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Diagnostic Timeliness And Pre-Implant Nonverbal Development In Thai Children With Severe-To-Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A 2017–2024 Retrospective Review, Wanpen Ritthita, Sureelak Sutchritpongsa, Pat Rojmahamongol, Prakasit Wannapaschaiyong Jun 2026

Diagnostic Timeliness And Pre-Implant Nonverbal Development In Thai Children With Severe-To-Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A 2017–2024 Retrospective Review, Wanpen Ritthita, Sureelak Sutchritpongsa, Pat Rojmahamongol, Prakasit Wannapaschaiyong

Journal of Child Science

Background: Congenital severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) may compromise early development, and timely cochlear implantation (CI) is essential; however, data from low- and middle-income countries, where universal newborn hearing screening is limited and referral is delayed, remain scarce. This study describes diagnostic timeliness and CI referral in Thai children with congenital severe-to-profound SNHL, and reports age-stratified pre-implant nonverbal developmental profiles as secondary contextual descriptive data. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Children with congenital severe-to-profound SNHL who underwent pre-CI developmental or non-verbal cognitive assessments between January 2017 and December 2024 were enrolled. Data on …


Central Congenital Hypothyroidism In A Preterm Infant Born To A Mother With Graves’ Disease: A Case Report, Aliyyah M. Khuzaini, Hani A. Zulkeflee, Nur A. Zulkefli, Ain Najmy A. Zairy, Siti Farah A. Roslan Jun 2026

Central Congenital Hypothyroidism In A Preterm Infant Born To A Mother With Graves’ Disease: A Case Report, Aliyyah M. Khuzaini, Hani A. Zulkeflee, Nur A. Zulkefli, Ain Najmy A. Zairy, Siti Farah A. Roslan

Journal of Child Science

Background: Central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) is an uncommon but potentially underdiagnosed condition, particularly in infants born to mothers with autoimmune thyroid disease. Case Presentation: We report a case of central congenital hypothyroidism in a preterm baby born to a mother with hyperthyroidism, diagnosed three years prior to conception. She developed thyrotoxicosis at 30 weeks of pregnancy requiring Lugol’s iodine, carbimazole and propranolol. She subsequently developed pre-eclampsia and went into preterm Labour at 31 weeks of gestation. Her Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) receptor antibody levels were high, while anti-peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were negative. The cord TSH level at birth was …


Enhancing Visual-Spatial And Social Communication Skills In Children With Autism Through The Autistic Ready To Play Program, Adidsuda Fuengfoo, Nipontorn Saengthongsri, Pentrakarn Saengthongsri, Netsai Thongchamrat, Nutchanat Promiam, Montika Rattanaruengsin, Lutlawan Lamomsai, Pongpun Jinpla Jun 2026

Enhancing Visual-Spatial And Social Communication Skills In Children With Autism Through The Autistic Ready To Play Program, Adidsuda Fuengfoo, Nipontorn Saengthongsri, Pentrakarn Saengthongsri, Netsai Thongchamrat, Nutchanat Promiam, Montika Rattanaruengsin, Lutlawan Lamomsai, Pongpun Jinpla

Journal of Child Science

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by deficits in social communication and repetitive behavioral patterns. Leveraging the strong visual learning abilities of children with ASD, the Autistic Ready to Play (ARP) program was developed to improve visual-spatial skills, spatial reasoning, and social communication through structured, play-based activities. Objective: This study aims to identify the impacts of the ARP program on language, social communication, sensory perception, physical health, and behavioral dimensions in autistic children. Methods: This study included 99 children with ASD, aged 4–10 years, who were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1 received standard developmental care, while Groups …


Pharmacovigilance For Health Management: A National Profile Of Methylphenidate Adverse Events In Thailand Using National Databases, Suwapat Sukthas, Pornpan Soontorntham, Surasak Saokaew Jun 2026

Pharmacovigilance For Health Management: A National Profile Of Methylphenidate Adverse Events In Thailand Using National Databases, Suwapat Sukthas, Pornpan Soontorntham, Surasak Saokaew

Journal of Health Research

Background: Methylphenidate, a Schedule II psychostimulant, is indicated for ADHD in children ≥6 years when other measures fail, with unclear adult indications beyond narcolepsy. Global use increases necessitate robust pharmacovigilance, especially in low/middle-income countries like Thailand where safety data is sparse. This study characterized methylphenidate-associated adverse events (AEs) in Thailand, analyzing product types and patient factors.

