Digital Commons Network^™

Analisis Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Oleh Direksi Dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan Perseroan Berdasarkan Prinsip Business Judgment Rule (Studi Putusan No. 915 K/Pdt/2017)*, Reynaldi Aditama Rizki

Lex Patrimonium

The Board of Directors, as a corporate organ, holds full authority and responsibility for

the management and administration of the company’s business activities, including the

management of corporate finances; therefore, every policy decision taken may give rise

to legal consequences if it causes losses to the company or other parties. Corporate law

recognizes the Business Judgment Rule as a form of legal protection for Directors with

respect to business decisions made in good faith, with due care, and based on adequate

information; however, this principle is not absolute and cannot be invoked to justify

unlawful conduct. This research aims to …

Penguasaan Tanpa Dasar Hak Atas Bangunan Milik Orang Lain Sebagai Bentuk Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (Studi Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 651 K/Pdt/2020), Helena Ginting, Abdul Salam

Lex Patrimonium

Disputes over the possession of buildings often originate from preliminary sale and purchase agreements that fail to result in a lawful transfer of rights. Legal issues arise when a down payment sale agreement is declared null and void due to the buyer’s failure to fulfill payment obligations, while physical possession of the seller’s property is continuously maintained without a valid legal basis. This article aims to analyze the legal standing of down payment sale agreements in relation to the transfer of rights over land and buildings, the status of possession following the nullification of the agreement, and the legal qualification …

Perlindungan Pembeli Yang Beritikad Baik Dalam Transaksi Jual Beli Tanah Namun Dinyatakan Wanprestasi: Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 524 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2024, Yosita Dea Suwanto, Togi Marolop Pradana Pangaribuan

Lex Patrimonium

This study examines whether PT Adhi Persada Properti (PT APP) qualifies as a good-faith purchaser under a Land Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement (Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli/PPJB) and is therefore entitled to legal protection in a dispute culminating in Indonesian Supreme Court Decision No. 524 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2024. The study employs a normative juridical method, applying statutory, conceptual/doctrinal, and case-based approaches through an analysis of BANI Surabaya Arbitration Award No. 64/ARB/BANI-SBY/II/2023, Bekasi District Court Decision No. 531/Pdt.Sus-Arb/2023/PN Bks, and Supreme Court Decision No. 524 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2024. The study finds that a PPJB establishes an obligational relationship; accordingly, PT APP is positioned as a …

Tinjauan Hukum Tentang Penerapan Bunga Moratorium Dalam Kasus Pelanggaran Perjanjian Jual Beli (Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor 56/Pdt.G/2024/Pn Byl), Sayidatina Kheista Abigail Arifin, Akhmad Budi Cahyono

Lex Patrimonium

The legal definition of a contract is a legal act whereby two or more parties bind themselves, originating from Article 1313 KUHPerdata In civil law, there are many classifications of contracts which must satisfy four essential conditions for validity: capacity, consent, a specific subject matter, and a lawful cause. When a contract is breached by one of the parties, it is termed breach of contract. It is categorized into three types: total non-performance of the agreement, improper performance of what was promised, or late performance by the debtor. In cases where a party is harmed by the default, that party …

Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Dan Hilangnya Hak Kepemilikan Atas Tanah:Studi Putusan No.712/Pdt.G/2022/Pn.Tng, Muhammad Haikal Keitaro Akuan

Lex Patrimonium

This paper provides an explanation and analysis related to the concept of unlawful acts in civil law as found in Article 1365 of the Civil Code, and existing doctrines and jurisprudence, especially related to the application carried out by the judge in decision number 712/Pdt.G/2022/PN/Tng. This paper was compiled using a doctrinal research method. In the concept of unlawful acts in civil law which is based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code. In practice, especially in decision number 712/Pdt.G/2022/PN/Tng, it turns out that the judge applies the elements of the unlawful act implicitly. In unlawful acts there is also …

Institutional Design For Economic Development In Transmigration Areas Using The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (Slf) — The Pentahelix Model To Accelerate Tourism: A Case Study Of Simeulue, Reza Nur Arsyi

Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia

Simeulue's tourism sector possesses natural advantages (world-class beaches and waves), yet its added value has not been optimally converted at the regional level, particularly within the Selaut Transmigration Area (KT Selaut). This finding provides a blueprint for tourism economics based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) and Pentahelix collaboration (ABCGM) to strengthen the end-to-end tourism value chain. Methods: desk review of statistical documents and policies, supplemented by planning synthesis (RIPPDA). Results: (1) Simeulue has 138 villages across 11 sub-districts, with strategic village institutional foundations but tourism capacity remains dispersed; (2) indications of the absence of star-rated accommodations and limited amenity …

Advances In Gene Editing Strategies For Viral Disease Resistance In Pigs: Knock-Out, Knock-In, And Overexpression Approaches, Zhao Namula, Takeshige Otoi, Aya Nakai, Megumi Nagahara, Maki Hirata, Fuminori Tanihara

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Highly contagious viral pathogens—such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, classical swine fever, and African swine fever—continue to pose serious threats to the swine industry and cause major global economic losses. Conventional disease control approaches, such as vaccination and biosecurity, are limited by viral heterogeneity and immune escape mechanisms. Gene editing technologies, most notably the CRISPR/Cas9 system, offer an innovative means of introducing innate viral disease resistance or resilience in pigs. The continuous improvement of these tools can provide a sustainable strategy to enhance animal welfare and global food security and reduce reliance on traditional control measures. This review provides …

1954 Letters, Reports, And Other Documents Related To The Beaver Research Council, Box 42, John S. Mclaughlin, James V. Lloyd, Victor B. Scheffer, Wyoming Game And Fish Commison, Ferd Kleinchnitz, Colorado Game And Fish Department, Fish And Wildlife Service, Lee E. Yeager, Colorado Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, James E. Grasse, Ralph Hill, Stanley C. Joseph, John Retzer, Barton Herschler

Rocky Mountain National Park

Letters, reports, and other documents related to the Beaver Resource Council, including the effect of beavers on stream flow and water systems within the park, land management, and possible population control methods. Terms: Rocky Mountain National Park; Beavers; Beaver Research Council; Cahalane; Roosevelt Forest; Chambers Lake; Cascade Creek; Hague Creek; aspen trees; forest management; Middle St. Vrain; Jim Cole; Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; Barton Herschler; Martin Hoover; stream flow; Sheep Lake; Horseshoe Park; Cottonwood Creek; Ralph Hill; fish management; Martin Hoover; Stan Broman; agriculture; Tolson

1951 Memo Regarding Flood Prevention Efforts Box 42, David Canfield

Rocky Mountain National Park

Memorandum from Park Superintendent regarding the Lily Lake flood, and concern of Estes Park that Lawn Lake could pose a similar risk. Questions of jurisdiction and practical elements of dam construction are discussed in relation to the National Park Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and town of Estes Park. Terms: Rocky Mountain National Park; Flooding; Lily Lake; Fish Creek; South St. Vrain Highway; Baldpate Inn; Estes Park; Lawn Lake; LaNoue; dams; Horseshoe Park; National Park Service; Bureau of Reclamation; Big Thompson Project; state fish hatchery; Olympus Dam; Estes Park Power Plant; J. H. Knight; South Platte River District; State Engineer; Estes …

1950 Letters And Documents Related To Land Purchases In Rocky Mountain National Park, As Part Of Plans For The 1953 Land Acquisition Program, 601 Land File, Box45, John S. Mclaughlin, Howard W. Baker, Moses Smith, David H. Canfield, George F. Ingalls, H. A. Hubler, Oscar Chapman

Rocky Mountain National Park

Letters and other documents related to possible land purchases and acquisitions in Rocky Mountain National Park. Terms: Rocky Mountain National Park; Land acquisition; Gratton; Hackett; Moses Smith; Gillespie; Big Meadows; 1953 Land Acquisition Program; LaNoue; NPS-L-4; Lewis; Emmert; Oscar Chapman; Seymour; Buckingham; Cunningham; Beaver Creek; Ted Swem; Shadow Mountain Reservoir; Granby; Batson; Demaray; Francis M. Kinney; Thomas C. Marsh

