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Table Of Contents (V. 33, No. 1)

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal

No abstract provided.

Section Three Of The Fourteenth Amendment: Insurrection, Mark A. Graber

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal

The public, scholarly, and legal debate over whether former president Donald Trump is eligible to hold office under Section Three of the Fourteenth Amendment has focused far more on technical legal questions than on whether Trump engaged in an insurrection. Scholarly and public commentary rarely examines the constitutional/ common law of insurrection, preferring instead to examine whether Trump is exempt from Section Three because Section Three either exempts presidents or the presidency from disqualification or because Section Three is not self-executing. Trump v. Anderson (2024) focused on state incapacity to disqualify “oathbreaking insurrectionists” rather than on whether Trump was an …

Is The Constitution Of 1787 A White Supremacist Document? Against Essentialism In Constitutional Interpretation, David S. Schwartz

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal

A curious convergence is emerging in legal academia around the conclusion that the 1787 Constitution is a white supremacist document. Although most originalists would deny that contention, their methodology strongly favors, if it does not compel, an agreement with progressive, “neo-Garrisonian” scholars that the Constitution of 1787 is indeed a white supremacist document. Both the neo-Garrisonian and originalist elements of this implicit convergence stem from their “essentialism” in Constitutional interpretation: the idea that the Constitution or its terms or provisions carry a uniquely and objectively correct meaning, invariant over time, and independent of our evolving normative commitments.

This Article argues …

Balancing Tradition And Inclusion: Framework Principles For An Afghan Accord, M. Hamed Isar

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal

This Article examines the turbulent constitutional history of Afghanistan and proposes a pragmatic constitutional framework balancing Islamic principles with rights, protections, and constraints on power. After analyzing the Taliban’s current extraconstitutional rule and ideological objections to an inclusive order, it makes the case for principled compromise. The first step to constitutional reform for Afghanistan is to recognize that Afghans, the Taliban, and the international community pay a high price for disregarding law and accountability in governance. To that end, this Article canvasses the many factors that could motivate the Taliban to accept the rule of law, despite the constraints it …

The First Amendment In Education: May Faculty At Public Schools Be Disciplined For Political Hate Speech?, Ken M. Levy

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal

At a House hearing on December 5, 2023, the presidents of three universities— Harvard, MIT, and the University of Pennsylvania—refused to state that certain kinds of hate speech, specifically calls for genocide of Jews, are prohibited on their campuses. The backlash against two of them, Harvard’s Claudine Gay and Penn’s Liz Magill, was swift and devastating; both were successfully pressured to resign. Still, while Professors Gay’s and Magill’s responses were widely criticized as tone-deaf, they were legally correct. At many private, and all public, colleges and universities, even the worst hate speech is generally protected unless it is accompanied by …

Excluded But Equal, Gali Racabi

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal

Work law is excessively exclusionary. Canonical examples include agriculture workers, independent contractors, and domestic workers. But work law excludes far more workers and employers than those familiar categories. Whole sectors, occupations, business sizes, wage arrangements, geographical areas, and more are excluded from the basic tenets of economic citizenship, including federal, state, and local minimum wage; overtime; and safety and labor protection laws.

Equal protection claims govern the authority of legislatures to determine who is in and who is out of work laws. Excluded workers and included employers now routinely use state and federal constitutional equal protection arguments against exclusionary work …

Life, Liberty, And Freedom From Non-Consensual Pelvic Exams?, Michaela Cotton

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal

[T]here is a need for the federal government to intervene and finally ban the practice of performing non-consensual pelvic exams, and it can do so under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees the right to refuse involuntary medical treatment. Part I will provide a brief overview of pelvic exams and informed consent; Part II draws on policy considerations for banning this practice and tackles counter-arguments; Part III will discuss the relevant federal law and case precedent; Part IV demonstrates how federal law applies to non-consensual pelvic exams; and, finally, Part V will further explain the need …

Extraordinary Variance In Meta-Analysis Of Venom Toxicity Of 160 Most Lethal Ophidians And Guidelines For Estimating Human Lethal Dose Range, Brian P. Hanley, Gustavo Gross

School of Medicine Publications

Background: This is the first meta-analysis to characterize intra-ophidian-species variation in whole venom. Being the largest possible meta-analysis at this time, it encompasses all known records of animal lethality studies over the past 100 years. These results were not artifacts of resistant test-animal species and showed orders of magnitude beyond the 1.6 logs (40-fold change) range of lethal dose documented in the literature between amphibians, lizards, and mice.