Methods: Spontaneous Thai Vigibase™ reports (2005-2024) were analyzed alongside national distribution data. AEs were MedDRA-coded and stratified by age, sex, indication, formulation (original/generic; immediate/extended-release), allergy history, and comorbidities. Reporting Odds Ratios (RORs) identified safety signals. Serious AEs followed WHO criteria.

Results: Among 424 patients …


Cure Sickle Cell Initiative Recommendations On Common Data Elements For Sickle Cell Disease Gene Therapy Trials, Sophie Lanzkron, Victoria H. Coleman-Cowger, Alexis A. Thompson, C. Patrick Carroll, Traci Clemons, Michael Debaun, Julie Kanter, Punam Malik, Deepa Manwani, Francis John Pierciey, Mark C. Walters, Sherita Alai Jun 2026

Cure Sickle Cell Initiative Recommendations On Common Data Elements For Sickle Cell Disease Gene Therapy Trials, Sophie Lanzkron, Victoria H. Coleman-Cowger, Alexis A. Thompson, C. Patrick Carroll, Traci Clemons, Michael Debaun, Julie Kanter, Punam Malik, Deepa Manwani, Francis John Pierciey, Mark C. Walters, Sherita Alai

Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research

The Cure Sickle Cell Initiative (CureSCi), created by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, has developed data standards to increase interoperability and meta-analysis of studies specifically investigating gene therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD). The aims of the CureSCi Common Data Elements (CDE) initiative are to facilitate the development of safe, effective, and accessible gene therapies. Five working groups (WGs) comprising people living with SCD, stakeholders, clinicians, and researchers reviewed current definitions used for SCD clinical studies, including those from the American Society of Hematology, US Food and Drug Administration, PhenX catalog of consensus measures for phenotypes and exposures, …


Disability Rates Among South Asian Immigrants In The U.S. Vary By Country Of Origin, Sobia Mushtaq, Marc A. Garcia Jun 2026

Disability Rates Among South Asian Immigrants In The U.S. Vary By Country Of Origin, Sobia Mushtaq, Marc A. Garcia

Population Health Research Brief Series

South Asian immigrants are often grouped together in U.S. health data, masking significant differences in health outcomes across subgroups. This brief uses data from the American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Public Use Microdata Sample (N = 6,643,738; 2020–2024) to describe disability rates among foreign-born adults from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh residing in the U.S. The authors find that while South Asian immigrants as a group have lower disability rates than U.S.-born adults, this average is driven largely by Indian immigrants, who make up about 79% of South Asians in the U.S. Among adults aged 65 and older, Bangladeshi immigrants have …


Craig Kimmel V. Massachusetts Bay Insurance Co Jun 2026

Craig Kimmel V. Massachusetts Bay Insurance Co

2026 Decisions

USDC for the District of New Jersey


Determinants Of Public-To-Private Transitions: Evidence From Firm-Level Selection Patterns, Joshua S. Wolfson Jun 2026

Determinants Of Public-To-Private Transitions: Evidence From Firm-Level Selection Patterns, Joshua S. Wolfson

Economics Undergraduate Senior Theses

This paper considers which publicly traded firms are most likely to exit public markets through acquisition, and how those patterns differ between financial sponsors and strategic acquirers. Using a panel of 3,320 U.S. public firms from 2000 to 2024, I estimate discrete-time hazard models and find that lower valuation multiples, higher leverage, and stronger free cash flow predict going private. These characteristics vary for financial sponsors and strategic acquirers who select on different criteria. Strategic selection is driven mainly by leverage and valuation while private equity is also driven by free cash flow. These criteria are not stable over time, …


Distance And Trade Elasticity: The Red Sea Crisis As A Natural Experiment, Felix C. Feldman Jun 2026

Distance And Trade Elasticity: The Red Sea Crisis As A Natural Experiment, Felix C. Feldman

