Digital Commons Network^™

Optical Sensor Instrumentation For Enhanced Continuous Caster Development, Hanok Wondimagegnehu Tekle

Doctoral Dissertations

Fiber-optic sensors are an emerging technology that can enhance process monitoring and control in steelmaking. They are especially valuable in the continuous caster’s harsh environment. This dissertation presents the industrial application and demonstration of three sensor types: single-mode silica fiber with Rayleigh-based Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR), sapphire fiber (single-crystal alumina) with Fiber Bragg Gratings (sFBG), and an in-line Raman spectroscopy probe. Each sensor served a distinct role in the continuous caster. Rayleigh OFDR sensors were embedded in tundishes for distributed thermal mapping at 7-mm spatial resolution across ≈4 m. Measurements were taken during preheating, casting, and ladle exchanges, and …

The Science Of Gaelic Football Match‑Play And Recommendations For Future Research Directions: A Narrative Review, Kate Timmons, Kieran Collins, Shane Mangan

Articles

In recent years, research in Gaelic football has increased. However, the relationship between training demands and match-play demands is not fully understood and requires further investigation. Due to the stochastic nature of the sport, distances covered in match-play have a positional profile and a reduction in match-play running performance has been observed. The physiological demands of match-play at each level remain underexplored. Likewise, performance analysis is a growing area in Gaelic football, with performance indicators, such as possession, productivity, shot efficiency, and kickouts, providing valuable insights to players and coaches during and post-game. This review synthesises current literature on physical …

Real-World Clinical Utility Of A Multi-Protein, Blood-Based Biomarker Assay For Disease Activity Assessments In Multiple Sclerosis., Angela Sanchez, Elisa Sheng, Sarah Eagleman, James L Eubanks, Patricia Izbicki, Shannon Mccurdy, Matt Burril, Ferhan Qureshi, Ati Ghoreyshi, Mitzi Joi Williams, Megan Weigel, William Kilgo, Jacqueline Nicholas, Annette Okai, Martin Belkin, Julie Burnham, Yasir Jassam, Michael Sy, Taylor Gonyou

Neuroscience Articles

BACKGROUND: Blood-based biomarkers have emerged as promising tools to optimize treatment decisions in multiple sclerosis (MS) including initiation, switch, or cessation of disease modifying therapies.

OBJECTIVES: The clinically validated MS disease activity (MSDA) test measures 18 proteins to derive a disease activity score. This study tests the clinical utility of MSDA in real-world practice.

METHODS: Twenty clinicians from 14 clinics conducted a chart review utilizing a retrospective, longitudinal design, with a pre-post component. Chart reviews captured clinician decision-making before and after receipt of each MSDA result, while separate clinician assessments also captured the perceived impact of MSDA on MS management. …

Ai Literacy For All: A Universal Framework, Leo S. Lo

University Libraries & Learning Sciences Faculty and Staff Publications

Artificial intelligence has become a pervasive force shaping society, economy, and daily life. Despite widespread media coverage and business adoption, a significant gap persists between superficial awareness and meaningful understanding of AI's principles, ethical dimensions, and societal implications. This paper introduces AI Literacy for All: A Universal Framework, a comprehensive model designed to foster responsible engagement with AI across diverse populations.

The framework integrates five essential components—Technical Knowledge, Ethical Awareness, Critical Thinking, Practical Use, and Societal Impact—each structured into four progressive levels guiding learners from basic awareness to strategic insight. This design balances accessible technical understanding with ethical reasoning, critical …

Distinct Composition-Dependent Topological Hall Effect In Mn2-Xznxsb, Md Rafique Un Nabi, Yue Li, Suzanne G.E. Te Velthuis, Santosh Karki Chhetri, Dinesh Upreti, Rabindra Basnet, Gokul Acharya, Charudatta Phatak, Jin Hu

Physics Faculty Publications and Presentations

Spintronics, an evolving interdisciplinary field at the intersection of magnetism and electronics, explores innovative applications of electron charge and spin properties for advanced electronic devices. The topological Hall effect (THE), a key component in spintronics, has gained significance due to emerging theories surrounding noncoplanar chiral spin textures. This study focuses on Mn_2-xZn_xSb, a material crystalizing in centrosymmetric space group with rich magnetic phases tunable by Zn contents. Through comprehensive magnetic and transport characterizations, we found that the high-Zn (x > 0.6) samples display THE which is enhanced with decreasing temperature, while THE in the low-Zn ( …

