Digital Commons Network^™

Pharmvar Genefocus: Cyp2a6., Alec W R Langlois, Meghan J. Chenoweth, David Twesigomwe, Giada Scantamburlo, Michelle Whirl-Carrillo, Katrin Sangkuhl, Teri E. Klein, Charity Nofziger, Rachel F. Tyndale, Andrea Gaedigk

Manuscripts, Articles, Book Chapters and Other Papers

The Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar) provides nomenclature for the human CYP2A gene locus containing the highly polymorphic CYP2A6 gene. CYP2A6 plays a role in the metabolism of nicotine and various drugs. Thus, genetic variation can substantially contribute to the function of this enzyme and associated efficacy and safety. This GeneFocus provides an overview of the clinical significance of CYP2A6, including its genetic variation and function. We also highlight and discuss caveats in the identification and characterization of allelic variation of this complex pharmacogene, a prerequisite for accurate genotype determination and prediction of phenotype status.

A Scoping Review Of Rule-Based Clinical Decision Support Malfunctions, Jeritt G Thayer, Amy Franklin, Jeffrey M Miller, Robert W Grundmeier, Deevakar Rogith, Adam Wright

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objective: Conduct a scoping review of research studies that describe rule-based clinical decision support (CDS) malfunctions.

Materials and methods: In April 2022, we searched three bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Embase) for literature referencing CDS malfunctions. We coded the identified malfunctions according to an existing CDS malfunction taxonomy and added new categories for factors not already captured. We also extracted and summarized information related to the CDS system, such as architecture, data source, and data format.

Results: Twenty-eight articles met inclusion criteria, capturing 130 malfunctions. Architectures used included stand-alone systems (eg, web-based calculator), integrated systems (eg, best practices alerts), and …

Inhibition Of Hepatic Oxalate Overproduction Ameliorates Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis, Sandeep Das, Alexandra C Finney, Sumit Kumar Anand, Sumati Rohilla, Yuhao Liu, Nilesh Pandey, Alia Ghrayeb, Dhananjay Kumar, Kelley Nunez, Zhipeng Liu, Fabio Arias, Ying Zhao, Brenna H Pearson-Gallion, M Peyton Mckinney, Koral S E Richard, Jose A Gomez-Vidal, Chowdhury S Abdullah, Elizabeth D Cockerham, Joseph Eniafe, Andrew D Yurochko, Tarek Magdy, Christopher B Pattillo, Christopher G Kevil, Babak Razani, Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan, Erin H Seeley, Gretchen E Galliano, Bo Wei, Lin Tan, Iqbal Mahmud, Ida Surakka, Minerva T Garcia-Barrio, Philip L Lorenzi, Eyal Gottlieb, Eduardo Salido, Jifeng Zhang, A Wayne Orr, Wanqing Liu, Monica Diaz-Gavilan, Y Eugene Chen, Nirav Dhanesha, Paul T Thevenot, Ari J Cohen, Arif Yurdagul, Oren Rom

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

The incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is on the rise, and with limited pharmacological therapy available, identification of new metabolic targets is urgently needed. Oxalate is a terminal metabolite produced from glyoxylate by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA). The liver-specific alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGXT) detoxifies glyoxylate, preventing oxalate accumulation. Here we show that AGXT is suppressed and LDHA is activated in livers from patients and mice with MASH, leading to oxalate overproduction. In turn, oxalate promotes steatosis in hepatocytes by inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) transcription and fatty acid β-oxidation and induces monocyte chemotaxis via C-C motif chemokine ligand 2. In …

Does Time To Initiation Of Adjuvant Radiotherapy Affect Reconstruction Outcomes After Endoscopic Resection Of Skull Base Malignancies?, Franco Rubino, Bledi Brahimaj, Ehab Y Hanna, Shirley Y Su, Jack Phan, David R Grosshans, Franco Demonte, Shaan M Raza

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Introduction and Objective It is unclear if the length of the time interval to initiation of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) after endoscopic endonasal surgery affects reconstruction outcomes. In this study we present our experience with adjuvant RT after endoscopic endonasal procedures, to determine if the time to RT after surgery impacts post-RT reconstruction complication rates.

