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Commercial Attention Spaces: A Century Of Discourses, Measurements, And Models Of Attention In The Construction Of U.S. Advertising Markets, Jacob Saindon Jan 2025

Commercial Attention Spaces: A Century Of Discourses, Measurements, And Models Of Attention In The Construction Of U.S. Advertising Markets, Jacob Saindon

Theses and Dissertations--Geography

A vast assemblage of networked devices populate our everyday spaces. Concomitant with the increasing ubiquity of media devices are advertisements. Indeed, many networked devices, specifically the “free-to-use” software applications, websites, or platforms displayed through them, are advertising-dependent. An assortment of firms within the commercial media industry—brands, agencies, publishers, vendors—work in concert to sustain a market for advertising. The core operation of the commercial media industry, I argue, is the production and exchange of attention as an economic object. In this study, I approach the production of attention and the framing of its markets as spatial processes. The continued growth of …

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Effect Of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy On Milk Quality In Organic Dairy Cows, Kayla A. Young Jan 2025

Effect Of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy On Milk Quality In Organic Dairy Cows, Kayla A. Young

Honors Theses and Capstones

Organic dairy systems are limited when it comes to the use of antibiotics and pharmaceuticals which creates opportunities to explore alternative treatments to promote cow health. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF), a form of electromagnetic stimulation, promotes various types of healing for both animal and human medicine. Our objective was to explore the effect of PEMF on milk yield and composition in organic dairy cows. Mid-lactation Jersey cows (n = 35) of various parities were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) control (CON; n = 12); no PEMF, 2) once daily PEMF (PEMF1; n = 12), …

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Poesía Mapuche Y Vasca Como Herramienta De Resistencia Cotidiana, Paula Ruiz Santamaría Jan 2025

Poesía Mapuche Y Vasca Como Herramienta De Resistencia Cotidiana, Paula Ruiz Santamaría

Theses and Dissertations--Hispanic Studies

This dissertation examines the work of contemporary Mapuche poets Adriana Pinda, Maribel Mora Curriao and Roxana Miranda Rupailaf, alongside Basque poets Leire Bilbao and Miren Agur Meabe, who write partially or entirely in their native languages— Mapudungun and Basque— as a form of resistance against the historical and ongoing imposition of Spanish. Through their poetry, these poets defend their identities and cultural heritage, invoking their matrilineal lineage to remember and heal. They also subvert traditional Catholic prayers by modifying them into invocations to Goddesses, casting spells of liberation of the female body, denouncing patriarchal violence and recreating alternative worlds. Their …

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Tryptophan Kynurenine Pathway-Based Imaging Agents For Brain Disorders And Oncology-From Bench To Bedside, Erik Stauff, Wenqi Xu, Heidi H. Kecskemethy, Sigrid A. Langhans, Vinay V. R. Kandula, Lauren W. Averill, Xuyi Yue Jan 2025

Tryptophan Kynurenine Pathway-Based Imaging Agents For Brain Disorders And Oncology-From Bench To Bedside, Erik Stauff, Wenqi Xu, Heidi H. Kecskemethy, Sigrid A. Langhans, Vinay V. R. Kandula, Lauren W. Averill, Xuyi Yue

Jefferson Hospital Staff Papers and Presentations

Tryptophan (Trp)-based radiotracers have excellent potential for imaging many different types of brain pathology because of their involvement with both the serotonergic and kynurenine (KYN) pathways. However, radiotracers specific to the kynurenine metabolism pathway are limited. In addition, historically Trp-based radiopharmaceuticals were synthesized with the short-lived isotope carbon-11. A newer generation of Trp-based imaging agents using the longer half-lived and commercially available isotopes, such as fluorine-18 and iodine-124, are being developed. The newly developed amino acid-based tracers have been demonstrated to have favorable radiochemical and imaging characteristics in pre-clinical studies. However, many barriers still exist in the clinical translation of …

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Neural Representations For Digital Humans, Chengan He Jan 2025