The Venue Shopping Strategies Of Atlantic Northeast Environmental Groups: Regulating The Cooling Water Intake Of Coal-Fired Power Plants, Aaron J. Ley, Bryce B. Dubois

Political Science Faculty Publications

In 2011, two massive, closed-cycle cooling towers were constructed at the base of a coal-fired power plant in Somerset, Massachusetts, to mitigate the plant’s contribution to the ecological problem of declining fish populations. The U.S. political system allows for policy problems like this to be solved through a variety of policymaking venues. Of these venues, this case explains how environmental stakeholders in Rhode Island and Massachusetts entered the regulatory venue and seized on the Clean Water Act’s Section 316(b) provisions to regulate the power plant’s intake of cooling water from the Mount Hope Bay. It specifically demonstrates how groups used …

Political Elites And Attitudes Toward International Organizations In The Trump Era, Ping Xu, Nina Küssau, Ashlea Rundlett, Brendan Skip Mark, Caroline Fowler, Brian Krueger

Political Science Faculty Publications

Objective: This study examines how political elites influence public opinion on international organizations (IOs), focusing on the impact of President Donald Trump's rhetoric on attitudes toward the World Health Organization (WHO), UN, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Methods: Using data from the 2020 American National Election Studies (ANES), we analyze the relationship between Trump support, political knowledge, and public evaluations of these IOs.

Results: We find a significant “Trump effect” on attitudes toward all three IOs. Trump supporters exhibited significantly lower evaluations of the WHO, UN, and NATO. Moreover, highly knowledgeable Trump supporters were even more …

“Immigrationalization” Of The Welfare State: Contextual Influences On Welfare Politics In The United States, Ping Xu, Belinda Davis, James Garand

Political Science Faculty Publications

While prior studies have consistently linked immigration attitudes with public support for the welfare state, it is not yet clear how individuals process immigrant-related information in their home contexts and combine that with their existing immigration attitudes to update their attitudes toward the welfare state. In this paper, we consider how context (i.e., immigrant welfare participation rates in individuals’ home states) works in tandem with immigration attitudes to shape Americans’ support for the welfare state. We merge state contextual data on the welfare consumption rates of immigrants with micro-level public opinion data from the Cumulative American National Election Survey (CANES) …

Treatment Of Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma: A Case Of Successful Management With Targeted Therapies., Sydney Pence, Kellie Rath, Aine Clements

Women’s Health Articles

No abstract provided.

Prophylactic Use Of Lipid Emulsion Therapy After Inadvertent Administration Of 0.5% Ropivacaine For A Bier Block: A Case Report., Alexander Luong, Sirimas Lau, Elizabeth Johnson-Gray, Rayyan Bhutta, Austin Shaffer, Mitchell Hughes, Andrew Gable, Matthias Franzen

Surgery Articles

The Bier block for intravenous regional anesthesia is generally well tolerated, and few complications have been reported. It provides a bloodless surgical field and adequate analgesia when performed correctly. A diluted short-acting local anesthetic such as 0.5% lidocaine is typically used. Our case is a 41-year-old female who presented for endoscopic carpal tunnel release of her right wrist. An accidental injection of 30 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine was given instead of the normal 30 mL of 0.5% lidocaine, with a total tourniquet time of 46 min. Although the maximum safe dose of local anesthetic was not exceeded, lipid emulsion was …

Genetic Diversity And Population Structure Of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) From The Usda-Grin Germplasm Collection, Ibtisam Alatawi, Haizheng Xiong, Hanan Mohammedsaeed Alkabkabi, Kenani Chiwina, Qun Luo, Kai-Shu Ling, Yuejun Qu, Renjie Du, Ainong Shi