Methods A retrospective cohort study of 164 patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal surgery between 1998 and 2021 was conducted. Using Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs), we evaluated several variables and the complications that occurred during the 1-year period after starting RT.

Results Seventy-eight (47.5%) and …

Drugformer: Graph-Enhanced Language Model To Predict Drug Sensitivity, Xiaona Liu, Qing Wang, Minghao Zhou, Yanfei Wang, Xuefeng Wang, Xiaobo Zhou, Qianqian Song

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Drug resistance poses a crucial challenge in healthcare, with response rates to chemotherapy and targeted therapy remaining low. Individual patient's resistance is exacerbated by the intricate heterogeneity of tumor cells, presenting significant obstacles to effective treatment. To address this challenge, DrugFormer, a novel graph-augmented large language model designed to predict drug resistance at single-cell level is proposed. DrugFormer integrates both serialized gene tokens and gene-based knowledge graphs for the accurate predictions of drug response. After training on comprehensive single-cell data with drug response information, DrugFormer model presents outperformance, with higher F1, precision, and recall in predicting drug response. Based on …

Tcellsi: A Novel Method For T Cell State Assessment And Its Applications In Immune Environment Prediction, Jing-Min Yang, Nan Zhang, Tao Luo, Mei Yang, Wen-Kang Shen, Zhen-Lin Tan, Yun Xia, Libin Zhang, Xiaobo Zhou, Qian Lei, An-Yuan Guo

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

T cell is an indispensable component of the immune system and its multifaceted functions are shaped by the distinct T cell types and their various states. Although multiple computational models exist for predicting the abundance of diverse T cell types, tools for assessing their states to characterize their degree of resting, activation, and suppression are lacking. To address this gap, a robust and nuanced scoring tool called T cell state identifier (TCellSI) leveraging Mann-Whitney

Temporal Recording Of Mammalian Development And Precancer, Mirazul Islam, Yilin Yang, Alan J Simmons, Vishal M Shah, Krushna Pavan Musale, Yanwen Xu, Naila Tasneem, Zhengyi Chen, Linh T Trinh, Paola Molina, Marisol A Ramirez-Solano, Iannish D Sadien, Jinzhuang Dou, Andrea Rolong, Ken Chen, Mark A Magnuson, Jeffrey C Rathmell, Ian G Macara, Douglas J Winton, Qi Liu, Hamim Zafar, Reza Kalhor, George M Church, Martha J Shrubsole, Robert J Coffey, Ken S Lau

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Temporal ordering of cellular events offers fundamental insights into biological phenomena. Although this is traditionally achieved through continuous direct observations1,2, an alternative solution leverages irreversible genetic changes, such as naturally occurring mutations, to create indelible marks that enables retrospective temporal ordering3–5. Using a multipurpose, single-cell CRISPR platform, we developed a molecular clock approach to record the timing of cellular events and clonality in vivo, with incorporation of cell state and lineage information. Using this approach, we uncovered precise timing of tissue-specific cell expansion during mouse embryonic development, unconventional developmental relationships between cell …

Too Little Too Late: Why The Environmental Justice Problems Caused By The Army Corps's Nationwide Permits Program Run Much Deeper Than Permit 12, Travis O. Brandon

Law Faculty Scholarship

This Article argues that the United States Army Corps of Engineers’ review of Nationwide Permit 12 (NWP 12) is insufficient to remedy the deeper environmental justice defects embedded within the Nationwide Permit Program as a whole. NWP 12, which facilitates expedited authorization of oil and natural gas pipeline crossings under § 404 of the Clean Water Act, has enabled the construction of fossil fuel infrastructure with minimal site-specific environmental review and no meaningful opportunity for public comment. Drawing on theories of procedural environmental justice, the Article contends that the structure of the Nationwide Permit Program systematically disadvantages communities of color …