Economics Undergraduate Senior Theses

This paper exploits the 2023 Houthi attacks on shipping through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait at the entrance to the Red Sea and the subsequent mass rerouting around the Cape of Good Hope to estimate modern-day elasticities with respect to effective trade cost. This event is unique among chokepoint disruptions as it did not lead to a complete blockage. Instead, many ships voluntarily rerouted away the area, but not all. This paper uses a structural approach to infer unobservable costs incurred by inframarginal Red Sea shippers. This paper combines a reduced-form gravity specification with a discrete route-choice model where ships select …


Exploring The Impact Of Leadership Development On The Sense Of Belonging Among Collegiate Black Men, Todd Lamont Jenkins Jun 2026

Exploring The Impact Of Leadership Development On The Sense Of Belonging Among Collegiate Black Men, Todd Lamont Jenkins

Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative case study used Strayhorn’s Sense of Belonging Model (2018) to examine how collegiate Black men experienced affirmation, connection, and mattering through participation in Leaders of the Free World (LFW), a culturally grounded program integrating mentoring, leadership development, and short term study abroad. Through semi structured interviews, a focus group, and document analysis, five themes emerged: (1) Global Exposure and Cultural Heritage, (2) Identity Development, (3) Academic Realignment, (4) Mentoring and Relationship Growth, and (5) Leadership Capacity Building. Findings show that LFW fostered the core belonging conditions Strayhorn (2018) identifies: psychological safety, meaningful relationships, validation, and institutional navigation support. …


U.S. Black Men’S Perceptions Of The Similarities And Interplay Among Mind-Body Practices, Spirituality, And Religion: A Qualitative Study, Khanh Pham Jun 2026

U.S. Black Men’S Perceptions Of The Similarities And Interplay Among Mind-Body Practices, Spirituality, And Religion: A Qualitative Study, Khanh Pham

Theses and Dissertations

This qualitative study explored U.S. Black men’s perceptions of relations among mind-body practices (MBPs), spirituality, and religion to understand how these factors might influence Black men’s health. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze data from individual semi-structured interviews with 18 Black male MBP instructors. Five themes were generated. The themes were (1) spirit(uality) is the foundation for Black men’s experience of life seen and unseen, (2) MBPs and religion are rooted in spirituality, (3) MBPs, religion, and Black culture share common characteristics, (4) MBPs and religion facilitate holistic wellbeing, and (5) confusion and negative perceptions about MBPs, spirituality, and …


Context-Sensitive Control-Flow Analysis For Non-Standard Language Semantics, Tim Whiting Jun 2026

Context-Sensitive Control-Flow Analysis For Non-Standard Language Semantics, Tim Whiting

Theses and Dissertations

Control-Flow Analysis (CFA) is a static technique for understanding the execution of higher-order programs without running the code. CFA aids in identifying bugs, assisting program comprehension, and exposing optimization opportunities. Constructing a CFA typically begins with an idealized evaluator--such as an abstract machine or interpreter--and proceeds by approximating components of evaluation to ensure that: (a) the analysis is sound (representing all possible behaviors), and (b) the analysis is guaranteed to terminate (finitely representable). These constraints necessitate a loss of precision, providing an approximation of the values that flow to program locations rather than exact execution traces. This imprecision causes the …


Testing The Moderating Effect Of Self-Compassion On The Relationship Between Perfectionism-Related Discrepancy And Perceived Social Support From Family, Marinne Hammond Jun 2026

Testing The Moderating Effect Of Self-Compassion On The Relationship Between Perfectionism-Related Discrepancy And Perceived Social Support From Family, Marinne Hammond

Theses and Dissertations

Perfectionism involves an insistence on outstanding performance on tasks to an extreme level. More specifically, perfectionism-related discrepancy is when one subjectively sees a gap between their performance and their expectations for how they should perform. Perfectionism may be linked to mental health issues, such as anxiety, depression, eating disorders, and social disconnection. The perfectionism social disconnection model asserts that perfectionism can also lead to social withdrawal. Self-compassion involves the acceptance of imperfection; it has been associated with higher perceived social support and has also been shown to attenuate the relationship between perfectionism and psychological distress. This study aimed to further …