Horticulture Faculty Publications and Presentations

The genetic diversity and population structure of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were investigated to support breeding strategies and germplasm conservation. A total of 276 accessions from the USDA-GRIN collection were analyzed using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated through genotyping by sequencing (GBS). After stringent filtering, 5162 high-quality polymorphic SNPs were retained for analysis. Population structure analysis revealed three distinct genetic groups (Q1, Q2, and Q3) among the accessions. Accessions from the USA, Asia, and Central and South America were assigned to all three groups, while accessions from Europe and Oceania were predominantly clustered within Q2. Genetic diversity indices, including major allele frequency, …

Artificial Intelligence In Warfare: The Case Of The Russia-Ukraine War, Baurzhan Rakhmetov, Kamila Murzagulova

Journal of Strategic Security

The last decade has marked the rise and integration of artificial intelligence (AI) across various spheres. Nowadays, militaries worldwide apply AI to optimize and revolutionize warfighting tactics. The war in Ukraine has shown how AI-driven technologies enhance traditional military equipment, such as by automating drone take-off, landing, and even targeting. Moreover, AI has begun to play a crucial role in information warfare, enabling both sides to manipulate public opinion, destabilize adversaries, and mislead populations, but also counter disinformation. This qualitative study analyzes the approach to AI integration in information and kinetic warfare by both sides of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, forecasts …

Energy Weaponization In The Ukraine–Russia War: Sanctions, Rerouting Flows, And Implications For Smaller States, Aysel Quliyeva

Journal of Strategic Security

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine intensified the use of energy as a geopolitical weapon, transforming global energy markets and testing the resilience of states dependent on Russian oil and gas. This study examines the mechanisms of energy weaponization in the context of the Ukraine-Russia war, with particular emphasis on sanctions, the rerouting of energy flows, and the strategic implications for smaller states. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of energy security, hybrid warfare, and small-state vulnerability, the paper integrates policy analysis with trade and price data from 2014 to 2024. The findings reveal that sanctions accelerated Russia’s eastward energy pivot, …

Manteño Landscape In Construction: Geoarchaeology In The Cloud Forest, Coastal Ecuador, Janny Mauricio Velasco

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

This research explores archaeological soil micromorphology as an experimental method for studying the effects of intensive landscape transformation in the Manteño inland urban clusters of the Las Tusas River Valley of Rio Blanco, Manabi, Ecuador. Specifically, during this period, the Manteño society expanded its influence along the Ecuadorian littoral, incorporating the cloud forest of the Chongón Colonche cordillera as part of its settlement strategy. Micromorphology could provide detailed information about the cultural processes that formed the soil structure of the archaeological midden of N4C4-044. This work presents the results of soil micromorphology in a Neotropical Forest of Central Coastal Ecuador, …

Does Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration And Quality Affect Maternal Sensitivity: Fear Vs. Normative Situations, Camila Herrera Zamora

Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020 - Present

The present study examined whether exclusive breastfeeding duration and perceived breastfeeding quality predict maternal sensitivity across emotionally challenging versus normative caregiving contexts in infancy. Twenty-four mother–infant dyads participated in three laboratory visits during which maternal sensitivity was assessed across interaction conditions. It was hypothesized that (1) longer breastfeeding duration would be associated with greater sensitivity during fear-inducing contexts, (2) breastfeeding duration and quality would interact to predict sensitivity, and (3) sensitivity would be higher during fear-inducing situations. Contrary to expectations, maternal sensitivity was highest in the normative/free-play condition and increased over time, peaking at 14 to 16 months. Exclusive breastfeeding …

Mapping Oral Medicine (Stomatology) & Oral And Maxillofacial Pathology International Organizations: A Scoping Review Of Global Data And Historical Analysis, Alessandro Villa

All Publications

Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive form of brain cancer in which treatment is associated with toxicities that can result in therapy discontinuation or death. This analysis investigated clinical and genetic markers of vascular toxicities in GBM patients during active treatment.