Series Of Documents Related To Acquisition Of Lands By Rocky Mountain National Parks, Primarily Involving The Lands Of Peter Hondius, Donations File 605. Box 45, George F. Ingalls, Hillroy A. Tolson, Newton B. Drury, David H. Canfield, Francis D. Lanoue, Pieter Hundius, Lawrence C. Marriam, Conrad L. Writh, John S. Mclaughlin, Edward J. Low, C. Girard Davidson, Huge M. Miller, Theodore Spector, Brice Sheriff

Rocky Mountain National Park

Memoranda, letters, and other documents related to acquisition of lands for Rocky Mountain National Park, especially involving the lands of Pieter Hondius. Terms: Rocky Mountain National Park; land acquisition; Peter Hondius; Pieter Hondius, Tolson; Doris B. Robinson; Carrol E. Robinson; George Ingalls; Newton Drury; David H. Canfield; Francis D. LaNoue; Larimer County; Pipeline Road; Suny Ridge Subdivision Road; South Woodland Heights Road; High Drive Road; Baldwin Ditch; possessory rights; Lawrence C. Merriam; Edward J. Low; Ezra H. Kauffman; Summerland Subdivision; Hugh M. Miller; Grand County; Grand County Abstract Company; Theodore Spector; Brice Sheriff; Fred McLaren; Henry C. Low; Florence Snedaker; …

Series Of Documents Relating To The Exchange Of State School Lands In Rocky Mountain National Park, 605 Entries (General) File, Box 45, Howard W. Baker, Weldon W. Gratton, David H. Canfield, Fred Mclaren

Rocky Mountain National Park

Memoranda and letters related to exchange of State school lands in Rocky Mountain National Park. Terms: Rocky Mountain National Park; State school; land acquisition; Ingalls; Weldon W. Gratton; Forest Service; Bureau of Land Management; Howard Baker; David H. Canfield; Doerr; Colorado State Land Board; Dinosaur National Monument; Tolson; Byron Mock; Taylor Grazing Act; Thomas J. Allen, Jr.; C. W. Chatfield; Fred McLaren

1940s Documents Related To Water Rights And Right-Of-Way In Rocky Mountain National Park, 607 Jurisdictions (General File), Box 45, Ernest Field, Oscar Chapman

Rocky Mountain National Park

Memorandum and letter relating to water right-of-way and status of irrigation ditches in Rocky Mountain National Park. Terms: Rocky Mountain National Park; Horseshoe Ditch; Horseshoe Park; Jones Ditch; Aspen glen Campground; Beaver Ditch; Beaver Meadows; Hupp Ditches; Hollowell Park; Harbison Ditch; Harbison Meadows; Selak Ditch; Selak Meadows; Ernest K. Field; William S. Hill; Henry J. Heinricy; reservoir right-of-way; Arbuckle Reservoir Company; Oscar L. Chapman

Collection Of Mid-20th Century Documents About The Status Of Private Property In Rocky Mountain National Park, Including Attempts At Acquisition, 610 Private Landowners, Box 45, Howard W. Baker, David H. Canfield, Fred L. Mclauren, J. Barton Herschler, J. V. Lloyd, Duke W. Dunbar, Carl R. Swartzlow, Louis Croft, Jackson Priece, John S. Mclaughlin, Hillroy A. Tolson, Frances Lanoue, Conrad L. Writh, Wayne H. Hackett, John W. Anderson, William M. Beek, R. E. Elston Dr., Fern Smith, Alta Smith, Lloyd W. Bruce

Rocky Mountain National Park

Documents about the status of private land in Rocky Mountain National Park, including lists of landowners, names of properties, history of acquisitions and negotiations, and other matters. Terms: Rocky Mountain National Park; land acquisition; National Park Service; private property; A. E. Demaray; Enos Mills; Mrs. Enos Mills; Horseshoe Park; J. Barton Herschler; Irwin S. Beattie; Ernest H. Brink; Carl J. Nelson; Jessie R. Nelson; C. J. O'Brien; Harriet O'Brien; Redwood Fisher; Henry Rhone; Carolyn Rhone; Dean. M. Gillespie; Mary R. Gadehaux; F. A. Gadehaux; Mary Alice Schneer Gudgel; H. G. Gill; H. A. Gill; Clyde F. Sargent; Helen I. Smith; …

