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Memory Lost And Revived: Zhang Chengzhi's Fictional Works On Educated Youth Sent To The Countryside, Jane Qian Liu Dec 2024

Memory Lost And Revived: Zhang Chengzhi's Fictional Works On Educated Youth Sent To The Countryside, Jane Qian Liu

Kritika Kultura

The experience of life as sent-down youth was often depicted as a poignant life journey in many contemporary Chinese literary works, the memory of which people tend to obliterate. However, in his earlier fictional works, particularly in Rivers of the North (1984), Zhang Chengzhi (b. 1948) endeavors to revive that memory by having his protagonists revisit the locations where they were once sent, as a result of which they not only revisit “inhabited space”, but also relive “past time”. Youthful idealism which is closely associated with these geographical peripheries is revived and the memory of life as sent-down youth once …

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The Compositional Paradox In Violence: Classes Of Bhadralok And Chotolk In The Naxalite Novel, Debjani Sarkar, Nirban Manna Dec 2024

The Compositional Paradox In Violence: Classes Of Bhadralok And Chotolk In The Naxalite Novel, Debjani Sarkar, Nirban Manna

Kritika Kultura

This article problematizes the class and caste-based binary of the bhadralok and the chotolok entwined with the Naxalite/Maoist insurgency in India. These long-catalogued terms have been defined and categorized in this article through a study of Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Lowland (2013) and Swati Sengupta’s Guns on My Red Earth (2013). In the 1970s, India’s tryst with communism in the form of the Naxalite-Maoist movement saw these two srenis (bhadralok and chotolok) of Bengali society come together. Though superficially corresponding to the Marxist class binary of the bourgeois and the proletariat, these classes entail a subtle difference and do not necessarily …

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Democratic Poetics: A Comparative Study Of The Us And Iran, Behnam Fomeshi Dec 2024

Democratic Poetics: A Comparative Study Of The Us And Iran, Behnam Fomeshi

Kritika Kultura

Walt Whitman (1819–1892), the father of American free verse, and Nima Yushij (1897–1960), the father of Persian New Poetry, each played a central role in his respective poetic tradition. Whitman’s free verse and Yushij’s New Poetry are the results of translating the discourse of democracy to a literary discourse. In this way, there are multiple points of comparison between these poets’ corresponding approaches to poetic theory, practice, and context. The purpose of the present study is to unravel the relationship between sociopolitical situations in Whitman’s and Yushij’s societies and examine the resulting literary changes. Analysis of the points of similarity …

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The Postcolonial Condition In Kiran Desai's The Inheritance Of Loss: Predicament Of Migrants And Resistance Of Minorities, Sheikh Mehedi Hasan Dec 2024

The Postcolonial Condition In Kiran Desai's The Inheritance Of Loss: Predicament Of Migrants And Resistance Of Minorities, Sheikh Mehedi Hasan

Kritika Kultura

Kiran Desai’s The Inheritance of Loss (2006) juxtaposes two worlds—Kalimpong in India and New York in the US—and explores themes such as migration, alienation, globalization, multiculturalism, and, of course, neocolonialism. However, this article mainly focuses on how the novel encapsulates the predicament of the postcolonial condition, conceptualizing the postcolonial condition as a global condition of power relations continuing from the advent of colonial capitalism. In doing so, the article, with reference to Michel Foucault’s analysis of power, violence, and resistance, examines the fragmented stories of individuals as reflected in the novel to demonstrate that the plight of the postcolonial condition …

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A Study On Reconstruction Of Movement And Space In Basho's Haiku: Movement And Space On Horse, Hyunyoung Lee, Jooyoung Kim Dec 2024

A Study On Reconstruction Of Movement And Space In Basho's Haiku: Movement And Space On Horse, Hyunyoung Lee, Jooyoung Kim

Kritika Kultura

To write a poem is to unlock an immaterial space to invite and inhabit varied events and people from the material space. Japanese haiku is a fixed-verse poetry with a 5-7-5 string of sound units. Interestingly, Matsuo Bashō (松尾芭蕉: 1644-1694), the best-known Japanese haiku poet, succeeds in unfolding a diversity of spatialities through this 17-syllable genre. How could Bashō use only 17 syllables to open complicated spatialities in his haiku? To do this, Bashō implants a series of mobile variables into his haiku. Horse, as a figure constantly interacting with Bashō in the journey, stands out from other living beings, …

