetation. Restoration efforts have struggled to re-establish ecologically important native forbs and the plant–pollinator interactions necessary for long-term community stability. Spatial configuration of floral resources is known to influence pollinator foraging behavior and interaction network structure, yet few studies have evaluated how planting scale affects both plant establishment and pollinator community assembly in early-stage prairie restoration. My research aims to evaluate how variations in the size (0.1, 1, and 10 m²) of grouped wildflower plantings (pollinator islands) affect native forb establishment, …

Partisan Perceptions Of Humanity: Dehumanization Of Israelis And Palestinians By U.S. Adults, Margot Pressman, Faith Richards, Ainsley Medina

Linfield University Student Symposium: A Celebration of Scholarship and Creative Achievement

Dehumanization, the perception of others as less than fully human, frequently emerges in contexts of intergroup conflict. Drawing on Haslam's (2006) two-factor model distinguishing mechanistic and animalistic dehumanization, this study examined how U.S. adults perceive Israelis and Palestinians amid the ongoing Israeli-Gaza conflict, with political affiliation explored as a potential moderating variable. A sample of 210 participants (98 Democrats, 110 Republicans) rated both groups on dehumanization and liking measures using anchored sliding scales. Contrary to expectations, dehumanization items did not load onto two distinct factors; instead, a single composite measure demonstrated adequate reliability (α = .787). Results indicated that Palestinians …

Analyzing The Effects Of Carbon Markets On Environmental Quality Within A Country, Taila Patterson

Linfield University Student Symposium: A Celebration of Scholarship and Creative Achievement

Carbon markets have been used as a tool to combat climate change for decades. However, climate change is still on the rise with people saying the world is approaching the point of no return. This study evaluates the effects of carbon markets on environmental quality of a country through an ordinary least squares regression model. Environmental quality is measured through the existence of carbon markets, carbon taxation, human development, and petrostates. Results indicate a positive relationship between carbon markets and environmental quality. These results demonstrate that carbon markets do positively effect environmental quality, thereby creating a framework for advising policy …

Investigation Of Molecular Interactions Between Peroxisome Biogenesis Factors Pex3 And Pex 19, Vania Hernandez

Linfield University Student Symposium: A Celebration of Scholarship and Creative Achievement

Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are caused by disrupted peroxisome formation, which impairs cellular metabolism, leading to poor muscle tone, seizures, hearing and vision loss, and skeletal abnormalities. Peroxisomes are small membrane-bound organelles that perform essential synthesis, breakdown, and detoxification reactions. Peroxisomes can be created through fission, the division of existing mature peroxisomes, or de novo biogenesis. In de novo biogenesis, the endoplasmic reticulum secretes vesicles containing peroxisomal proteins (peroxins) that recruit additional peroxins to form a mature peroxisome. PEX3 and PEX19 are peroxisomal biogenesis factors that interact to coordinate trafficking and import of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs). The molecular nature …

Homelessness Rate Across The United States, Carson D. Washburn

Linfield University Student Symposium: A Celebration of Scholarship and Creative Achievement

Analysis of homelessness rates across each state, looking at different economic causes.

Nba Spread Betting Outcomes, Jacob Tyler Harmon

Linfield University Student Symposium: A Celebration of Scholarship and Creative Achievement

This study attempts to find the best explanation for individual NBA games outcomes. Using econometric regression analysis, the research shows a methodology for predicting whether a team covers the spread in any given game. The focus is the betting market of professional basketball, as sports betting continues to garner momentum in North America. The purpose of the research is income maximization.

Economic Analysis Of The S&P 500 Index Valuation And Household Wealth, Eric Albios

Linfield University Student Symposium: A Celebration of Scholarship and Creative Achievement

This economic analysis focuses on the valuation of the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 500 Index. Using economic, monetary, and behavioral indicators, and annual data during the period 1990 - 2024, these indicators serve as independent variables in an economic regression, which quantifies the statistical relationship between key factors and the average annual market price of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index. Resulting in a linear model that can be used to demonstrate accuracy in valuating the S&P 500 Index, in comparison to the average annual market price, along with anticipated effects on households invested in the financial markets.

Determinants Of College Major Choice, Nick Reggiani

Linfield University Student Symposium: A Celebration of Scholarship and Creative Achievement

This study identifies the economic determinants of college major choice at Linfield University. Grounded in a utility maximization framework adapted from Arcidiacono et al. (2010), the theoretical model posits that students select majors by maximizing utility through personal preference against the expected value of future earnings and career outcomes. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to analyze institutional census data matched with national labor market indicators, the research finds that major declarations are strongly predicted by high early-career wages and low unemployment rates. Ultimately, measurable economic returns are critical drivers of student academic decisions.

The Impact Of Marine Reserves On Recreational Salmon Catch And Salmon Angler Behavior Along The Oregon Coast, Zharyck Lopez

Linfield University Student Symposium: A Celebration of Scholarship and Creative Achievement

Salmon populations along the Pacific Northwest coast are vital to regional ecosystems, local economies, and recreational fisheries, yet they face increasing pressure from overfishing, habitat degradation, and environmental changes, promoting the implementation of marine reserves (MRs). This study evaluated both ecological and behavioral effects by integrating stock dynamics with angler decision-making within a Gordon-Schaefer framework. Ecological impacts are measured through changes in salmon abundance and potential spillover into adjacent fishing areas. Angler effort is modeled as a function of stock changes, catch success, travel distance, ocean conditions (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), angler knowledge, and proximity to MRs. Results indicate that MRs …

A Gis Analysis Of The Relationship Between Ndvi Value, Slope, And Aspect Of The Terrain Of The Prairie Restoration Project, Basil Lund

2026 Symposium

The Prairie Restoration Project (PRP) encompasses 115 acres of land on the west side of the EWU campus. The goal of the PRP is to restore what was once a section of wheat farm back to its original Palouse prairie state. Here, I am using publicly available satellite data to examine some potential variables affecting the health of wheat plants planted in the years 2009 to 2017. I have used 4-band aerial imagery to create a map of NDVI values within the bounds of the PRP, which visualizes the near-infrared wavelengths that are reflected by healthy, chlorophyll-rich plants. I have …

Native Wayland Compositing On Apple Ecosystems: Assessing The Feasibility Of “Wawona” Compositor, Alex Spaulding

2026 Symposium

The Wayland display protocol is the modern standard for Linux window management, emphasizing security, performance, and simplicity. Expanding this ecosystem to macOS, iOS, and Android introduces technical hurdles due to proprietary windowing systems and divergent hardware APIs. This research evaluates the feasibility of developing a native Wayland Compositor for Apple and Android, given the closed nature of these ecosystems.

“Wawona” bridges this gap by architecting a native Wayland Compositor capable of executing unmodified Linux applications. The methodology involves implementing the Wayland protocol stack into native abstractions leveraging Metal, Android’s graphics pipeline, and CoreAnimation.

Medieval Writings On Sex Between Men. Peter Damian’S “The Book Of Gomorrah” And Alain De Lille’S “The Plaint Of Nature,” By David Rollo, Kersti Francis

Medieval Feminist Forum: A Journal of Gender and Sexuality

No abstract provided.