Neural Representations For Digital Humans, Chengan He

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Humans, with complex structures and diverse attributes, pose significant challenges for digital modeling. One fundamental difficulty arises from the heterogeneous nature of humans, necessitating expressive yet efficient representations to faithfully capture fine details across different components. Moreover, even minor imperfections in digital humans can be highly perceptible, often leading to issues such as the uncanny valley. With the growing interest in the metaverse and digital human avatars, developing robust and high-fidelity representations for digital humans has become a pressing problem in computer vision and graphics, with significant implications for down-stream applications such as telepresence, virtual agents, and visual effects. In …

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Movement Public Health: Addressing The Links Between Public Health And Carceral Systems, Marie Fatima Hyacinthe Jan 2025

Movement Public Health: Addressing The Links Between Public Health And Carceral Systems, Marie Fatima Hyacinthe

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation is an interdisciplinary exploration of the links between public health and carceral systems, the connections between academic scholarship and advocacy, and the role of public health research in social justice movements. This dissertation begins with in-depth interviews with academic researchers and anti-carceral organizers, as well as analyses of my own experiences taking part in protests and mutual aid work, which ground conversations on the meaning of safety and care, and the role of public health. The second chapter is a systematic literature review and synthesis where I analyze academic literature about public health and carceral systems, assessing it …

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Dynamical Mechanisms Of Neural Computation, Frederick Michael Berl Jan 2025

Dynamical Mechanisms Of Neural Computation, Frederick Michael Berl

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The brain is one of the most complex dynamical systems in the universe and despite our everyday familiarity with it, the intricacies of how it functions remain a mystery to us. It is enormously powerful, continuously learning, and able to perform computations flexibly and adapt to novel situations. Although science presently has an understanding of how individual neurons work and a general idea of what the functions of each region in the brain are, how the computations of each neuron are modulated by context and how the various regions work together to produce behavior are unclear. Here, we explore the …

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A Possible Mechanism Of Miwi2-Mediated Dna Methylation By De Novo Dna Methyltransferases, Tianshu Liu Jan 2025

A Possible Mechanism Of Miwi2-Mediated Dna Methylation By De Novo Dna Methyltransferases, Tianshu Liu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Epigenetic information refers to inheritable information that is not directly encoded in the genomic locus. Among various epigenetic mechanisms, DNA methylation play a crucial role in development and homeostasis and undergoes dynamic remodeling during mouse embryogenesis. In the mouse germline, primordial germ cells experience a global erasure of DNA methylation, a process important for the re-establishment of parent-specific methyl-imprint in the late stage of gametogenesis. However, how DNA methylation occurs at specific genomic loci remains an open question. Miwi2, one of three murine PIWI proteins, has been implicated in guiding de novo DNA methylation, yet the molecular machinery of Miwi2-mediated …

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The Gnda Microprotein Supports Atp Homeostasis In Escherichia Coli During Heat Shock, Jessica Jayne Mohsen Jan 2025

The Gnda Microprotein Supports Atp Homeostasis In Escherichia Coli During Heat Shock, Jessica Jayne Mohsen

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Same-strand overlapping, or nested, open reading frames (ORFs) can optimize the information content of size-constrained viral genomes by increasing the number of proteins expressed from a limited nucleotide sequence. However, nested small open reading frames (sORFs) were previously omitted from prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome annotations. It was therefore surprising when numerous nested sORFs were recently discovered in bacteria and eukaryotes. Our case study of the GndA microprotein in Escherichia coli provides evidence of an emerging model that overlapping genes can be expressed from bacterial genomes to contribute to cellular fitness. GndA interacts with the electron transport chain and ATP synthase …

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Volatile Transport At Convergent Margins: Implications For Global Geochemical Cycles, Anne Alicia Haws Jan 2025

Volatile Transport At Convergent Margins: Implications For Global Geochemical Cycles, Anne Alicia Haws

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The production and transport of metamorphic fluids are key to a range of Earth processes, including seismogenesis, global geochemical cycling, and the maintenance of planetary habitability over geologic time. It is therefore of great importance to understand the distribution of fluids in the lithosphere and how their interactions with rocks along deep flow pathways affect the transport of volatiles and dissolved species in metamorphic systems. This dissertation aims to trace metamorphic fluid sources and pathways in various petro tectonic settings, and to assess how fluid-rock interactions modify fluid compositions, with the goal of better understanding the processes underlying the global …