Busseron Creek Fish And Wildlife Area, Michael Spalding

Stormwater Drainage Conference

The Southern Indiana Sentinel Landscape (SISL) partnership, led by the Conservation Law Center (CLC), works to preserve and protect military missions, support sustainable farming and forestry, restore and sustain ecosystems, ensure thriving human communities, and buffer against extreme weather events. In November 2022, SISL identified a real estate listing for a 191-acre property for sale in the heart of a 3,950-acre contiguous land holding near Lake Glendora Test Facility in Sullivan County, Indiana. If this piece had sold, the entire property would have been fractured, likely permanently. SISL swiftly engaged partners to assist and led the effort to permanently protect …

Melding Existing Models Of Government-Assisted Insurance To Create A Comprehensive Federal Cyber Insurance Program, Patrick Miskovsky

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

This article discusses the need for federal policy in the cybersecurity insurance market, and it considers whether existing federal insurance programs could serve as models for a national cyber insurance regime.  After framing the issue through a discussion of current cyber risks, the article examines the structure and mechanics of three existing federal insurance programs: the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program, the National Flood Insurance Program, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.  The article concludes by noting that elements of each would be essential in a federal cyber insurance program, and that policymakers should consider the extent to which these models …

The Final Payroll: Human Resources, Meet Machine Resources, Sarah Yee

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly embedded in employment practices, particularly in hiring and screening, the need for robust regulatory frameworks is urgent. This Article focuses on the growing use of AI in workplace decision-making, highlighting the risks of algorithmic bias and discrimination. It argues that while the United States lacks a unified legal approach to governing AI in employment, the European Union (EU) has taken a more proactive and comprehensive stance. Through instruments like the proposed EU AI Act and existing data protection laws such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the EU imposes meaningful obligations on employers …

The Structural Problem With Real-Time Crime Centers, Holly Merclich

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

Since the terror attacks of September 11, 2001, the government has become fixated with public safety, oftentimes at the expense of individual privacy. The surveillance state expanded after this in the early 2000s, and the country’s first Real Time Crime Centers were born. Real Time Crime Centers are hubs where different technologies and information are fused and aggregated into one easy to use space. Data outputs from automated license plate readers, closed circuit television, and various law enforcement databases are aggregated into one single pane of glass view to achieve higher rates of case closures and increase the efficiency of …

Blurred Lines: How Mandatory Arbitration Clauses In Termsof Service Agreements Undermine Privacy Law Frameworks, Owen Curnin

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

Following the birth of the Federal Arbitration Act–which made arbitration agreements valid, enforceable, and irrevocable in courts of law–mandatory arbitration clause use in commercial, consumer, and employment contracts exploded. These types of clauses require parties to submit all disputes arising out of or related to a contract to an impartial third party. This third party, known as the arbitrator, reviews the facts, listens to the parties’ arguments, and makes a final, binding decision resolving the dispute. Corporations have long relied on mandatory arbitration clauses to resolve disputes privately and confidentially, often hoping to avoid the public scrutiny and accountability associated …

A Framework For The Use Of Facial Recognition Technology In Policing: Is Your Face Equivalent To Your Ip Address?, Amirah Farooq

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

This paper argues that police use of facial recognition technology constitutes a “search” within the meaning of section 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and therefore requires prior judicial authorization. Part A provides the background for this argument and begins with a case study of Clearview AI to establish the regulatory gap in Canadian AI legislation. Part B develops this argument by relying on the rules of evidence, the Charter, and analogies drawn from current case law. Part C addresses counterarguments. Part D concludes with a summary of the proposed framework and emphasizes the importance of a …

Like, Share, & Comply: Recommendation Algorithms & Ftc Enforcement Authority, Alexandra Logan

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

As recommendation algorithms and generative artificial intelligence become central to digital platforms, the Federal Trade Commission has, in the past, increasingly signaled its intent to regulate emerging technologies under Section 5 authority to prevent unfair or deceptive acts or practices. This paper examines how companies may face Federal Trade Commission scrutiny when algorithmic design, personalization systems, or public representations result in consumer harm. Drawing on case studies involving TikTok, Facebook, Snapchat, and others, the paper explores the limitations of plaintiff litigation under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act and examines this potential avenue of expanding federal administrative enforcement. It …