A Qualitative Study Of People With Aphasia And Their Experiences With The Bible, Marin Li Jun 2026

A Qualitative Study Of People With Aphasia And Their Experiences With The Bible, Marin Li

Theses and Dissertations

This phenomenological study explores the lived experiences of 4 individuals with aphasia (1 female, 3 male; 3 Catholic, 1 Lutheran) regarding their relationship with and engagement with the Bible. Participants completed three remote sessions via Zoom. In Session 1, participants completed the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, Fourth Edition, (TONI-4), and the remote Quick Aphasia Battery (QAB). In Session 2, participants engaged in a semi-structured interview led by the researcher. In Session 3, the researchers presented preliminary analysis to receive feedback from participants. Student researchers coded interview transcriptions to develop a structured codebook. Five primary themes describe the participants' experiences with …


Automated Detection Of Bacterial Flagellar Motors, Eben J. Lonsdale Jun 2026

Automated Detection Of Bacterial Flagellar Motors, Eben J. Lonsdale

Undergraduate Honors Theses

With advances in cryogenic electron tomography, the ability to study bacterial structures in their cellular context has improved. However, 3D images of bacteria, called tomograms, have a low signal-to-noise ratio. This makes annotating structures of interest difficult, as traditional computer vision models struggle with tomograms and manual annotation is time consuming. We build on the results of the BYU Kaggle competition to create an ensemble model capable of automatically annotating flagellar models with nearly around 85% accuracy.


Stages Of Belonging: The Yiddish Art Theatre’S Search For Its Home In New York City, 1918-1934, Octavia Chudnow Jun 2026

Stages Of Belonging: The Yiddish Art Theatre’S Search For Its Home In New York City, 1918-1934, Octavia Chudnow

Lawrence University Honors Projects

In the first decades of the twentieth century, the main form of entertainment for the Jewish immigrant community was shund (trash) theater: popular and commercial theater. Although many immigrants enjoyed this kind of entertainment, playwrights, artists, and intellectuals critiqued its place in immigrants’ lives, especially since shund revealed the process of assimilation and was considered low-brow art. In 1918, Maurice Schwartz opened the Yiddish Art Theatre to create high-brow art for Jewish audiences. In my essay, I focus on the company’s history between 1918 and 1934, on the theater’s move from downtown to Midtown and back to the Lower East …


Investigation Of Electrochemical Transport, Gate Leakage, And Transconductance Behavior In Pedot:Pss Organic Electrochemical Transistors, Vinay Bhudhraja, Bilal Khan, Abijeet Mehta Jun 2026

Investigation Of Electrochemical Transport, Gate Leakage, And Transconductance Behavior In Pedot:Pss Organic Electrochemical Transistors, Vinay Bhudhraja, Bilal Khan, Abijeet Mehta

Health & Biomedical Sciences Faculty Publications

Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) are promising candidates for low-voltage bioelectronic systems due to their high transconductance, mixed ionic–electronic transport, and compatibility with flexible substrates. In this work, we investigate the electrochemical transport, gate leakage, and transconductance behavior of screen-printed PEDOT:PSS OECTs, with emphasis on the relationship between ionic coupling and output characteristics. Key electrical and electrochemical parameters—including drain current modulation, transconductance evolution, gate current behavior, and capacitance–voltage response—were systematically analyzed to elucidate the mechanisms governing device operation. The results reveal clear trade-offs between parasitic resistance, volumetric electrochemical capacitance, and effective gate control, which in turn influence signal integrity and amplification …


Methylglyoxal And Glyoxal In High-Puff Disposable Electronic Cigarette Liquids: Unexpected Accumulation And Enhanced Cytotoxicity, Esther E. Omaiye, Wentai Luo, Kevin J. Mcwhirter, Man Wong, Prue Talbot Jun 2026

Methylglyoxal And Glyoxal In High-Puff Disposable Electronic Cigarette Liquids: Unexpected Accumulation And Enhanced Cytotoxicity, Esther E. Omaiye, Wentai Luo, Kevin J. Mcwhirter, Man Wong, Prue Talbot