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Adaptation Of Learning Dynamics And Feature Representations Via The Neural Kernel, Lianghui Peng Jan 2025

Adaptation Of Learning Dynamics And Feature Representations Via The Neural Kernel, Lianghui Peng

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The ability to learn from experience is essential for both biological and artificial agents. To learn efficiently in complex, high-dimensional environments, agents must generalize strategically from limited data by focusing on features relevant for the task. The generalization strategy, known as inductive bias, shapes the dynamics of learning. Previous works have established the theory of neural tangent kernels that describes the learning dynamics of artificial neural networks. However, a comparable framework for understanding and quantifying inductive bias in biological systems performing behavioral tasks remains underdeveloped. Here, we introduce a neural kernel framework to characterize inductive biases of humans and artificial …

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Exploring Squamate Evolution Through Focused Taxonomic And Anatomic Lenses: A Taxon-Character Approach To A Taxon-Character Problem, Dalton Meyer Jan 2025

Exploring Squamate Evolution Through Focused Taxonomic And Anatomic Lenses: A Taxon-Character Approach To A Taxon-Character Problem, Dalton Meyer

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Among the living terrestrial vertebrates, the greatest diversity of verifiable species is seenamong the squamates, the group which contains the lizards and snakes. With a global distribution limited only by their general intolerance to long periods of cold temperatures, they are a ubiquitous component of modern ecosystems. Furthermore, over their roughly 180-million-year evolutionary history they have achieved tremendous morphological disparity and a range of body sizes that spans three orders of magnitude. However, our understanding of the origins and early evolution of squamates remains obscured due to persistent conflict in hypotheses generated from morphological and molecular data. This discordance is …

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A Second Wave Of Notch Signaling Diversifies The Intestinal Secretory Lineage, Eleanor Zagoren Jan 2025

A Second Wave Of Notch Signaling Diversifies The Intestinal Secretory Lineage, Eleanor Zagoren

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The small intestine is well known for its nutrient-absorbing enterocytes; yet equally crucial for homeostasis is a diverse set of secretory cells, all presumed to originate from the same intestinal stem cell. Despite their major roles in intestinal function and health, understanding how the full spectrum of secretory cell types arises remains a longstanding challenge, largely due to their comparative rarity. Here, I investigate the specification of a rare population of small intestinal epithelial cells found in rats and humans but not mice: CFTR high expressers (CHEs). Using pseudotime trajectory analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing data from rat jejunum, I provide …

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Valuing Cheap: Constructing, Consuming, And Contesting The Dollar Store Economy, Frances Evelyn Barrett Jan 2025

Valuing Cheap: Constructing, Consuming, And Contesting The Dollar Store Economy, Frances Evelyn Barrett

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In Valuing Cheap, Barrett traces the histories of Dollar General, Family Dollar, and Dollar Tree from the firms’ twentieth century origins in three distinct southern locales into corporate behemoths with more stores than McDonald’s or Walmart. Valuing Cheap provides an important chapter of the late twentieth century history of racial capitalism, detailing how dollar stores at once “served” local communities while capitalizing on existing spatialized, racialized, classed, and gendered inequalities. This history illuminates the interwovenness of business, consumer, and labor histories, emphasizing the fundamental entanglements of power, material and cultural production, and consumption. The dollar store industry’s cheap goods, low-wage …

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Random Matrices And Statistical Inference With Correlated Structures, Haoyu Wang Jan 2025

Random Matrices And Statistical Inference With Correlated Structures, Haoyu Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Random matrices play a central role in modern probability theory and high-dimensionalstatistics, both as fundamental mathematical objects and as powerful tools for inference. This dissertation presents several works on random matrix theory and its connections to statistical inference with correlated structures in high dimensions. On the random matrix side, we investigate the spectral properties of sample covariancematrices. Our approach is built upon the resolvent method, and we utilize local laws for various spectral analyses. Specifically, our contributions are three-fold: (1) we attain the first explicit rate of convergence for the largest eigenvalue of sample covariance matrices; (2) we derive the …