Methods: A total of 1003 lethal dose study results for 160 of the most lethal venomous ophidian species in the world were analyzed.

Results: LDLo was not different from LD50 across studies, …

Venom Immunization: Igg/Ige Titers, Safety, Risk, And Methods Of The Viprbitem Cohort, Brian P. Hanley, Gustavo Gross

School of Medicine Publications

Background: This is the first study to examine a cohort that engages in the practice of immunization with snake venoms. In this practice, either fresh wet venom or venom reconstituted from freeze-dried form is used in vaccination protocols to produce hyper-immunity to venom.

Methods: This is a retrospective community-initiated collaborative research (CICR) project that collated the records of venom immunization. Records of schedules, formulations, photographs, medical records, and diaries were collated from existing practitioners and evaluated by inspection and interviews. One accidental bite was observed over 3 days, with vital signs, and photographic records of swelling taken to verify reality …

Panel Discussion: So You Want To Publish A Book?, Suzanne Kim, Steven W. Bender, Angela J. Davis, Susan D. Carle, Clara Platter, Katheryn Russell-Brown

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

Reaching wide and varied audiences for our academic work through book publishing served as the focus on this pipeline program panel. Through a dynamic conversation among leaders in book publishing from the academic and editorial sectors, we discussed the nuts and bolts of book publishing.

We are indebted, for this important dialogue, to American University Washington College of Law, NPOC, and all the conference’s co-sponsoring schools. We particularly want to thank Vice Dean Susan Carle of American University Washington College of Law, whose idea it was to host this panel. We were joined by the following expert book authors for …

Panel Discussion: Balancing Scholarship, Teaching And Service To Succeed On The Tenure Track – A Workshop For Pretenure Colleagues And Faculty Aspirants, Brenda Smith

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

In imagining the National People of Color Legal Scholarship Conference, the planning committee brainstormed about the theme of the conference and the scope of panels and opportunities that would capture the breadth and vibrancy of scholarship by faculty of color. An antecedent, however, to that scholarship is the entry, success, and thriving of faculty of color in the academy.

From The Editors, Robert Dinerstein, Ezra Rosser

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

This issue includes articles, conference transcripts, and book reviews that date to 2019. The woeful delay is solely the result of our own editorial failure, and we wish to apologize on behalf of the Journal to our readers and to the many contributing authors who put their trust in us. Rest assured that procedures have been established to prevent reoccurrence of such unacceptable time lags. But do know that we appreciate having fallen far short of professional standards in this instance.

Book Review: John Paul Stevens, The Making Of A Justice: Reflections On My First 94 Years, New York, Little, Brown And Co., 2019, Pp. 549, $35.00 (Hardback), Stephen Wermiel

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

The autobiography of Justice John Paul Stevens, published just a few months before he died, is an enticing travelogue for Supreme Court nerds. Other travelers may want to pick a different landscape.

On Application Of A Surrogate Model To Numerical Evaluation Of Effective Elastic Properties Of Composites With 3d Rotationally Symmetric Particles, Pascal Alexander Happ, Igor Tsukrov, Romana Piat

Faculty Publications

Micromechanical modelling of particulate composites with non-ellipsoidal particle shapes presents significant challenges because analytical approaches based on the fundamental results of Eshelby cannot be used. On the other side, direct numerical evaluations by finite element analysis can involve high computational cost in the case when particle features have small radius of curvature, sharp edges and require extremely fine meshes. This paper proposes substituting the exact particle shape with a surrogate model producing approximately the same contribution to the effective elastic moduli. We illustrate our approach by considering rotationally symmetric 3D particle shapes with the external surface defined by the Laplace's …

Surface Properties Of Enamel After Using Different Bleaching Agents, Hend Sayed Ahmed

Dentistry

No abstract provided.