Entwined Derelict, Alex Teeple

Harrisburg University Other Works

"Entwined Derelict" was my first delve into the Twine interactive fiction engine, and the second game that I consider "feature complete". While a significant focus was put on learning the engine as a whole, particular effort for me was put into a sidebar "journal" of sorts, that took narrative flags from the game and recorded the events in a way that allows players to read back what they have experienced in-game at their leisure. While I greatly enjoyed making the game, and I do consider it a complete experience with some unique pieces within, it is a short adventure without …

Do Women Receive Worse Financial Advice?, Utpal Bhattacharya, Amit Kumar, Sujata Visaria, Jing Zhao

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

We arranged for trained undercover men and women to pose as potential clients and visit all 65 local financial advisory firms in Hong Kong. At financial planning firms, but not at securities firms, women were more likely than men to receive advice to buy only individual or only local securities. Female clients who signaled high confidence, high risk tolerance, or a domestic outlook were especially likely to receive this suboptimal advice. Our theoretical model explains these patterns as a result of statis-tical discrimination interacting with advisors’ incentives. Taste-based discrimination is unlikely to explain the results.

Insights From An Updated Personnel Selection Meta-Analytic Matrix: Revisiting General Mental Ability Tests’ Role In The Validity-Diversity Trade-Off, Christopher M. Berry, Filip Lievens, Charlene Zhang, Paul R. Sackett

Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School Of Business

General mental ability (GMA) tests have long been at the heart of the validity–diversity trade-off, with conventional wisdom being that reducing their weight in personnel selection can improve adverse impact, but that this results in steep costs to criterion-related validity. However, Sackett et al. (2022) revealed that the criterion-related validity of GMA tests has been considerably overestimated due to inappropriate range restriction corrections. Thus, we revisit the role of GMA tests in the validity-diversity trade-off using an updated meta-analytic correlation matrix of the relationships six selection methods (biodata, GMA tests, conscientiousness tests, structured interviews, integrity tests, and situational judgment tests) …

Let’S Make It A Game: Utilizing An Escape Room To Study Variables And Interventions That Impact The Development Of Psychological Safety, Kimberly N. Williams

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

To thrive in today’s competitive markets, organizations must harness the insights of all members. This requires employees to feel comfortable collaborating and sharing diverse knowledge—a process enabled by psychological safety. Although extensively studied over the past two decades, how and when psychological safety develops remains unclear. This research addresses these gaps by exploring temporal changes in psychological safety and examining the role of team inputs, processes, and interventions in shaping psychological safety perceptions at individual and team levels. This study utilized a quasi-experimental design with repeated and independent measures in a sample of 74 medical and physician assistant students. Within-subject …

Remote Learning In Higher Education: Exploring Human Factors Challenges And Learning Management System Usability, Angelia Umali

Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

Students face unique challenges within the online learning environment that differ from traditional, face-to-face learning. With remote learning becoming increasingly popular among higher education students, this thesis aims to investigate remote learning challenges from a human factors perspective, analyzing the technological, environmental, cognitive, social, organizational, and individual factors that influence the learning experience. A mixed-methods study was conducted to gain insight into student perspectives and experiences of remote learning at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU). This exploratory study utilized surveys to identify remote learning challenges and interviews for an in-depth understanding of how and why these challenges impact learning. Interviews assessed …

A Wrong In Search Of A Duty: Public Nuisance, Social Media And The Youth Mental Health Crisis, Charles Bachmann

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

The note argues that social media companies should be held accountable for their role in the youth mental health crisis through the legal framework of public nuisance law. Drawing parallels to successful cases against tobacco and opioid companies, the author contends that social media platforms, by prioritizing profits over user well-being, contribute to widespread harm such as anxiety, depression, and suicide among youth. While acknowledging concerns about judicial overreach and the challenges of proving causation, the note advocates for judicial intervention as a necessary corrective in the absence of effective legislative action.

Annotated Legal Bibliography

Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice

No abstract provided.