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Despite concerns regarding the potential health risks associated with EC use, their design, puff count, and e-liquid formulations have continued to evolve. Aldehydes are a key class of thermal degradation byproducts generated during the vaporization of EC fluids. This study tested the hypothesis that aldehyde concentrations would be elevated in used ECs with high puff numbers. Devices from multiple brands were analyzed to assess the impact of extended use on aldehyde formation. E-fluids were extracted from field-collected and user-donated devices and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to quantify 178 flavor chemicals, two synthetic coolants, nicotine, solvents, and aldehydes (methylglyoxal (MGO), …


Practical Engineering Design: Hands-On Learning In An Undergraduate Embedded Systems Design Course, Nadieh Moghadam Jun 2026

Practical Engineering Design: Hands-On Learning In An Undergraduate Embedded Systems Design Course, Nadieh Moghadam

School of Engineering: Faculty Scholarship

Hands-on engineering design can help bridge the gap between theoretical coursework and real-world engineering practice, particularly during the middle years of undergraduate programs. This paper presents the implementation and outcomes of an open-ended final project in ELEC 310: Embedded Systems Design at the University of San Diego. Student teams designed and prototyped smart environmental monitoring systems using STM32 microcontrollers, selecting sensors and defining system objectives under realistic constraints. Project outcomes were evaluated using prototype demonstrations, team technical reports, and post-project student reflections analyzed through inductive thematic analysis. Reflections and project artifacts suggest that debugging and hardware–software integration functioned as key …


Research & Innovation Advisory Group Terms Of Reference, Munster Technological University, Ireland Jun 2026

Research & Innovation Advisory Group Terms Of Reference, Munster Technological University, Ireland

Policies & Procedures Documents

The Research & Innovation Advisory Group (RIAG) provides strategic advice, insights, and recommendations on research and innovation initiatives to the Vice President Research & Innovation (VPRI) and, where appropriate, to the University Executive. It is focused on supporting executive decision-making in research and innovation, fostering institutional research excellence, and identifying emerging opportunities for innovation and partnerships.


Export Controls Policy & Procedure, Munster Technological University, Ireland Jun 2026

Export Controls Policy & Procedure, Munster Technological University, Ireland

Policies & Procedures Documents

The aim of this document is to ensure the University meets its legal obligations under export controls and sanctions legislation, seeking to protect the University and its community from the risks of non-compliance, while supporting secure and responsible international collaboration and research.


Procedure For Managing Allegations Of Research Misconduct And Unacceptable Research Practices, Munster Technological University, Ireland Jun 2026

Procedure For Managing Allegations Of Research Misconduct And Unacceptable Research Practices, Munster Technological University, Ireland

Policies & Procedures Documents

This document outlines the procedure to be used to manage allegations of Research Misconduct and Unacceptable Research Practices within the University. While breaches of research integrity1 are typically driven by allegations, the University reserves the right to take a proactive approach to promote research integrity and to initiate the procedure set out in this document in any case where it considers it appropriate to do so. This procedure details the sources of help available to all those to whom the procedure applies. The University promotes and encourages the resolution of allegations of Research Misconduct and Unacceptable Research Practices through informal …


Integrating Reflection Data With Stratigraphic Analysis In Little Lake Sunapee, New Hampshire, Caleb S. Saks Jun 2026

Integrating Reflection Data With Stratigraphic Analysis In Little Lake Sunapee, New Hampshire, Caleb S. Saks

Earth Sciences Undergraduate Senior Theses

Reflection events within ground penetrating radar (GPR) and CHIRP seismic data are commonly used to infer changes in stratigraphy in lake basins. My thesis provides ground truth for these data by correlating reflection events to measured changes in sediment characteristics including composition and density. My focus is Little Lake Sunapee (LLS), located in central New Hampshire, which contains sediments deposited during and after the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), during late Pleistocene and Holocene time. These sediments provide a record of post-glacial climate and environmental change.