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Construction And Comprehension Of Fictional Dystopia: A Cognitive Study Of Anna Burns's Milkman, Roghayeh Farsi, Abbas Ali Hallaji Dec 2024

Construction And Comprehension Of Fictional Dystopia: A Cognitive Study Of Anna Burns's Milkman, Roghayeh Farsi, Abbas Ali Hallaji

Kritika Kultura

This paper investigates how fictional dystopia is constructed and comprehended, relying upon the cognitive operations of categorization and positioning. It argues that characters develop out of tensions between self-aligned categories and others-aligned ones. The argument is carried out through a detailed analysis of Burns’s fictional dystopia, Milkman (2018). It divides the novel along three story levels, each level examining how the narrator, as the presenting self, positions her presented self with respect to other characters, to herself, and to readers. The study also looks for the narrator’s cognitive urges for portraying herself along the imposed categories and inflicted positions. It …

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Consumed By Affects: Kwentong Jollibee [Jollibee Stories], Happy Objects, And The Formation Of Intimate Publics, Jeremy De Chavez Dec 2024

Consumed By Affects: Kwentong Jollibee [Jollibee Stories], Happy Objects, And The Formation Of Intimate Publics, Jeremy De Chavez

Kritika Kultura

In 2016, the Jollibee Food Corporation, a Philippine multinational company that owns the world’s largest Asia-based fast-food chain Jollibee, launched Kwentong Jollibee [Jollibee Stories], a highly successful digital marketing campaign. Kwentong Jollibee advertisements have a reputation for being able to express the shared sentiments of a diverse collective. Typically simple and highly sentimental narratives, those advertisements promote good intentions and feelings as reliable and facile antidotes to everyday problems, cultivating a commodity culture that encourages an irrational trust in the powers of positive affects. In this paper, I examine the role of positive feelings and affects in synchronizing private and …

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Editor's Introduction, Vincenz Serrano Dec 2024

Editor's Introduction, Vincenz Serrano

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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The Philippines In Contemporary Mexican Poetry: Presence And Omission, Ignacio Ballester Pardo Dec 2024

The Philippines In Contemporary Mexican Poetry: Presence And Omission, Ignacio Ballester Pardo

Kritika Kultura

In 1606, Antonio de Morga published Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, appearing to establish a point of contact, which endures in the still-overlooked but undeniably extant relationship of the Philippines with contemporary Mexican Spanish-language poetry. Although minimal, certain Philippine ties have been observed in recent decades in Mexico, the country with the greatest number of Spanish speakers in the world. Unlike Cuba or Puerto Rico, the Philippines has been forgotten by Hispanic culture in a tradition that continues in the twenty-first century. Despite this uprooting from, which might be observed in a first a preliminary study that other researchers may …

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Front Matter, Kritika Kultura Dec 2024

Front Matter, Kritika Kultura

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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Father's Rearview Mirror: Translation Of Huang Yongmei's Story, Hang Lin Dec 2024

Father's Rearview Mirror: Translation Of Huang Yongmei's Story, Hang Lin

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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Filipino/English Play-Drive, E. San Juan Jr. Dec 2024

Filipino/English Play-Drive, E. San Juan Jr.

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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The Last Bakunawa: Self-Translation With Notes, Allan N. Derain Dec 2024

The Last Bakunawa: Self-Translation With Notes, Allan N. Derain

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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Manwal Ng Paparating / A Primer For Portents: Self-Translation With Notes, Jael Mendoza Dec 2024

Manwal Ng Paparating / A Primer For Portents: Self-Translation With Notes, Jael Mendoza

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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A Dangerous Man, Ana Margarita R. Nuñez Dec 2024

A Dangerous Man, Ana Margarita R. Nuñez

Kritika Kultura

No abstract provided.