Effect Of Smoking And Finishing/Polishing On Roughness Of Nanohybrid-Composite, Sara Adel Botros, Mohamed Salama Dr., Fatma Makkeyah Ass. Dr., Mohamed Shamel Ass. Prof., Mahmoud Ankily Ass. Prof.

Dentistry

To evaluate effect of conventional cigarette and heated tobacco product smoking and finishing/polishing protocol on surface roughness of a nanohybrid composite. Thirty-six discs (6mm diameter/2mm thickness) fabricated from nanohybrid composite (Palfique LX5, Tokuyama, Japan) were assigned to 6 groups according to: tobacco product (conventional cigarette/LM, Philip Morris International Inc., Egypt; and heated tobacco/Heets, Russet, Philip Morris International Inc., Italy); and finishing/polishing protocol (control /discs cured against Mylar strip; finishing discs/Diamond Master Kit, FGM, Brazil; two-step polishing system/DIACOMP PLUS TWIST, EVE, Germany). Prior to finishing/polishing protocols, all specimens were wet ground with medium grit finishing stone (komet, Germany) as baseline. Following …

Uno Business: College Of Business Administration 2024-2025, Melissa Lindell Kozak, Timothy Fitzgerald, Kristi Lynch, Kelly Jefferson Minty, Ailene Nielsen, Ryan Soderlin

CBA Dean's Office

No abstract provided.

A Protein Expression Atlas On Tissue Samples And Cell Lines From Cancer Patients Provides Insights Into Tumor Heterogeneity And Dependencies, Jun Li, Wei Liu, Kamalika Mojumdar, Hong Kim, Zhicheng Zhou, Shwetha V Kumar, Han Chen, Michael A Davies, Yiling Lu, Rehan Akbani, Gordon B Mills, Han Liang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) are foundational resources in cancer research, providing extensive molecular and phenotypic data. However, large-scale proteomic data across various cancer types for these cohorts remain limited. Here, we expand upon our previous work to generate high-quality protein expression data for approximately 8,000 TCGA patient samples and around 900 CCLE cell line samples, covering 447 clinically relevant proteins, using reverse-phase protein arrays. These protein expression profiles offer profound insights into intertumor heterogeneity and cancer dependency and serve as sensitive functional readouts for somatic alterations. We develop a systematic protein-centered strategy …

Diffusion Tensor Imaging For Characterizing Changes In Triple-Negative Breast Cancer During Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy, Benjamin C Musall, David E Rauch, Rania M M Mohamed, Bikash Panthi, Medine Boge, Huiqin Chen, Kelly K Hunt, Lei Huo, Ken-Pin Hwang, Anil Korkut, Jennifer K Litton, Tanya W Moseley, Sanaz Pashapoor, Miral M Patel, Brandy J Reed, Marion E Scoggins, Jong Bum Son, Debu Tripathy, Vicente Valero, Peng Wei, Jason B White, Gary J Whitman, Zhan Xu, Wei T Yang, Clinton Yam, Beatriz E Adrada, Jingfei Ma

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Assessment of treatment response in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) may guide individualized care for improved patient outcomes. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures tissue anisotropy and could be useful for characterizing changes in the tumors and adjacent fibroglandular tissue (FGT) of TNBC patients undergoing neoadjuvant systemic treatment (NAST).

Purpose: To evaluate the potential of DTI parameters for prediction of treatment response in TNBC patients undergoing NAST.

Study type: Prospective.