Hidden Until The End: The Need To Inform Medicaid Enrollees Of Estate Recovery Costs Before Their Death, Ashley Bassel Griffith

Law Faculty Scholarship

This Article examines the Medicaid estate recovery program and argues that its current notice framework fails to provide meaningful disclosure to Medicaid enrollees regarding the financial consequences of long-term services and supports (LTSS) coverage. Although Medicaid insures approximately one in five individuals in the United States, it uniquely requires certain beneficiaries—primarily individuals age fifty-five or older receiving LTSS—to repay covered costs from their estates after death. Federal law mandates recovery but does not require states to inform applicants or enrollees of anticipated or accrued estate recovery costs during their lifetimes. As a result, families frequently receive notice of substantial recovery …

Wisconsin Students Reflect On Their Experiences In Dual Enrollment Programs And How Dual Enrollment Shaped Their Educational Trajectory, Gabriel M. Velez, Michael Vazquez, Ali Shana

College of Education Faculty Research and Publications

Research indicates that engaging in dual enrollment (DE) courses positively impacts college performance and degree completion time, evidenced mostly by static outcome measures (e.g., success in college, college admission, grades). These indicators are important, but do not fully examine how students perceive/experience DE opportunities. The current study used focus groups with DE students across Wisconsin (N=49) to explore how they thought about their experiences and how it informed their thinking about their future educational trajectories. Five themes emerged from thematic analysis of focus groups. First, they were able to maximize their experience thanks to onboarding support. Second, they gave a …

Invasive Forest Pest Education Through Identification, Reporting, And Children’S Introduction Brochures, Lauren E. Keefe

Department of Entomology: Distance Master of Science Projects

Forest pest insects, whether native or non-native, can be extremely detrimental to the health of a landscape, and can contribute to massive ecological, economic, and cultural losses. Unless directly exposed to the damage these pests cause, many people do not seek to become informed on the insects. A series of brochures was thus created as a collaboration between the online UNL M.S. in Entomology requirements and a need for updated Nebraska Forest Service Forest Health brochures. These brochures focus on invasive forest insect identification and reporting, as well as introducing the concepts of the invasives to children.

Five invasive insects …

South Carolina Verifiable Training Course Presented By The Department Of Pesticide Regulation [Master's Project Slides], Stoney Bachman

Department of Entomology: Distance Master of Science Projects

Materials presenting the South Carolina verifiable training course Presented by the Department of Pesticide Regulation.

Includes a variety of supplemental materials.

A Systems Biology Approach To Predict Phenotypes From Genotypes For Plants And Bacteria, Niaz Bahar Chowdhury

Dissertations and Doctoral Documents, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2023–

Predicting phenotypes from genotypes is a central challenge in systems biology in understanding how organisms respond to environmental and genetic changes. To address this, genome-scale metabolic models (GSMs) integrated with omics data and machine learning provide a comprehensive framework to connect genotype to phenotype. This dissertation utilizes these approaches in plants and bacterial systems, revealing key metabolic adaptations. In maize, a root-specific GSM reveals metabolic reprogramming under nitrogen stress, offering strategies for improving stress tolerance. Building on this, a multi-organ maize GSM of temperature stress identifies metabolic bottlenecks, providing targets to enhance crop resilience. Similarly, in rice, a grain-specific GSM …

China And Global Trade Order Post Ukraine War: From Value Chains To Values Chains, Henry S. Gao

Research Collection Yong Pung How School Of Law

China has long been hailed as the biggest success story in economic development through integration into global value chains, especially since its accession to the WTO 20 years ago. However, it is much less well-known how China refitted the global value chain narrative to influence economic analysis and trade governance. At the same time, the value chains analysis also backfired when the U.S. tried to cut China out of its supply chains and pushed for decoupling with China, while China itself started to abuse its role in value chains for political gains. The process was further accelerated by the Ukraine …

Crypto Regulation (And De-Regulation) In The U.S. And E.U. And The Effects Of Each On Consumer Protection And Illicit Transactions, Bella Alonzo