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Russian Forms: Race, Sex, And The Making Of Russian Literature, Fiona Bell Jan 2025

Russian Forms: Race, Sex, And The Making Of Russian Literature, Fiona Bell

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation argues that the elaboration of Russian racial imaginaries was coterminous with the construction of the Russian literary canon and Russian literary theory. Beginning with the global debates concerning the abolition of slavery and serfdom in the 1850s and concluding with the first wave of emigration from the Soviet Union in the 1920s, the dissertation demonstrates how canonical Russian authors—Ivan Turgenev, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Viktor Shklovsky, and others—wrote fiction that, in mobilizing the racial implications of intimacy, kinship, and heredity, articulated arguments about racial difference and the conceptual “fit” of “race” for the Russian Empire. Literary authors make arguments about …

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Bridging Behavior And Neural Activity: Neural Dynamics Leading To Self-Initiated And Task-Driven Movements, Yongxu Zhang Jan 2025

Bridging Behavior And Neural Activity: Neural Dynamics Leading To Self-Initiated And Task-Driven Movements, Yongxu Zhang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Understanding how populations of neurons generate behavior remains a fundamental question in neuroscience. While single-neuron analyses have provided valuable insights, behavior emerges from the coordinated dynamics of large neural ensembles that evolve over time and across states. A major difficulty is that neural population activity is non-stationary: it exhibits temporal distributional shifts, transitions between distinct dynamical regimes, and modulation by external or inter-regional inputs. Advances in artificial intelligence offer new opportunities to address this challenge. Yet, conventional models, such as standard recurrent neural networks, often fail to capture such complexity, limiting both predictive performance and mechanistic interpretability. This motivates the …

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(1+1)D Topological Phases Enriched With Fusion Category Symmetries, Xinping Yang Jan 2025

(1+1)D Topological Phases Enriched With Fusion Category Symmetries, Xinping Yang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Symmetry and its anomaly constrain a system's dynamics and provide a universal characterization of its behaviors. It serves as a powerful tool to understand exotic phases of matter, especially symmetry-protected topological (SPT) orders. The notion of generalized symmetries requires extending our previous understanding of topological phases to those enriched by fusion category symmetries, yet new mathematical formalism is needed to apply unitary fusion category symmetries to a microscopic system. This thesis starts with a model-independent description of an abstract spin chain viewed as a net of C*-algebras. From a microscopic SymTFT, categorical structures describing symmetry and symmetry charges can be …

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Impressions Contain Multitudes: Evaluative Inertia, Updating, And Lingering Impressions After Learning About Others, Arin Korkmaz Jan 2025

Impressions Contain Multitudes: Evaluative Inertia, Updating, And Lingering Impressions After Learning About Others, Arin Korkmaz

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

People routinely learn new information that challenges their impressions of others, yet these impressions are not always updated. This dissertation investigates the conditions under which people retain or update their self-reported explicit and spontaneously activated implicit impressions in response to novel counterattitudinal information. It consists of three bodies of work showcasing the cognitive and contextual factors that lead to evaluative inertia or updating. First, it shows that people can make context-based inferences to retain their implicit impression of others, highlighting the role of higher processes in implicit impression updating. Second, it investigates what happens to initial impressions once they are …

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Outside The Workshop: Alternative Spaces Of U.S. Printmaking, 1935–1977, Michelle Donnelly Jan 2025

Outside The Workshop: Alternative Spaces Of U.S. Printmaking, 1935–1977, Michelle Donnelly

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The studio, the land, the camp, and the home are vital locations of print production. Yet scholars have overwhelmingly focused on prints made in the workshop, or an institutional facility stocked with specialized equipment and overseen by “master printers.” This dissertation investigates how women artists and artists of color expanded the parameters of printmaking outside the traditional site of the workshop from 1935 to 1977 in the United States. Each spatially organized chapter centers on one artist: David Hammons, Sari Dienes, Matsusaburo “George” Hibi, and Ruth Asawa. All four artists practiced what I call emplaced printmaking: an engagement with the …