Editorial Board Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)., Caroline Aiello Editor-In-Chief

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

Masthead Editorial Board Vol. 4 No.2

Foreword, Caroline Aiello

Student Journal of Information Privacy Law

Foreword

The Bent Clinician: How Dental Work Is Reshaping Your Spine - And What To Do About It, Kelly Davis Pt, Dpt, Faaompt, Mt

New Orleans Dental Association News

Musculoskeletal disorders affect somewhere between 64 and 93 percent of dental professionals over the course of their careers. Neck pain, shoulder aches, low back fatigue — these aren’t just the cost of doing good work. They are predictable patterns that, with the right understanding, you can absolutely change.

Noda News Summer 2026

New Orleans Dental Association News

New Orleans Dental Association (NODA) News includes regular columns with regional news impacting the New Orleans membership including: columns from the President and Executive Director, feature articles relating to the field of dentistry, association events and upcoming activities, component news, continuing education opportunities, and classifieds.

Resiliency Planning And The Reorganization Of Legal Authority In Rural Maine, Nicholas F. Jacobs, Skylar Thielbar

Maine Law Review

Resiliency has become a dominant and largely unchallenged organizing principle of contemporary state-local governance in Maine, particularly as it affects rural towns and communities dependent on extractive industries. This Article argues that resiliency planning is not merely a policy orientation, but a distinct form of legal authority, which operates through an administrative structure that is closed off to normal channels of political accountability and judicial review. Focusing on Maine, the Article shows how statewide resiliency planning reallocates authority across state and local institutions, shaping fiscal access and territorial development without triggering the doctrinal safeguards of public law. Rural governance, where …

Betschart V. Oregon: A Seven-Day Standard For Maine, Henry Gates

Maine Law Review

Maine lacks a clear standard for ensuring the right to counsel for indigent defendants. The State’s public defense system is struggling to meet Maine’s constitutional mandate: To provide indigent defense services in rural areas and across the state. An aging bar with few new attorneys working in rural areas—where there are often higher relative prosecution rates and a corresponding increased need for legal services—is contributing to the problem. This has resulted in a legal system that negatively impacts rural communities and indigent defendants to the point that one court concluded the state is violating the Sixth Amendment. Following the Ninth …

One Year's Seeding: Looking Back On The Last Seven Years Of Maine's Progress Toward Rural Justice, Christopher Northrop, Seth Main

Maine Law Review

Nationally, the crisis in access to legal services in rural areas continues to grow despite significant attention and efforts to reverse this troubling trend. This Article explores Maine’s efforts to address our legal deserts. The Article’s starting point is a retrospective look at our 2019 national symposium on rural justice and accompanying Maine Law Review issue. We will try to measure successes and failures, while also addressing the significant impact caused by the intervening pandemic. The Article will then shift to an analysis of the current landscape, focusing on the role of the University of Maine School of Law. We …

The Other Right To Counsel: The Civil Guarantee In State Constitutions, Dmitry Bam

Maine Law Review

When most people speak of the right to counsel, they speak in the singular. After the Supreme Court’s seminal decision in Gideon v. Wainwright, the right to counsel in criminal prosecutions has become one of our most cherished fundamental rights. It is a right ingrained in our culture. Even children can recite the mantra that the accused have the right to a lawyer, and if they can’t afford a lawyer, one will be provided to them free of charge. It is no surprise, then, that our constitutional focus is trained on the criminal defendant’s right to counsel. After all, there …

Legal Deserts Over Time, Cory L. Dodds

Maine Law Review

Legal deserts—counties with exceptionally low attorney availability—shape housing stability, personal safety, health outcomes, and economic security in rural communities. Yet, national scholarship has not yet determined whether attorney scarcity is transient or durable and relies largely on cross-sectional snapshots and population-based headcounts benchmarked to the American Bar Association’s (ABA) threshold of one attorney per 1,000 residents. These measures can obscure temporal dynamics, overstate functional supply, and embed contested normative assumptions about adequacy. This Article offers a national, longitudinal, and definition-sensitive analysis of legal deserts using county-level data from the forty-eight contiguous states at three observation points. Attorney supply is measured …