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

The United States and the European Union face a wide disparity in regulation tactics for cryptocurrencies. With the recent rollout of the world’s first comprehensive crypto-asset regulation framework, the EU’s Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation (MiCA) has further exacerbated incongruities with the U.S.’s comparatively hands-off, scattered regulation strategy. The lack of uniform market regulation not only challenges compliance efforts, but it leaves critical gaps that have proved harmful for investors and opportune for criminals. Prioritizing international regulatory harmonization could result in continued growth of digital assets and a safer, more stable global crypto market, but the path forward is tense …

Unprotected Heritage: The Inadequate Safeguarding Of Traditional Knowledge And Cultural Expressions Under Intellectual Property Law And The Trips Agreement, Kennedy Wilson

The International Law Review Association Student Forum

This paper examines the challenges of protecting traditional knowledge and cultural expressions within existing intellectual property frameworks along with the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement. While intellectual property law is crucial for protecting creations of the mind, its application to the unique characteristics of traditional knowledge and cultural expressions—often communal, intangible, and spiritually significant—reveals significant inadequacies.

An analysis of copyright, patent, and trademark systems reveals shortcomings in adequately safeguarding traditional knowledge and cultural expressions. Copyright’s emphasis on originality and fixation in tangible form excludes much intangible cultural heritage. Patent systems frequently grant protection without acknowledging traditional knowledge as …

Neoadjuvant And Adjuvant Treatments For Early Stage Resectable Nsclc: Consensus Recommendations From The International Association For The Study Of Lung Cancer, Jonathan D Spicer, Tina Cascone, Murry W Wynes, Myung-Ju Ahn, Sanja Dacic, Enriqueta Felip, Patrick M Forde, Kristin A Higgins, Mark G Kris, Tetsuya Mitsudomi, Mariano Provencio, Suresh Senan, Benjamin J Solomon, Ming Sound Tsao, Masahiro Tsuboi, Heather A Wakelee, Yi-Long Wu, James Chih-Hsin Yang, Caicun Zhou, David H Harpole, Karen L Kelly

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Advances in the multidisciplinary care of early stage resectable NSCLC (rNSCLC) are emerging at an unprecedented pace. Numerous phase 3 trials produced results that have transformed patient outcomes for the better, yet these findings also require important modifications to the patient treatment journey trajectory and reorganization of care pathways. Perhaps, most notably, the need for multispecialty collaboration for this patient population has never been greater. These rapid advances have inevitably left us with important gaps in knowledge for which definitive answers will only become available in several years. To this end, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer …

Multi-Modal Segmentation With Missing Image Data For Automatic Delineation Of Gross Tumor Volumes In Head And Neck Cancers, Yao Zhao, Xin Wang, Jack Phan, Xinru Chen, Anna Lee, Cenji Yu, Kai Huang, Laurence E Court, Tinsu Pan, He Wang, Kareem Abdul Wahid, Abdalah S R Mohamed, Mohamed Naser, Clifton D Fuller, Jinzhong Yang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Head and neck (HN) gross tumor volume (GTV) auto-segmentation is challenging due to the morphological complexity and low image contrast of targets. Multi-modality images, including computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET), are used in the routine clinic to assist radiation oncologists for accurate GTV delineation. However, the availability of PET imaging may not always be guaranteed.

Purpose: To develop a deep learning segmentation framework for automated GTV delineation of HN cancers using a combination of PET/CT images, while addressing the challenge of missing PET data.