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The Organization Of Autophagic Membranes And Proteins At The Phagophore Assembly Site, Devin Michael Fuller Jan 2025

The Organization Of Autophagic Membranes And Proteins At The Phagophore Assembly Site, Devin Michael Fuller

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Autophagosomes are transient organelles which grow from a seed vesicle to encapsulate a target cargo and subsequently fuse with the lysosome to degrade its contents. This process occurs rapidly and requires the concerted effort of a host of unique membranes and proteins in a complicated cascade, which I detail in chapter I. Deletion of the lipid transport proteins ATG2A and ATG2B results in the accumulation of most of the preceding autophagic membranes and proteins in a large compartment. The ATG2 DKO compartment is advantageous as a model for the phagophore assembly site (PAS) for the following reasons: it is not …

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Real-Time Minimum-Weight Parity Factor Decoders For Quantum Error Correction, Yue Wu Jan 2025

Real-Time Minimum-Weight Parity Factor Decoders For Quantum Error Correction, Yue Wu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing, but its practical deployment is limited by the complexity of decoding. Most-Likely-Error (MLE) decoding offers near-optimal accuracy but is computationally challenging, especially for general quantum Low-Density Parity-Check (qLDPC) codes. This dissertation develops a family of Minimum-Weight Parity Factor (MWPF) decoders that accelerate MLE decoding by exploiting the locality and parallelism inherent in the decoding problem. We first improve locality by designing decoders that operate on the sparse decoding hypergraph rather than the dense syndrome graph. This leads to an almost-linear average runtime and enables a generalization to hypergraphs with certifying …

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Visible-Light Mediated, Diastereoselective Epimerization Of Endocyclic, Exocyclic And Acyclic Amines, Maria Antonieta Vargas-Rivera Jan 2025

Visible-Light Mediated, Diastereoselective Epimerization Of Endocyclic, Exocyclic And Acyclic Amines, Maria Antonieta Vargas-Rivera

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Light-mediated stereochemical editing has become increasingly explored as a method for the stereoselective synthesis of compounds. This dissertation describes the work towards the stereoselective epimerization of amines. The first chapter describes the highly diastereoselective epimerization of endocyclic amines, which are commonly found in pharmaceuticals. The second chapter demonstrates the expansion of this light-mediated epimerization method to include exocyclic amines. Finally, chapter three details current advances towards the diastereoselective epimerization of acyclic amines.

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Incorporating Environmental Information Into Genetic Studies Of Psychiatric Disorders, Yue Hu Jan 2025

Incorporating Environmental Information Into Genetic Studies Of Psychiatric Disorders, Yue Hu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Psychiatric disorders are among the most common diseases of humans, affecting a large number of individuals worldwide and contributing to a considerable burden of disease and disability. With a lifetime prevalence ranging from 5% to 17%, depression – characterized by a persistent low mood or loss of interest in activities for extended periods – is prominent amongst psychiatric disorders. Despite the availability of new medications developed over the past decade to treat depression, long-term treatment response remains disappointing; the risk of death by suicide is over 8-times national averages. Depression is multifactorial with both genetic and environmental factors, including demographic …

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Warm Life, Cold Stones: The Effigial Tomb In Late Medieval English Literature, Maia Ruth Béar Jan 2025

Warm Life, Cold Stones: The Effigial Tomb In Late Medieval English Literature, Maia Ruth Béar

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The effigial tomb is one of the defining features of Gothic sacred art. Tombs topped with grand effigies populated the churches, cathedrals, and chapels of late medieval England and many survive to this day. This dissertation explores the encounter with these tombs as represented in the literature of the period, in particular hagiography, romance, and narrative poetry. Although it literally demarcates the boundary between dead and living, the tomb is a powerful site of boundary-breaking in these texts at which the distinctions between life and death, flesh, and natural and artistic bodies are tested and often complicated. I consider various …

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Institutions For Online Governance: Field Experimental Studies Of Participation, Incentives, And Deliberation, Eliza Oak Jan 2025