Population: Eighty-six women (average age: 51 ± 11 years) with biopsy-proven clinical stage I-III TNBC who underwent NAST followed by definitive surgery. 47% of patients (40/86) had pathologic complete response (pCR). …

A Molecular Switch From Tumor Suppressor To Oncogene In Er+Ve Breast Cancer: Role Of Androgen Receptor, Jak-Stat, And Lineage Plasticity, Sarah Asemota, Wendy Effah, Jeremiah Holt, Daniel Johnson, Linnea Cripe, Thirumagal Thiyagarajan, Dong-Jin Hwang, Yali He, Brandy Grimes, Martin D Fleming, Frances E Pritchard, Ashley Hendrix, Meiyun Fan, Abhinav Jain, Hyo Young Choi, Liza Makowski, D Neil Hayes, Duane D Miller, Lawrence M Pfeffer, Balaji Santhanam, Ramesh Narayanan

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Cancers develop resistance to inhibitors of oncogenes mainly due to target-centric mechanisms such as mutations and splicing. While inhibitors or antagonists force targets to unnatural conformation contributing to protein instability and resistance, activating tumor suppressors may maintain the protein in an agonistic conformation to elicit sustainable growth inhibition. Due to the lack of tumor suppressor agonists, this hypothesis and the mechanisms underlying resistance are not understood. In estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer (BC), androgen receptor (AR) is a druggable tumor suppressor offering a promising avenue for this investigation. Spatial genomics suggests that the molecular portrait of AR-expressing BC cells in …

Biomarker Trajectory For Earlier Detection Of Lung Cancer, Ehsan Irajizad, Johannes F Fahrmann, Iakovos Toumazis, Jody Vykoukal, Jennifer B Dennison, Kim-Anh Do, Ziding Feng, Samir Hanash

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: To determine whether an algorithm based on repeated measurements of a panel of four circulating protein biomarkers (4 MP) for lung cancer risk assessment results in improved performance over a single time measurement.

Methods: We conducted data analysis of the 4 MP consisting of the precursor form of surfactant protein B, cancer antigen 125, carcinoembryonic antigen, and cytokeratin-19 fragment in pre-diagnostic sera from 2483 ever-smoker participants (389 cases and 2094 randomly selected non-cases) in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, Ovarian (PLCO) Study who had at least two sequential blood collections over 6 years. A parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) algorithm, which …

Social Determinants Of Health And Surgical Desirability Of Outcome Ranking In Older Veterans, Michael A Jacobs, Yubo Gao, Susanne Schmidt, Paula K Shireman, Michael Mader, Leslie R M Hausmann, Lillian S Kao, Mary Vaughan Sarrazin, Daniel E Hall

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Importance: Evaluating how social determinants of health (SDOH) influence veteran outcomes is crucial, particularly for quality improvement.

Objective: To measure associations between SDOH, care fragmentation, and surgical outcomes using a Desirability of Outcome Ranking (DOOR).

Design, setting, and participants: This was a cohort study of US veterans using data from the Veterans Affairs (VA) Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP; 2013-2019) limited to patients aged 65 years or older with inpatient stays between 2 and 30 days, merged with multiple data sources, including Medicare. Race and ethnicity data were retrieved from VASQIP, Medicare and Medicaid beneficiary summary files, the Veterans Health …

Neoadjuvant And Adjuvant Treatments For Early Stage Resectable Nsclc: Consensus Recommendations From The International Association For The Study Of Lung Cancer, Jonathan D Spicer, Tina Cascone, Murry W Wynes, Myung-Ju Ahn, Sanja Dacic, Patrick M Forde, Mark G Kris, Tetsuya Mitsudomi, Mariano Provencio, Suresh Senan, Benjamin J Solomon, Ming Sound Tsao, Masahiro Tsuboi, Heather A Wakelee, Yi-Long Wu, James Chih-Hsin Yang, Caicun Zhou, David H Harpole, Karen L Kelly

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Advances in the multidisciplinary care of early stage resectable NSCLC (rNSCLC) are emerging at an unprecedented pace. Numerous phase 3 trials produced results that have transformed patient outcomes for the better, yet these findings also require important modifications to the patient treatment journey trajectory and reorganization of care pathways. Perhaps, most notably, the need for multispecialty collaboration for this patient population has never been greater. These rapid advances have inevitably left us with important gaps in knowledge for which definitive answers will only become available in several years. To this end, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer …

Evaluating Dynamic And Predictive Discrimination For Recurrent Event Models: Use Of A Time-Dependent C-Index, Jian Wang, Xinyang Jiang, Jing Ning

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Interest in analyzing recurrent event data has increased over the past few decades. One essential aspect of a risk prediction model for recurrent event data is to accurately distinguish individuals with different risks of developing a recurrent event. Although the concordance index (C-index) effectively evaluates the overall discriminative ability of a regression model for recurrent event data, a local measure is also desirable to capture dynamic performance of the regression model over time. Therefore, in this study, we propose a time-dependent C-index measure for inferring the model's discriminative ability locally. We formulated the C-index as a function of time using …

The Five Homologous Ciar-Controlled Ccn Srnas Of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Modulate Zn-Resistance, Nicholas R De Lay, Nidhi Verma, Dhriti Sinha, Abigail Garrett, Maximillian K Osterberg, Spencer Reiling, Malcolm E Winkler

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Zinc is a vital transition metal for all bacteria; however, elevated intracellular free Zn levels can result in mis-metalation of Mn-dependent enzymes. For Mn-centric bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae that primarily use Mn instead of Fe as an enzyme cofactor, Zn is particularly toxic at high concentrations. Here, we report our identification and characterization of the function of the five homologous, CiaRH-regulated Ccn sRNAs in controlling S. pneumoniae virulence and metal homeostasis. We show that deletion of all five ccn genes (ccnA, ccnB, ccnC, ccnD, and ccnE) from S. pneumoniae strains D39 (serotype 2) and TIGR4 (serotype 4) causes Zn …

Late Subsequent Leukemia After Childhood Cancer: A Report From The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (Ccss), Taumoha Ghosh, Geehong Hyun, Rikeenkumar Dhaduk, Miriam Conces, Michael A Arnold, Tara O Henderson, Leslie L Robison, Yutaka Yasui, Kirsten K Ness, Gregory T Armstrong, Joseph P Neglia, Lucie M Turcotte

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Subsequent short-latency leukemias are well-described among survivors of childhood cancer. However, late (5-14.9 years from diagnosis, LL) and very late (≥15 years from diagnosis, VLL) subsequent leukemias have not been well studied. We assessed risk factors, prevalence, and outcomes for LL and VLL in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort.

Methods: Subsequent leukemias, among 25,656 five-year survivors, were self-reported and confirmed by pathology review. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and cumulative incidences were calculated, and relative risks (RR) were estimated using Cox regression for exposures.

Results: Seventy-seven survivors developed subsequent leukemia, 49 survivors with LL (median time from diagnosis 7.8 …

Molecular Landscape Of Erbb2 Alterations In 3000 Advanced Nsclc Patients, Lingzhi Hong, Sonia Patel, Leylah M Drusbosky, Yuanyuan Xiong, Rongrong Chen, Simon Heeke, Jia Wu, John V Heymach, Yingyi Wang, Jianjun Zhang, Xiuning Le

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

ERBB2 (HER2) represents a newly recognized actionable oncogenic driver in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with approved targeted therapy available. Understanding the landscape of ERBB2 alterations and co-occurring mutations is essential for guiding treatment decisions. We conducted an analysis involving 3000 NSCLC patients with all types of ERBB2 alterations, drawn from two extensive retrospective cohorts: 1281 from Geneplus (Chinese) and 1719 from Guardant360 (the United States, US). The incidence of all types of ERBB2 alterations was found to be 5.6% in the Chinese group and 5.2% in the US group. In both cohorts, among oncogenic alterations of ERBB2, exon 20 …

Multi-Modal Segmentation With Missing Image Data For Automatic Delineation Of Gross Tumor Volumes In Head And Neck Cancers, Yao Zhao, Xin Wang, Jack Phan, Xinru Chen, Anna Lee, Kai Huang, Tinsu Pan, He Wang, Kareem Abdul Wahid, Abdalah S R Mohamed, Mohamed Naser, Clifton D Fuller, Jinzhong Yang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Head and neck (HN) gross tumor volume (GTV) auto-segmentation is challenging due to the morphological complexity and low image contrast of targets. Multi-modality images, including computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET), are used in the routine clinic to assist radiation oncologists for accurate GTV delineation. However, the availability of PET imaging may not always be guaranteed.