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Positronic Brain Vs. Human Brain: Robots' Brain Text As The Representation Of Ethical Guiding Principles In Isaac Asimov's The Complete Robot, Wen Guo Dec 2024

Positronic Brain Vs. Human Brain: Robots' Brain Text As The Representation Of Ethical Guiding Principles In Isaac Asimov's The Complete Robot, Wen Guo

Kritika Kultura

This article contributes to a large discussion on the paradigm of Isaac Asimov’s robot stories— the positronic brain—and postulates that the “Three Laws of Robotics” represent essential guiding principles of ethical systems by applying the concept of “brain text” with the framework of Zhenzhao Nie’s ethical literary criticism. With focus on the analogy between positronic brain and human brain, and based on the analysis from The Complete Robot (2018), this article argues that the positronic brain is the embodiment of the qualities of humans’ ethical choices by gathering and calculating the programmed brain text. By raising a copy-versus-real ethical issue, …

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Ethical Traditions In British Dram: A Case Study Of Oscar Wilde And George Bernard Shaw, Maosheng Liu Dec 2024

Ethical Traditions In British Dram: A Case Study Of Oscar Wilde And George Bernard Shaw, Maosheng Liu

Kritika Kultura

Victorian literature, both its creation and criticism, mainly focused on the significance of morality and religion, and viewed literature as beneficial to the heart of mankind. Oscar Wilde, widely considered as an aesthete, is one such literary figure of the Victorian era who espouses the doctrine of “art for art’s sake.” His artistic style incorporates rich ethical connotations, and the interplay between aesthetics and ethics presents characteristics of both conflict and integration in his works. On the other hand, the problem plays of Henrik Ibsen, the so-called father of modern drama, exerted a profound influence on George Bernard Shaw, the …

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Brain Text, Brain-To-Text, And The Mind Style Of Literature, Songlin Wang Dec 2024

Brain Text, Brain-To-Text, And The Mind Style Of Literature, Songlin Wang

Kritika Kultura

Zhenzhao Nie’s ethical literary criticism, specifically his theory of brain text and ethical selection, envisions an innovative and energetic understanding of the psychological and ethical processing of literature in the brain. This is evidenced by a survey of the ontological controversy between dualism and monism and a review of contemporary research in neuroscience, together with an investigation of the concept of brain text. Based on a comparative study of the neurolinguistic and neuroethical approaches and Nie’s theory of brain text, the paper endorses Nie in his proposal of the brain text as the source of literature and his advocating of …

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Brain Text And Sphinx Factor: An Ethical Interpretation Of Adultery In Julian Barnes's Fiction, Yili Tang Dec 2024

Brain Text And Sphinx Factor: An Ethical Interpretation Of Adultery In Julian Barnes's Fiction, Yili Tang

Kritika Kultura

The theme of adultery occupies a central position in literature as it features intense emotions and conflicts between the self and others in its interplay of loyalty and illicit desire. From the perspective of ethical literary criticism, brain text and Sphinx factor are two critical terms that help us explore the value of adultery as a fictional theme. As one of the basic forms of a material carrier that literary work relies on, brain text stores human beings’ cognition and perception as memory in its special biological form, interacting with the Sphinx factor which is composed of two parts — …

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Problematizing The Validity Of Neurethics And Moral Treatment: Brain Text As A New Humanistic Approach To Moral Education, Yanyan Jia, Houliang Chen Dec 2024

Problematizing The Validity Of Neurethics And Moral Treatment: Brain Text As A New Humanistic Approach To Moral Education, Yanyan Jia, Houliang Chen

Kritika Kultura

With the advancements in neuroscience and technology, the neurocognitive approach to the human brain seems to outrun the traditional humanistic approach to moral studies, while its demystification and biological reduction of morality is also questionable, particularly, its implicative suggestion for moral treatment. Contrastingly, ethical literary criticism, especially the brain text theory proposed by Zhenzhao Nie, enlightens us with a new approach to moral education. Essentially different from the clinical moral treatment advocated by neuroethics, ethical literary criticism does not diagnose a particular reader as a “moral patient” in advance, but instead thinks it necessary for all people to get good …