Institutions For Online Governance: Field Experimental Studies Of Participation, Incentives, And Deliberation, Eliza Oak

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

One of the oldest questions in human society is: What kind of government works best, and why? To date, studying the effects of governance design decisions has been empirically difficult. This dissertation addresses this challenge by examining decentralized governance in blockchain-based technology platforms, where decision-making power is distributed among users who collectively cast votes. These digital communities provide a unique laboratory for democracy research as they rapidly iterate on their institutional structures, experimenting with both traditional and novel governance strategies while confronting classic representation and accountability challenges. The blockchain context offers two crucial advantages for studying democratic processes, namely the …

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Advancing Neuroimaging Brain-Behavior Machine Learning Biomarkers, Brendan Adkinson Jan 2025

Advancing Neuroimaging Brain-Behavior Machine Learning Biomarkers, Brendan Adkinson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Machine learning models trained on human neuroimaging data are increasingly used as tools for predicting individual behavioral phenotypes and enhancing precision medicine. However, multiple limitations hinder their current scientific and future clinical utility. In this dissertation, I address key challenges surrounding "brain-behavior" predictive model interpretability, generalization, and bias. In Chapters 2 and 3, I show that prevalent feature selection practices overlook features that are meaningful for both prediction and neurobiological interpretation. This suggests that prevailing approaches lead to feature overinterpretation and a misrepresentation of the neurobiological bases of brain-behavior associations. In Chapters 4 and 5, I demonstrate that brain-behavior predictions …

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Distrust Of Psychotherapy For Biologically Explained Mental Disorders: A Validation Of Beliefs Underlying This Distrust And Interventions To Mitigate This Distrust, Annalise Perricone Jan 2025

Distrust Of Psychotherapy For Biologically Explained Mental Disorders: A Validation Of Beliefs Underlying This Distrust And Interventions To Mitigate This Distrust, Annalise Perricone

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Lay and scientific communities alike increasingly attribute mental disorders to biological causes (e.g., genetic risk or neurobiological abnormalities). Biological explanations of mental disorders have some beneficial consequences, including reduced personal blame of individuals affected by such disorders. One adverse consequence, however, is that upon learning that a mental disorder has a biological etiology, people tend to show reduced trust in the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Given that the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is often optimal for many mental disorders, reduced trust of psychotherapy could result in poorer clinical outcomes, if people elect not to receive such treatment. Although this distrust …

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Psychedelic Action On Dendritic Structure And Function, Neil K. Savalia Jan 2025

Psychedelic Action On Dendritic Structure And Function, Neil K. Savalia

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Psychedelics are amid a scientific renaissance driven by their therapeutic promise for mental illnesses. This dissertation examines the neural mechanisms that underlie the acute and long- term actions of psilocybin, a serotonergic psychedelic found in magic mushrooms and an emerging rapid antidepressant. Here we used cutting-edge in vivo techniques to investigate psilocybin's effects in the medial frontal cortex of mice, with a focus on the structure and function of dendrites. Four key findings emerged. First, a single treatment with psilocybin induces persistent dendritic spinogenesis (Chapter 1). The drug-evoked changes in neuronal structure and function varies for subtypes of excitatory pyramidal …

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Kinetic And Thermodynamic Analysis Of Enpp1, Marisa Mary Michalchik Jan 2025

Kinetic And Thermodynamic Analysis Of Enpp1, Marisa Mary Michalchik

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase Phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family members are promiscuous extracellular enzymes that play central roles in human physiology via catalysis of nucleotide and lipid substrates, but remain poorly characterized at the biochemical level. The founding member, ENPP1, is a glycosylated transmembrane enzyme with an extracellular catalytic domain that degrades nucleotide substrates (ATP and cGAMP) into their respective nucleotide monophosphates, playing a key role in both the regulation of biomineralization and innate immune system activation. The ENPP1 ATPase is the major source of extracellular pyrophosphate (PPi), the main chemical inhibitor of calcium phosphate crystal formation in physiology. ENPP1 deficiency lowers systemic …

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