I present detailed coverage of the LLS sub-bottom sediment stratigraphy based on …


What Could Be Done Vs. What Was: How Temporal Framing Affects Representations Of Possibility, Noah Chapman Prescott Jun 2026

What Could Be Done Vs. What Was: How Temporal Framing Affects Representations Of Possibility, Noah Chapman Prescott

Cognitive Science Senior Theses

When making decisions for ourselves or predicting what others will do, we face the challenge of figuring out which of the infinite possible actions to consider in the first place. The space of possibilities considered, often called a “modal space”, has been shown to reflect both what people think is likely and what they think is valuable. The present work investigates how these modal spaces change with a difference in temporal orientation (what an agent could do vs. what they did do) and grammatical perspective (considering a scenario in the first- vs. the third-person). The findings suggest that both these …


Uranyl Complex Of 1,3-Bis(Ditertbutylphosphinoxidomethyl)Benzene, Maha M. Alotaibi, Md Abdul Goni, Eric Reinheimer, Tasneem A. Siddiquee Jun 2026

Uranyl Complex Of 1,3-Bis(Ditertbutylphosphinoxidomethyl)Benzene, Maha M. Alotaibi, Md Abdul Goni, Eric Reinheimer, Tasneem A. Siddiquee

Chemistry Faculty Research

This short note presents a new molecule isolated and characterized from the reaction of uranyl nitrate with the PCP-type pincer ligand 1,3-bis(ditertbutylphosphinomethyl)benzene in the presence of UV light under ambient conditions. The new dinuclear uranyl-PCP complex was characterized by using FT-IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. As revealed by the crystal structure, the new complex had oxygen atoms coordinating from the phosphinoxides that were oxidized under ambient conditions. Each uranium atom of this dinuclear complex was found to exhibit pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry.


Jun. 9, 2026, Wbg, Wbg Boards Strengthen Independent Accountability Mechanisms.Pdf, Wbg Jun 2026

Jun. 9, 2026, Wbg, Wbg Boards Strengthen Independent Accountability Mechanisms.Pdf, Wbg

Editors' Corner

No abstract provided.


Lindenwood Expands Its Role In The St. Louis Geospatial Ecosystem, Lindenwood University Jun 2026

Lindenwood Expands Its Role In The St. Louis Geospatial Ecosystem, Lindenwood University

Archived Lindenwood Press Releases

No abstract provided.


June 9, 2026 Ereporter, University Of Alabama At Birmingham Jun 2026

June 9, 2026 Ereporter, University Of Alabama At Birmingham

eReporter (campus newsletter)

No abstract provided.


Transformative Practices: The Multiple Impacts Of The Mat Program At Al-Quds Bard College, Daniel Terris, Derek Furr Jun 2026

Transformative Practices: The Multiple Impacts Of The Mat Program At Al-Quds Bard College, Daniel Terris, Derek Furr

GHEA21 Open Educational Resources

This paper summarizes research on the impact of the Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) program at Al-Quds Bard College, which since 2009 has trained more than 600 Palestinian K-12 teachers working across the West Bank and reaching over 120,000 students, many in disadvantaged communities. Supported in part by the Education Above All foundation, the program combines educational theory, discipline-based knowledge, classroom research, and reflective practice, requiring in-service teachers to experiment with new teaching approaches in their own classrooms. Multiple studies reviewed in the paper show that MAT graduates adopt more student-centered pedagogies—such as backward design, inquiry-based learning, and collaborative …


The Invisible Disease Made Visible: A Qualitative Inquiry Into The Lived Experience Of Cold Agglutinin Disease Patients, Paul Mowry Jun 2026

The Invisible Disease Made Visible: A Qualitative Inquiry Into The Lived Experience Of Cold Agglutinin Disease Patients, Paul Mowry

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The purpose of the phenomenological study was to better understand the lived experience of Cold-Agglutinin Disease (CAD) patients. Eleven white female participants who had moderate to severe symptoms of CAD were recruited via a CAD support group on Facebook and were prompted with a series of open-ended questions about their lived experience with CAD. Interview questions focused on how vital life domains (i.e., mental and physical health, family, community, and work) are impacted by CAD, how CAD patients experience the medical and mental health system, CAD patients’ perceptions of the medical healthcare they received, and their recommendations for how medical …