Methods: Two datasets were included for this study: Dataset I: 524 (training) …

Optical Genome Mapping Improves The Accuracy Of Classification, Risk Stratification, And Personalized Treatment Strategies For Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Sanam Loghavi, Qing Wei, Farhad Ravandi, Andres E Quesada, Mark J Routbort, Shimin Hu, Gokce A Toruner, Sa A Wang, Wei Wang, Roberto N Miranda, Shaoying Li, Jie Xu, Courtney D Dinardo, Naval Daver, Tapan M Kadia, Ghayas C Issa, Hagop M Kantarjian, L Jeffrey Medeiros, Guilin Tang

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Cytogenomic characterization is crucial for the classification and risk stratification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), thereby facilitating therapeutic decision-making. We examined the clinical utility of optical genome mapping (OGM) in 159 AML patients (103 newly diagnosed and 56 refractory/relapsed), all of whom also underwent chromosomal banding analysis (CBA), fluorescence in situ hybridization, and targeted next-generation sequencing. OGM detected nearly all clinically relevant cytogenetic abnormalities that SCG identified with >99% sensitivity, provided the clonal burden was above 20%. OGM identified additional cytogenomic aberrations and/or provided information on fusion genes in 77 (48%) patients, including eight patients with normal karyotypes and four …

Molecular Landscape Of Erbb2 Alterations In 3000 Advanced Nsclc Patients, Lingzhi Hong, Sonia Patel, Leylah M Drusbosky, Yuanyuan Xiong, Rongrong Chen, Ruixuan Geng, Simon Heeke, Monique Nilsson, Jia Wu, John V Heymach, Yingyi Wang, Jianjun Zhang, Xiuning Le

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

ERBB2 (HER2) represents a newly recognized actionable oncogenic driver in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with approved targeted therapy available. Understanding the landscape of ERBB2 alterations and co-occurring mutations is essential for guiding treatment decisions. We conducted an analysis involving 3000 NSCLC patients with all types of ERBB2 alterations, drawn from two extensive retrospective cohorts: 1281 from Geneplus (Chinese) and 1719 from Guardant360 (the United States, US). The incidence of all types of ERBB2 alterations was found to be 5.6% in the Chinese group and 5.2% in the US group. In both cohorts, among oncogenic alterations of ERBB2, exon 20 …

Identification Of Molecular Signatures In Epicardial Adipose Tissue In Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction, Shan He, Lei Zhao, Jianjun Zhang, Xinchun Yang, Huagang Zhu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

AIMS: The molecular signatures in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) that contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are poorly characterized. In this study, we sought to elucidate molecular signatures including genetic transcripts and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in EAT that might modulate HFpEF development.

METHODS: RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in EAT samples from patients with HFpEF (n = 5) and without HF (control, n = 5) who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. The sequencing results were validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Bioinformatics analysis (Gene Ontology and …

A Simulation And Small-Group Pediatric Emergency Medicine Course For Generalist Healthcare Providers: Gastrointestinal And Nutrition Emergencies, Adeola Adekunbi Kosoko, Alicia E Genisca, Nicholas A Peoples, Connor Tompkins, Ryan Sorensen, Joy Mackey

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Audience and type of curriculum: This is a review curriculum utilizing multiple methods of education to enhance the skills of generalist healthcare providers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in the identification and stabilization of pediatric respiratory emergencies. Our audience of implementation was Belizean generalist providers (nurses and physicians).

Length of curriculum: 8-10 hours.

Introduction: Early recognition and stabilization of critical pediatric patients can improve outcomes. Compared with resource-rich systems, many low-resource settings (i.e., LMICs) rely on generalists to provide most pediatric acute care. We created a curriculum for general practitioners comprising multiple educational modules focused on identifying and stabilizing …

Interest In And Willingness To Use Prep: A Cross-Sectional Study Of Individuals With Problematic Substance Use Residing In A High Hiv Prevalence Jurisdiction, Angela M Heads, Constanza De Dios, Kaixuan An, Jin H Yoon, Robert Suchting, Adrienne Gilmore-Thomas, Joy M Schmitz

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Although it is an effective HIV prevention method, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is underutilized in the Southern US. Many people who use drugs (PWUD) have increased susceptibility to HIV which could be lessened by using PrEP. Potential barriers to PrEP use include lack of awareness of PrEP, low knowledge about HIV prevention, low self-efficacy for HIV prevention, inaccurate risk perceptions, and anticipated stigma. The current study examined predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors that may predict interest in PrEP. The purpose of the current study was to explore factors associated with interest in and willingness to use daily oral and long acting …