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Ethical Selection And Brain Text: The Development Of Ethical Literary Criticism, Gexin Yang, Hongxia Zheng Dec 2024

Ethical Selection And Brain Text: The Development Of Ethical Literary Criticism, Gexin Yang, Hongxia Zheng

Kritika Kultura

This essay examines the discursive emergence of ethical literary criticism—a new wave of theory and practice of literary criticism that has developed in the West even as it has also historically thrived in China. It begins with the revival of ethical criticism in the West when American ethical criticism blossomed and advanced new conceptions of reading. The paper then turns “eastward” to China and discusses the historical context in which ethical literary criticism emerged in the country. It surveys the history of importation of Western theories and the resulting inundation of the “theoretical complex” since China’s opening up to the …

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Ethical Literary Criticism, Brain Text, And Ian Mcewan's Machines Like Me, Biwu Shang, Fong Keng Seng Dec 2024

Ethical Literary Criticism, Brain Text, And Ian Mcewan's Machines Like Me, Biwu Shang, Fong Keng Seng

Kritika Kultura

From the perspective of the conceptual system of ethical literary criticism and specific key concepts such as brain text and electronic text, this paper attempts to examine the conflicts between the mechanical and the human in Ian McEwan’s novel Machines Like Me (2019) in order to explore issues such as natural selection, ethical selection, ethical consciousness, and artificial intelligence. Taking these thematic concerns as reference points, this paper argues that a human being is a product of natural selection and ethical selection, while a machine is a product of scientific selection. In the novel, the conflicts between the three main …

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Introduction: Ethical Literary Criticism, Brain Text, And New Readings Of World Literature, Biwu Shang, Maria Luisa F. Torres Reyes Dec 2024

Introduction: Ethical Literary Criticism, Brain Text, And New Readings Of World Literature, Biwu Shang, Maria Luisa F. Torres Reyes

Kritika Kultura

This introduction briefly frames the parameters within which the eight articles of the Forum explore the topic of ethical literary criticism, and more specifically brain text, and attempts at reading anew selected texts from World Literature. In addition to offering brief summaries of the articles, it also reflects on possible directions for future research and theory and practice of ethical criticism in response to recent developments in the literary scene like the rise of new “genres” in the digital world.

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Ethical Literary Criticism: Oral Literature And The Formation Mechanism Of Brain Text, Zhenzhao Nie Dec 2024

Ethical Literary Criticism: Oral Literature And The Formation Mechanism Of Brain Text, Zhenzhao Nie

Kritika Kultura

In the conceptual system of ethical literary criticism, the existence of all literatures relies on what is called a text; it includes oral literature, a term that largely refers to literature disseminated orally. Before its dissemination, however, the text of oral literature, which can be properly termed as “brain text,” is stored in the human brain. By brain text, what is referred to is the textual form used for storytelling before writing symbols were created and used to record information; it has continued to exist even after the creation of such symbols. Other types of texts exist apart from brain …

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Adelina Gurrea And The Construction Of Spanish Literature During Franco's Dictatorship, Beatriz Álvarez-Tardío Dec 2024

Adelina Gurrea And The Construction Of Spanish Literature During Franco's Dictatorship, Beatriz Álvarez-Tardío

Kritika Kultura

This article focuses on the literary reception of Adelina Gurrea in Spain. The backdrop is the Spanish critical discourse on literature between 1943 and 1954. Gurrea’s book Cuentos de Juana was published in Spain at the end of 1943. The following year, Carmen Laforet won the Nadal prize with her celebrated novel Nada. In 1951, Gurrea’s book won the international prize awarded by the Union Latine in Paris. In 1954, Isabel Calvo included both writers in her Antología biográfica de escritoras españolas (Anthology and Biography of Spanish Women Writers). Spanish literary critics praised Gurrea’s work as a product of Spain, …

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"Esa Segunda Nación": The Colonial Logic Of Galdós's Doña Perfecta, Aaron Castroverde Dec 2024

"Esa Segunda Nación": The Colonial Logic Of Galdós's Doña Perfecta, Aaron Castroverde

