Digital Commons Network^™

The President’S Authority To Impose Tariffs, Chad Squitieri

Scholarly Articles

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”) empowers the President to “regulate . . . importation.” In Learning Resources v. Trump, the United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that such language did not empower the President to impose tariffs. The District Court reasoned that there was a distinction between the power to “regulate” and the power to “tax,” and that tariffs required a power to tax. This Essay explains why the District Court was wrong.

The Constitution’s original meaning and Supreme Court precedent indicate that tariffs can be an exercise of Congress’s power to regulate …

Culpable Kids, Cara H. Drinan

Scholarly Articles

When a child commits a crime, how do states determine if that child is culpable? There are procedural rules that determine the forum for a minor’s trial and doctrines that limit children’s exposure to the most severe sentencing. But when it comes to culpability, states employ the same substantive law whether the defendant is 50 or 15. As this Article explains, that approach is profoundly flawed. In the early 21st century, in a series of cases known as the Miller trilogy, the United States Supreme Court established that youth are fundamentally different from adults and state sentencing practices must recognize …

Victims In Criminal Cases: The Right To Settle Your Own Case, Isabella Lund

Public Interest Law Reporter

No abstract provided.

Undergraduate Bulletin, 2025-2026, Minnesota State University Moorhead

Undergraduate Bulletins (Catalogs)

No abstract provided.

Graduate Bulletin, 2025-2026, Minnesota State University Moorhead

Graduate Bulletins (Catalogs)

No abstract provided.

Distinguishing Among Climate Change-Related Risks, Lisa E. Sachs, Denise Hearn, Matt Goldklang, Perrine Toledano

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment

Understanding the diverse types of climate change-related risks is crucial for developing effective strategies to address the global climate crisis. A holistic yet disaggregated approach allows for a comprehensive view of the challenges while enabling targeted responses from various stakeholders. This document outlines three main categories of climate-related risks: planetary, economic, and financial, detailing their relevance to various stakeholders, timeframes, and potential response strategies.

This short brief aims to disentangle the complex nature of risk discussions for productive discourse and appropriate risk management approaches for different stakeholders. In practice, discussions related to assessing and responding to climate change risk have …

Holy Cross Green Guide, Maggie Mccracken, Julia Barton, Nick Corsentino, Olivia Dubin, Shane Fitzpatrick, Sheila Hulseman, Abbie Lane, Keely Lavin, Max Matterazzo, Molly Mccracken, Erin O'Donovan, Courtney Yockel, Justin Mcalister

Department of Environmental Studies Student Scholarship

Holy Cross resides on Pakachoag Hill, part of the traditional lands of the Nipmuc people. We are grateful for their historic stewardship of this place we all share.

Fact Book, Academic Year 2024, Systems Intelligence And Data Analytics, University Of Nebraska At Omaha

Fact Book

The Fact Book presents important campus information in data tables and charts. Included are details regarding students, faculty, staff, and alumni. Generally, data are broken out by college, rank, level, gender, age and ethnicity for both spring and fall semesters, past to present. There are a few academic year tables that include information on tuition & fees, student credit hours by program, and degrees conferred. We wish to thank the many individuals and departments at the University for their contributions to the Fact Book.

Epilogue: Every Þrose Has Its Thorn On Poison, The Cure, And Other Pharmacological Prickles; Or, Why Are You So Far Away?, David Ben-Merre Ph.D., Manu Samriti Chander Ph.D.

English Department Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Physiological And Neurophysiological Measures Used To Quantify Cognitive Workload Of Uas Operators, Pooja Jain, Cooper Molloy, Patricia A. Shewokis, Kurtulus Izzetoglu

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

Cognitive workload, the mental effort required to complete a task, is a factor thatcan impair performance in safety-critical missions, such as operating unmannedaerial systems (UAS). Traditional assessments like the NASA Task Load Index(NASA-TLX) rely on subjective ratings but can be intrusive and inaccurate. Thisstudy explores objective and continuous measures with functional near-infraredspectroscopy (fNIRS) and eye-tracking. Thirty-five participants completedsimulated flight scenarios, and data were collected from eye-tracking, fNIRSbiomarkers, performance scores, and questionnaire responses to analyze cognitiveworkload. Machine learning classifiers, including Support Vector Machine andLogistic Regression, trained using biomarkers derived from feature selectionalgorithms, achieved moderate success (LR classifier trained on forward selectedneurophysiological …

Pilot Associate Without Means Of Cockpit Interaction, Kohei Funabiki, Hayato Yamaguchi, Naoaki Yamaguchi, Hiroka Tsuda

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

A Single Pilot Operation (SPO) environment was constructed using a flightsimulator, and comparisons were made primarily from the perspective ofworkload between SPO and SPO where support by ground-based PilotMonitoring (GPM) was available. The experiment was conducted using aMitsubishi SpaceJet M90 flight simulator, with two pilots participating. Asexpected, it was found that SPO generally results in higher workload compared to2PO, and that GPM support can alleviate some of the workload during SPO.Factors such as the invisibility of GPM and the anxiety caused by GPM notreceiving sufficient information, as well as the increase in procedures, were foundto impact workload.