Methods: In total, 591 non-Hispanic White GBM patients with clinical data were included in the analysis from NRG RTOG-0825. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed from genotyped blood samples (N = 367) by occurrence of thrombosis or hypertension (grade ≥ 2). A clinical prediction model was produced for each vascular toxicity. Significant GWAS variants were then added to the …

A Primer On Anatomy, Biophysics, Pathology, Imaging And Treatment Of The Intervertebral Disc And The Anterior Spinal Column: The Discogenic, Intervertebral, Spinal Column (Disc) Aspn Workgroup., Jay S Grider, Timothy R Deer, Douglas P Beall, Melissa Z Murphy, Jacob W Fleming, Steven M Falowski, Christopher J Mallard, Hamzah A Ramawad, Rosa Amelia Garcia, Usman Latif, Chau M Vu, Anne Christopher, Michael E Harned, Raj G Patel, Anuj J Shah, Iden M Cowan, Kristin Jarzombek, Jordan L Tate, Nasir Khatri, Mateusz J Graca, Marcin K Karcz, Timothy T Davis, Kaku Barkoh, Olivier Clerk-Lamalice, Brian Durkin, Mark N Malinowski, Dagmar K Gross, Thomas Hedman, Matthew Green, Michael J Dorsi, Kasra Amirdelfan, Dawood Sayed

Surgery Articles

OBJECTIVE: As therapeutic options are rapidly expanding to treat pain of discogenic and vertebrogenic origin, it is important for the clinician to have an evidence-based understanding of the latest information regarding the normal and pathological anatomy of the intervertebral disc as well as imaging characteristics and treatment strategies. The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) commissioned the DISC project to inform and update the interventional spine community about anterior column pain syndromes.

METHODS: Using established literature review methods a clinical oversight group was convened to create an outline covering topics that will be key to meeting the objectives delineated …

An Evidence-Based Consensus For The Use Of Neurostimulation For The Treatment Of Non-Surgical Low Back Pain: The Neuron Group., Timothy Ray Deer, Jason E Pope, Erika A Petersen, Rany T Abdallah, Kasra Amirdelfan, Nomen Azeem, Vishal Bansal, Kaku Barkoh, Kenneth B Chapman, Daniel R Denis, Michael J Dorsi, Alexander Escobar, Steven Michael Falowski, Rosa Amelia Garcia, Jonathan M Hagedorn, Robert D Heros, Whitney S James, Hemant Kalia, Todd Lansford, Mark N Malinowski, Suzanne Marie Manzi, Pankaj Mehta, Robert Z Moghim, Gregory Anthony Moore, Soriaya Lizette Motivala, Yeshvant A Navalgund, Raj G Patel, Julie G Pilitsis, Michael E Schatman, Philip Michael Shumsky, Natalie Holmes Strand, Nestor D Tomycz, James J Yue, Dawood Sayed

Neuroscience Articles

INTRODUCTION: The use of electrical neuromodulation has often been limited to those with previous back surgery, peripheral neuropathy, and complex regional pain syndrome. Many patients with severe intractable low back pain were thought to be candidates for spinal cord stimulation (SCS), dorsal root ganglion stimulation, or peripheral nerve stimulation but did not meet the criteria. Recently, additional high-level data has supported the use of SCS in non-surgical low back pain (NSLBP), and United States Food and Drug Administration approval has been granted. The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) executive committee realized an unmet need to develop criteria for …

Development Of Machine Learning Algorithms To Predict Viral Load Suppression Among Hiv Patients In Conakry (Guinea), Degninou Yehadji, Geraldine Gray, Carlos Arias Vicente, Petros Isaakidis, Abdourahimi Diallo, Saa Andre Kamano, Thierno Saidou Diallo

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Background: Viral load (VL) suppression is key to ending the global HIV epidemic, and predicting it is critical for healthcare providers and people living with HIV (PLHIV). Traditional research has focused on statistical analysis, but machine learning (ML) is gradually influencing HIV clinical care. While ML has been used in various settings, there’s a lack of research supporting antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs, especially in resource-limited settings like Guinea. This study aims to identify the most predictive variables of VL suppression and develop ML models for PLHIV in Conakry (Guinea). Methods: Anonymized data from HIV patients in eight Conakry health facilities …

Memorial May: Exhibit Information, Fayetteville State University

Memorial May: Honoring The Military of FSU

No abstract provided.