Kritika Kultura

This article will analyze the role of colonialism in Benito Pérez Galdós’ novel Doña Perfecta by putting it into dialogue with the work of José Rizal. By examining the two writers side by side, we will see how the logic of colonialism manifested itself in the formal aspects of their work. Galdós will show us how the internal contradictions of metropolitan Spain during the Carlist Wars obeyed the same logic as the governing of the remaining overseas empire. Meanwhile, Rizal’s first novel, Noli me tángere, reveals how those same contradictions were equally complicit in the colonial project. Colonialism, while not …

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Outsiders On The Inside: Mestizaje And The Economics Of Colonial Desire In Sinibaldo De Mas And Francisco De Paula Entrala, Joyce Tolliver Dec 2024

Outsiders On The Inside: Mestizaje And The Economics Of Colonial Desire In Sinibaldo De Mas And Francisco De Paula Entrala, Joyce Tolliver

Kritika Kultura

Throughout the last twenty-five years of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, Spaniards published essays and fiction that echoed the view that the colonial project was doomed to failure, clearly expressed in Sinibaldo de Mas’s 1843 Informe secreto (Secret Report). Less attention is paid to nineteenth-century works by peninsulares that mirrored Mas’s alternative plan preparing for Philippine “emancipation” and economically incentivizing mestizaje. Among these were the fiction and essays of the self-described “aplatanado” Francisco de Paula Entrala, which suggested that any failure of mestizaje as a normalizing colonial project was due to the shortcomings of the peninsular Spaniards themselves. In …

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The Bago And The Matandá: Representations Of The Colonizer In Spanish Narratives About The Philippines In The Late Nineteenth Century, Cristina Guillén Arnáiz Dec 2024

The Bago And The Matandá: Representations Of The Colonizer In Spanish Narratives About The Philippines In The Late Nineteenth Century, Cristina Guillén Arnáiz

Kritika Kultura

This article sets out to explore two of the most prominent recurring figures in Spanish literary production about the Philippines at the end of the nineteenth century: the so-called bago, a Spaniard who is “new” to the islands, meaning that they just arrived in the Philippines, and the bago’s counterpart, the matandá, a Spaniard who has spent a considerable amount of time in the colony. The bipartite trope is studied in nine texts by Spanish authors, written between 1876 and 1894. By composing scenes of encounter between these two figures, the authors seek to illuminate an idea of ambivalence present …

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Nostalgia And Self-Fashioning In Retana's Recuerdos De Filipinas (1907-1909), Jorge Mojarro Dec 2024

Nostalgia And Self-Fashioning In Retana's Recuerdos De Filipinas (1907-1909), Jorge Mojarro

Kritika Kultura

Wenceslao Retana’s intellectual passion for the Philippine archipelago led to the foundation of Philippine bibliographical studies as well as the recovery of dozens of little known but highly relevant primary sources of Philippine history. Previous scholars have noted the abrupt sea change in Retana’s portrayal of the Philippines and the Filipino people after 1898. During the period that the archipelago remained a colony of Spain, it was not difficult to find harsh criticism in his texts, but he later made efforts to reconcile with the Spanish-speaking intelligentsia of Manila. In this context, Retana serially published a Recuerdos de Filipinas between …

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"Asylum Of Incurably Lazy And Depraved Men": The Philippines As A Space Of Degenerate Masculinity In The Late Fiction Of Emilia Pardo Bazán, Susana Bardavío Estevan Dec 2024

"Asylum Of Incurably Lazy And Depraved Men": The Philippines As A Space Of Degenerate Masculinity In The Late Fiction Of Emilia Pardo Bazán, Susana Bardavío Estevan

Kritika Kultura

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the presence of the Philippines in Spanish political discourses and media gradually intensified. This was caused by an increase in migration to the archipelago and by the importance that the colonies acquired in the imperialist discourse, which combined constructions of nation, race, and gender. The Spanish writer Emilia Pardo Bazán paid attention to these Pacific islands in several of her stories and articles about the colonial conflict. The perception of the Philippines as an exotic alterity allowed the author to configure the archipelago as a narrative space that subverted the hegemonic discourse …

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