Validating Self-Reported Critical Incidents Using A Cognitive Screening Test For Ga Pilots, Emily Larkin, Kathleen Van Benthem, Alexia Bierlaire, Rawan Othman, Chris M. Herdman

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

The lack of standardized cognitive testing for general aviation (GA) pilots maycontribute to alarming rates of fatal accidents in GA, putting GA pilots at seriousrisk. This research aims to develop the CANFLY to assess and predict risk inpilots. Given its online delivery and reliance on self-reports, validating the tool isessential. Forty-three licensed pilots ages 18-75 (M = 19.44, SD = 15.83) engagedwith pre-recorded flight segments, and answered cognitive health questions.Situational awareness related to reports of critical incidents, while marginallysignificant relationships between task management and most recent checkridewere found. Initial results show some support for the CANFLY’s ability to reflectrisk. Final …

Pilot Clusters And Their Cognitive Abilities During Flight, Gajapriya Tamilsevlan, Stephen M. Belt

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

The purpose of this study was to investigate how emotional intensity, visualattention, and mental workload vary with increasing flight hours of experience.This study employed a quasi-experimental one-group time series design,involving a research sample of 43 instrument-rated pilots, including two females,who had varying levels of experience and certifications. We clustered ourparticipants based on their experience in flight hours: A (0-1000), B (1000-2500),C (2500-7500), and D (above 7500). As flight experience increased, emotionalintensity and mental workload metrics decreased among participants. Visualattention improved with more flight experience, characterized by higher noticepercentage on critical primary flight display (PFD) data and lower saccadevelocities when processing …

Instructor-Student Rapport And The Relationship To Undergraduate Aviation Students’ Perception Of Impact, Rebecca Baughman, Daniel Siao, James Birdsong

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

This study investigated the relationship between undergraduate aviation students’perception of instructor-student rapport and perceived student feelings of impact.A survey comprised of the 6-item Professor-Student Rapport Scale-Brief (PSRSB)(Wilson & Ryan, 2013) and the 35-item learner empowerment measure(Frymier et al., 1996) was disseminated to all undergraduate students in acollegiate aviation program. The survey data were analyzed, and the resultsindicated a statistically significant relationship between instructor-student rapportand undergraduate aviation students’ feelings of impact.

Bridging Cognitive Modeling And Pilot Training: A Qn-Actr Model For Complex Flight Tasks, Rongbing Xu, Shi Cao, Elizabeth Irving, Suzanne Kearns, Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

In ab initio pilot training, students must learn substantial skills about how to fly anaircraft, but there has been a lack of research that can clearly model these skills.Cognitive architecture models use production rules to model skills, which can beapplied to the case of pilot training to facilitate skill diagnosis, assessment, andfeedback. In this study, researchers who have both flight training experience andcognitive modelling experience developed cognitive architecture models for takeoffand landing tasks using the Queueing Network-Adaptive Control of ThoughtRational (QN-ACTR) method. The models generated flight performance in XPlaneflight simulation similar to human pilot in-aircraft data from the same tasksrecorded …

Portrait 2025 Fall, Portrait Staff

Portrait Magazine

No abstract provided.

The Argument For “New Aquileia”: Literary Responses From The Venetian Church To The Synod Of Mantua (827 - 1049 C.E.), John Ferraro

2025 CoLA Student Showcase

Ferraro analyses the literary responses of the church of Grado and the origins and development of the early medieval schism within the church of Aquileia.