Illuminating Relationality In Leadership Mentoring Partnerships: A Dyadic Methodology, Patricia Ganly, Serge Basini, Ashley O’Donoghue

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

This paper presents a novel dyadic methodology that emerged from its application in a multiperspectival qualitative study exploring women mentees experience of leadership mentoring. The study responded to calls for future research on the dyadic microsystem and a better understanding of the psychology of mentoring. An unfolding of experiential insights within and across mentoring dyads was enabled by this dyad analytical process. Mentoring is concerned with an interpersonal one-to-one developmental relationship between two individuals, mentee and mentor, ‘matched’ as part of a leadership mentoring programme. The leadership mentoring programme was designed by one higher education institution (HEI) in Ireland. It …

Knowledge-Sharing Behaviour Within A Non-Profit Organisation: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis, Paul Mcmanus, Serge Basini, Aidan O'Driscoll

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Despite their heterogeneous compositions, non-profit organisations (NPO) are inherently knowledge-centric, necessitating continued exploration into the influential constructs that shape knowledge-sharing (KS) behaviour among employees. This study offers an in-depth examination of KS behaviour within a community-based service provider in Dublin, Ireland. Using a novel approach to Reflexive Thematic Analysis (RTA), data collection consisted of seventeen semi-structured interviews across multiple locations. Findings show that four overarching themes explain how and why knowledge is shared in this organisational context. The four themes developed through rigorous RTA offer the organisation a greater understanding of its employees’ KS behaviours. Practical recommendations are provided to …

Current Understanding And Theories Of Wellbeing Washing In The Context Of Workplace Health And Wellbeing: A Scoping Review Protocol, Éadaoin Ryan, Niamh Imbusch, Mary Kinahan, Roisin Guilfoyle

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Workplace health and wellbeing practitioners have recently voiced concerns regarding the emerging concept of wellbeing washing (WW). While practitioner literature extensively discusses this concept, research supporting the examination of it and offering solutions is lacking. This scoping review protocol outlines a means of comprehensively investigating and mapping the mainly practitioner-authored literature on WW, to support the establishment of a working definition and deeper understanding of this concept, which will inform future research. A search strategy will be employed to map information from diverse practitioner literature sources. Guided by the JBI Scoping Review Framework, two reviewers will use predefined criteria to …

Evolving Reflexive Thematic Analysis In Knowledge Management Research, Paul Mcmanus, Serge Basini, Aidan O'Driscoll

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

This paper presents a novel approach to the coding practices of Reflexive Thematic Analysis (RTA). The paper offers a working sample from a study exploring Knowledge-sharing (KS) intentions and behaviours of employees within a non-profit organisation. It is claimed that foundational coding practices inform analysts about the creation of reflexive codes. Referred to as 'the coding family', these methodological practices provide a set of conceptual tools that underscore the iterative and dynamic nature of qualitative data analysis. All of which culminate in theme generation. The paper focuses on the iterative and flexible approach that leads to the development of themes. …

Theoretical And Experimental Investigation Of Slanted Volume Transmission Gratings For Holographic Gas Sensing, Graceson Antony, Dervil Cody, Svetlana Mintova, Izabela Naydenova

Articles

Slanted photopolymer-based diffraction gratings can undergo instant and quantifiable analyte-induced changes in both grating diffraction efficiency and peak reconstruction wavelength. This makes them an attractive option for gas sensing applications. The underlying mechanism for the sensor response is, however, poorly understood due to its complexity; the gaseous analytes produce simultaneous changes in multiple grating parameters (refractive index, thickness, refractive index modulation, and slant angle). Here, a novel and robust approach to the experimental characterization and theoretical analysis of holographic gas sensors based on slanted volume transmission gratings is presented. Slanted transmission gratings were fabricated in both undoped and MFI nanozeolite-doped …

Enhancement Of Intersystem Crossing In Asymmetrically Substituted Bodipy Photosensitizers, Mikhail Filatov, Tatsiana Mikulchyk, Maxine Hodee, Metodej Dvoracek, Venkata N.K. Mamillapalli, Aimee Sheehan, Craig Newman, Sergey M. Borisov, Daniel Escudero, Izabela Naydenova