Purpose: To develop a deep learning segmentation framework for automated GTV delineation of HN cancers using a combination of PET/CT images, while addressing the challenge of missing PET data.

Methods: Two datasets were included for this study: Dataset I: 524 (training) …

Prognostic Scores For Ursodeoxycholic Acid-Treated Patients Predict Graft Loss And Mortality In Recurrent Primary Biliary Cholangitis After Liver Transplantation, Aldo J Montano-Loza, Ellina Lytvyak, Gideon Hirschfield, Bettina E Hansen, Maryam Ebadi, Christian Toso, Alejandra Villamil, Frederik Nevens, Natalie Van Den Ende, Albert Pares, Pablo Ruiz, Débora Terrabuio, Palak J Trivedi, Nadir Abbas, Maria Francesca Donato, Lei Yu, Charles Landis, Jérôme Dumortier, Jessica Katharine Dyson, Adriaan J Van Der Meer, Rozanne De Veer, Mark Pedersen, Marlyn Mayo, Michael P Manns, Richard Taubert, Theresa Kirchner, Luca S Belli, Chiara Mazzarelli, Guido Stirnimann, Annarosa Floreani, Nora Cazzagon, Francesco Paolo Russo, Patrizia Burra, Udi Zigmound, Inbal Houri, Marco Carbone, Giacomo Mulinacci, Stefano Fagiuoli, Daniel Stephan Pratt, Alan Bonder, Thomas D Schiano, Brandy Haydel, Ansgar Lohse, Christoph Schramm, Darius Rüther, Stefania Casu, Xavier Verhelst, Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli, Mercedes Robles, Andrew L Mason, Christophe Corpechot, Global Pbc Study Group

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background & aims: Recurrent primary biliary cholangitis (rPBC) develops in approximately 30% of patients and negatively impacts graft and overall patient survival after liver transplantation (LT). There is a lack of data regarding the response rate to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in rPBC. We evaluated a large, international, multi-center cohort to assess the performance of PBC scores in predicting the risk of graft and overall survival after LT in patients with rPBC.

Methods: A total of 332 patients with rPBC after LT were evaluated from 28 centers across Europe, North and South America. The median age at the time of rPBC …

Superior Antitumor Immune Response Achieved With Proton Over Photon Immunoradiotherapy Is Amplified By The Nanoradioenhancer Nbtxr3, Yun Hu, Sébastien Paris, Narayan Sahoo, Qi Wang, Qianxia Wang, Ailing Huang, Célia Bienassis, Claudia S Kettlun Leyton, Tiffany A Voss, Fatemeh Masrorpour, Thomas Riad, Carola Leuschner, Nahum Puebla-Osorio, Saumil Gandhi, Quynh-Nhu Nguyen, Jing Wang, Maria Angelica Cortez, James W Welsh

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Recent findings suggest that immunoradiotherapy (IRT), combining photon radiotherapy (XRT) or proton radiotherapy (PRT) with immune checkpoint blockade, can enhance systemic tumor control. However, the comparative efficacy of XRT and PRT in IRT remains understudied. To address this, we compared outcomes between XRT + αPD1 and PRT + αPD1 in murine αPD1-resistant lung cancer (344SQR). We also assessed the impact of the nanoparticle radioenhancer NBTXR3 on both XRT + αPD1 and PRT + αPD1 for tumor control and examined the tumor immune microenvironment using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). Additionally, mice cured by NBTXR3 + PRT + αPD1 were rechallenged with …