Measuring Workload & Situational Awareness Using The Detection Response Task, Stephen R. Pickard, Ami Eidels, Leslie M. Blaha

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

This research is attempting to detect a loss of situational awareness (SA) in anaviation context, using the Detection Response Task (DRT). A survey phaserevealed current aviation personnel’s understanding of the construct of SA, how itis currently taught and assessed, and what are the observed indicators of a loss ofSA. The survey results validated the link between SA, cognitive capacity andworkload, and the cognitive and physical indicators of SA loss identified from theliterature review. This experimentation phase used the Modifiable MultitaskingEnvironment (ModME) software to simulate pilot workload and behaviour. Part ofthe ModME design incorporated a version of the DRT as a …

A Training Study To Improve Monitoring During A Go-Around, Randall J. Mumaw, Amber Villa, Dorrit Billman, Lucas Cusano

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

The go-around (GA) maneuver varies greatly in line operations from how it istypically trained. To support improved maneuver performance, we developed atraining module based on a description of skilled monitoring performance. Wehad U.S. airline pilots fly GAs (in a simulator) in the Pilot Monitoring (PM) roleboth before and after training. The Pilot Flying (PF), a confederate, flew someGAs poorly to see whether the PM could detect and correct the poorly flownmaneuvers. Our data showed that training that focuses on developing clearexpectations about system performance can lead to significant improvements inmonitoring performance. The PMs trained in the experimental conditionoutperformed the control …

Lessons Learned To Prevent Loss Of Control: A Review Of Incidents From Pilot Archives, Neelakshi Majumdar, Karen Marais

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

Inflight loss of control (LOC-I) remains the leading cause of General Aviation accidents. Previous accident database analyses suggest that human factors play arole in LOC-I but provide limited details on specific causes. Moreover, with halfof LOC-I accidents being fatal, identifying lessons learned from survivors is challenging. This study analyzed 21 LOC-I incidents reported in the AOPA Pilot magazine’s ‘Never Again’ series over 12 years to identify causal factors contributing to loss of control. Findings highlight aircraft control issues,complacency, and poor decision-making, particularly in severe weather as major contributors. Lessons learned from these articles highlight the importance of situational awareness and …

Putting Risk Assessment In The Pilots’ Hands: Refining A Cognitive Health Assessment Tool For Aviators, Kathleen Van Benthem, Emily Larkin, Rawan Othman, Alexia Bierlaire, Chris M. Herdman

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

Cognitive factors like poor situational awareness or memory failures can causeserious incidents, especially in single-crew operations. This work introducesCANFLY, an on-demand, self-administered online cognitive assessment for pilots,using realistic flight scenarios and interactive tasks. CANFLY targets key cognitivedomains for safe flight: situation awareness, prospective memory, and taskmanagement. Accessible from any internet-connected computer with speakers,CANFLY currently takes 50 minutes, but reducing this by 50 percent couldenhance user experience and adoption. Preliminary machine learning results from47 licensed pilots show that responses to short “flight” scenarios testing levels 1and 2 situational awareness and prospective memory can classify risk with over 80percent accuracy. Challenges and …

Peripheral Airspeed Indication For Manual Approach, J. Caron, M. M. Van Paassen, Annemarie Landman, Olaf Stroosma, Max Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2025

Maintaining properspeedcontroliscriticalinvisualapproachprocedures.Currently,pilotsneedtoto switchbetweentheoutsidevisualsceneandtheaircraftinstruments.Inthisprojectweinvestigatethepossibilitytousealowcostdisplayintheperipheralviewtoindicatedeviationfromthe aircraft’sapproachspeed.Anoff-theshelflightbarisinstalledinafullmotionflightsimulator(SIMONAResearchSimulator,TUDelft),andconfiguredtoshowspeeddeviation.Inanexperiment,approachpathandspeedperformanceareevaluatedduringapproachesinahighandlowturbulencecondition.Aconditionwithconventionalinstrumentationwillbecomparedtoconditions withthenewspeeddeviationindicatorwithtwodifferentscalingfactorsforthespeedindication. Aneyetracker(PupillabsCore)isusedtoquantifydifferencesinvisualswitchinginthe differentconditions.Weexpecttofindareductioninworkload,betterspeedandpathperformance, andreducedvisualswitching(finalresultsarepending).

The Politics Of (Mis)Perception: Understanding Americans’ Beliefs About Immigrant Welfare Usage, Ping Xu, Belinda Davis, Michael Henderson, James Garand

Political Science Faculty Publications

Background

Public concerns about immigrants' use of welfare programs have long influenced U.S. immigration and social policy. During the Trump administration, claims that immigrants exploit the American welfare system became central to the political agenda, amplifying perceptions that immigrants are economic burdens. These perceptions, whether grounded in reality or not, can shape public support for both immigration and the welfare state.

Aims

Few studies have systematically examined how closely Americans' perceptions of immigrants' welfare usage align with actual usage patterns, and how individual and contextual factors moderate this relationship. In this study we explore these connections.