Articles

We present a novel method to promote intersystem crossing (ISC) and triplet state formation in boron dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) through the asymmetrical introduction of functional groups within the chromophore. This approach enables the development of new BODIPY photosensitizers without relying on the incorporation of heavy atoms or large electron-donating aromatic groups. Demonstrated on a series of 14 synthesized asymmetrical BODIPY (aBDP) compounds, it significantly enhances photosensitization efficiency compared to the reference symmetrical BODIPYs. In particular, the asymmetrical introduction of ethoxycarbonyl groups into pyrrolic rings of the BODIPY core lead to efficient ISC and singlet oxygen generation, with quantum yields reaching 0.76 …

Modelling The Formation Of Unslanted Holographic Gratings In Hybrid Photopolymer Media, Jack Lyons, Dana Mackey, Izabela Naydenova

Articles

The theoretical modelling of holographic recording in photopolymers has been an important tool in their optimisation. More complex, hybrid organic/inorganic photopolymers have been developed in pursuit of materials with higher sensitivity, low shrinkage, high dynamic range and environmental stability. Recent attempts to augment the existing models for the redistribution of inorganic nanoparticles in holographic recording were successful but there is still a knowledge gap in regards to modelling optical losses, mutual cross-diffusion, the formation of slanted holographic gratings and polymerization induced shrinkage in hybrid photopolymer media. This paper will describe a novel approach to modelling the formation of unslanted holographic …

High Neuraxial Blockade In A Parturient After Epidural Placement: A Quality Improvement Simulation., Samir Patel, Noah D Le, John Carter, Nick Melott, Andrew Kalnow, Camille D Hawkins, Alexander Luong, Matthias Franzen

Medical Education Articles

Background Epidural anesthesia is a commonly used procedure in obstetrics for managing labor pain, with a potential complication of high neuraxial blockade. Proficiency in performing epidural or spinal anesthesia and promptly recognizing and managing high neuraxial blockade are critical components of anesthesiology residency training. Methods A simulated case was designed involving a 21-year-old female in labor receiving epidural anesthesia. After the administration of local anesthetic, she develops symptoms of nausea, hypotension, and respiratory distress, progressing to high neuraxial blockade. The simulation environment included a labor and delivery suite setup, an epidural cart, airway supplies, a Laerdal SimMan 3G PLUS mannequin …

Detection Of Radiosensitive Subpopulations Ex-Vivo With Raman Microspectroscopy, Aidan D. Meade, Adrian Maguire, Jane Bryant, Daniel Cullen, Dinesh Medipally, Lisa White, John Armstrong, Mary Dunne, Emma Noone, Shirley Bradshaw, Marie Finn, Aoife M. Shannon, Orla L. Howe, Fiona M. Lyng

Articles

Although significant advances in understanding the molecular drivers of acquired and inherited radiosensitivity have occurred in recent decades, a single analytical method which can detect and classify radiosensitivity remains elusive. Raman microspectroscopy has demonstrated capabilities in the objective classification of various diseases, and more recently in the detection and modelling of radiobiological effect. In this study, Raman spectroscopy is presented as a potential tool for the detection of radiosensitivity subpopulations represented by four lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from individuals with ataxia telangiectasia (2 lines), non-Hodgkins lymphoma, and Turner's syndrome. These are classified with respect to a population with mixed radiosensitivity, …

Prediction Of Post-Treatment Recurrence In Early-Stage Breast Cancer Using Deep-Learning With Mid-Infrared Chemical Histopathological Imaging, Abigail Keogan, Thi Nguyet Que Nguyen, Pascaline Bouzy, Nicholas Stone, Karin Jirstrom, Arman Rahman, William M. Gallagher, Aidan D. Meade

Articles

Predicting long-term recurrence of disease in breast cancer (BC) patients remains a significant challenge for patients with early stage disease who are at low to intermediate risk of relapse as determined using current clinical tools. Prognostic assays which utilize bulk transcriptomics ignore the spatial context of the cellular material and are, therefore, of limited value in the development of mechanistic models. In this study, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) chemical images of BC tissue were used to train deep learning models to predict future disease recurrence. A number of deep learning models were employed, with champion models employing two-dimensional and two-dimensional-separable convolutional …