Materials and Methods

We …

Impact Of Firms’ Innovation And Environmental, Social, And Governance (Esg) Score On Financial Performance: A Study Of Telecommunications And Information Technology Companies Listed On Apec Member Countries’ Stock Exchanges In The Period Of 2018-2022, Navira Putri Apriliani, Rahmat Aryo Baskoro

The Indonesian Capital Market Review

The telecommunications and information technology sectors significantly drive economic growth through continuous innovation. This study investigates how Innovation and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) metrics affect the financial performance of 80 telecommunications firms listed on stock exchanges in APEC member nations from 2018 to 2022. Innovation is evaluated based on research and development expenditures, whereas financial performance is determined by examining revenue and Tobin’s Q. Employing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression methods, the findings reveal that innovation positively influences ESG scores, notably improving governance aspects. ESG scores positively impact revenue but negatively affect Tobin’s Q. …

The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic On Corporate Performance And Cash Dividend Distribution In China's Manufacturing Industry, Wang Danni, Lim Thien Sang, Lei Guangmei

The Indonesian Capital Market Review

As an unprecedented global public health emergency with rapid spread and challenging prevention and control measures, the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted corporate performance worldwide. Notably, the manufacturing industry in China has been severely impacted. To comprehensively understand the influence of significant public health incidents on enterprises and mitigate the epidemic's repercussions, the unbalanced panel data of China's A-share listed manufacturing enterprises from 2018 to 2023 was analyzed by regression analysis. The findings demonstrate that the COVID-19 outbreak has diminished these enterprises' financial and market performance. Moreover, companies with higher cash dividends and more excellent stability exhibit superior future performance …

The Future Of War: Kill-Chain Supremacy And Ukraine's Lessons, Ashley Ruiz

Journal of Strategic Security

The war in Ukraine has reshaped contemporary understandings of how wars are fought and sustained. This article argues that the defining characteristic of modern warfare is not only the compression of kill chains – the sequence linking detection, decision, and destruction – but their diversification and resilience under continuous disruption. Drawing on empirical evidence from Ukraine’s integration of unmanned systems, digital battle management tools, and artificial intelligence, the analysis demonstrates how technological acceleration can yield short-term tactical advantages while exposing long-term structural vulnerabilities. Russia’s extensive use of electronic warfare, hybrid attacks, and adaptive countermeasures reveals that kill-chain supremacy is both …

Slava Ukraini! Solving Ukraine’S Present With The Past, Daniel Armes

Journal of Strategic Security

Ukraine desires to be a free state, drawing on over one thousand years of history to legitimize a national identity consisting of a distinct culture, language, and religion. While this is an achievable goal, the country faces challenges based on competing claims to Ukraine’s historical legacy. This article will analyze the roots of the current conflict over Ukraine’s national identity beginning with the religious divide between Eastern and Western Christianity in the Great Schism of 1054 and the Rus diaspora caused by the Mongol invasion of eastern Europe in 1240. A millennium of history and conflict are relevant today because …

Pickin In Petticoats: Lotta Crabtree And Women In The Elevation Of The Banjo, Michael Wright

World Music Textbook

This chapter explores early 20th century efforts to distance the banjo from its African American roots to meet the demands of a rising market of women players, highlighting actress Lotta Crabtree's influential role in reshaping the instrument's identity.

The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Factors And Low Birth Rates In Ohio, Ryan Gora, Hannah Amin

Scholarship in Medicine - All Papers

Background: The incidence of low birth weight (LBW) has not substantially fallen over time despite advances in medical interventions. LBW has been linked to several chronic diseases in adulthood including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it a particularly salient public health issue.
Objective: To examine socioeconomic factors and diseases associated with LBW in Ohio between 2016-2022.
Methods: Using data from County Health Rankings, we identified socioeconomic factors predictive of LBW in Ohio between 2016-2022. We also examined the relationship between LBW and incidence of T2DM as well as food insecurity (FI). In addition, we investigated how …

Food And Mood, Angelina Gentilin, Patrick Tawil

Scholarship in Medicine - All Papers

Depression and mental illnesses are on the rise in the United States alongside other chronic illnesses like obesity. Preliminary research indicates that diets of individuals and obesity can have profound roles in mental health status. Alongside the consummatory behavior of eating, drinking alcohol is associated with mental illnesses like depression and could potentially play a role in mental health and poor diet. The authors analyzed the public health county data in Ohio of adults between the years of 2016 and 2022 to investigate any differences in the population’s health rates. This study found that diet plays an influencing role in …