Digital Commons Network^™

A Cluster Randomized Trial Of Xylitol Chewing Gum For Prevention Of Preterm Birth: The Ppax Trial, Gregory C Valentine, Kathleen M Antony, Haleh Sangi-Haghpeykar, Alexis C Wood, Rose Chirwa, Saukani Petro, Mary Dumba, Deborah Nanthuru, Cynthia Shope, Jesse Mlotha-Namarika, Jeffrey Wilkinson, Joshua Aagaard, Ellen J Aagaard, Maxim D Seferovic, Judy Levison, Peter Kazembe, Kjersti M Aagaard

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Background: Maternal periodontal disease is associated with preterm and low-birthweight deliveries, but randomized trials of likely efficacious treatments (e.g., dental scaling and root planing) during pregnancy have not reduced these adverse outcomes. As an alternative, we hypothesized that periconception initiation of xylitol chewing gum would reduce the occurrence of preterm or low-birthweight deliveries among a historical high-prevalence population in Malawi.

Methods: We conducted an open-label, parallel-enrollment, matched-pair, cluster-randomized, controlled clinical trial across eight health centers (sites) in and around Lilongwe, Malawi. Sites were paired by anticipated delivery volume and randomized to prenatal and oral health education alone (active control) or …

Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis Of Body Mass Index Identifies Novel African Ancestry-Specific Risk Allele, Nathalie Chami, Kendra R Ferrier, Geetha Chittoor, Navya Shilpa Josyula, Mariah Meyer, Shreyash Gupta, Xihao Li, Zilin Li, Matthew A Allison, Diane M Becker, Lawrence F Bielak, Joshua C Bis, Meher Preethi Boorgula, Donald W Bowden, Jai G Broome, Erin J Buth, Christopher S Carlson, Kyong-Mi Chang, Yen-Feng Chiu, Lee-Ming Chuang, Matthew P Conomos, Dawn L Demeo, Mengmeng Du, Ravindranath Duggirala, Celeste Eng, Alison E Fohner, Barry I Freedman, Melanie E Garrett, Xiuqing Guo, Chris Haiman, Benjamin D Heavner, Bertha Hidalgo, James E Hixson, Yuk-Lam Ho, Brian D Hobbs, Donglei Hu, Qin Hui, Chii-Min Hwu, Rebecca D Jackson, Deepti Jain, Rita R Kalyani, Sharon L R Kardia, Tanika N Kelly, Ethan M Lange, Michael Lenoir, Changwei Li, Loic Le Marchand, Merry-Lynn N Mcdonald, Caitlin P Mchugh, Alanna C Morrison, Take Naseri, Jeffrey O'Connell, Christopher J O'Donnell, Nicholette D Palmer, James S Pankow, James A Perry, Ulrike Peters, Michael H Preuss, D C Rao, Elizabeth A Regan, Sefuiva M Reupena, Dan M Roden, Jose Rodriguez-Santana, Colleen M Sitlani, Jennifer A Smith, Hemant K Tiwari, Ramachandran S Vasan, Zeyuan Wang, Daniel E Weeks, Jennifer Wessel, Kerri L Wiggins, Lynne R Wilkens, Peter W F Wilson, Lisa R Yanek, Zachary T Yoneda, Wei Zhao, Sebastian Zöllner, Donna K Arnett, Allison E Ashley-Koch, Kathleen C Barnes, John Blangero, Eric Boerwinkle, Esteban G Burchard, April P Carson, Daniel I Chasman, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Joanne E Curran, Myriam Fornage, Victor R Gordeuk, Jiang He, Susan R Heckbert, Lifang Hou, Marguerite R Irvin, Charles Kooperberg, Ryan L Minster, Braxton D Mitchell, Mehdi Nouraie, Bruce M Psaty, Laura M Raffield, Alexander P Reiner, Stephen S Rich, Jerome I Rotter, M Benjamin Shoemaker, Nicholas L Smith, Kent D Taylor, Marilyn J Telen, Scott T Weiss, Yingze Zhang, Nancy Heard-Costa, Yan V Sun, Xihong Lin, L Adrienne Cupples, Leslie A Lange, Ching-Ti Liu, Ruth J F Loos, Kari E North, Anne E Justice

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Obesity is a major public health crisis associated with high mortality rates. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) investigating body mass index (BMI) have largely relied on imputed data from European individuals. This study leveraged whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 88,873 participants from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program, of which 51% were of non-European population groups. We discovered 18 BMI-associated signals (P <  5 × 10

Large-Scale Multi-Omics Analyses In Hispanic/Latino Populations Identify Genes For Cardiometabolic Traits, Carolina G Downie, Priya Sharma, Xinruo Zhang, Alyssa C Scartozzi, Rashedeh Roshani, Joshua M Landman, Michael Boehnke, Donald W Bowden, John C Chambers, Anubha Mahajan, Mark I Mccarthy, Maggie C Y Ng, Xueling Sim, Cassandra N Spracklen, Weihua Zhang, Michael Preuss, Erwin P Bottinger, Girish N Nadkarni, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Jingyi Tan, Eli Ipp, Pauline Genter, Leslie S Emery, Tin Louie, Tamar Sofer, Adrienne M Stilp, Kent D Taylor, Anny H Xiang, Thomas A Buchanan, Kathryn Roll, Chuan Gao, Nicholette D Palmer, Jill M Norris, Lynne E Wagenknecht, Darryl Nousome, Rohit Varma, Roberta Mckean-Cowdin, Xiuqing Guo, Yang Hai, Willa Hsueh, Kevin Sandow, Esteban J Parra, Miguel Cruz, Adan Valladares-Salgado, Niels Wacher-Rodarte, Jerome I Rotter, Mark O Goodarzi, Stephen S Rich, Alain Bertoni, Leslie J Raffel, Jerry L Nadler, Fouad R Kandeel, Ravindranath Duggirala, John Blangero, Donna M Lehman, Ralph A Defronzo, Farook Thameem, Yujie Wang, Sheila Gahagan, Estela Blanco, Raquel Burrows, Alicia Huerta-Chagoya, Jose C Florez, Teresa Tusie-Luna, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Lorena Orozco, Christopher A Haiman, Craig L Hanis, Rebecca Rohde, Eric A Whitsel, Alexander P Reiner, Charles Kooperberg, Yun Li, Qing Duan, Miryoung Lee, Paulina Correa-Burrows, Susan K Fried, Kari E North, Joseph B Mccormick, Susan P Fisher-Hoch, Eric R Gamazon, Andrew P Morris, Josep M Mercader, Heather M Highland, Jennifer E Below

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Here, we present a multi-omics study of type 2 diabetes and quantitative blood lipid and lipoprotein traits conducted to date in Hispanic/Latino populations (nmax = 63,184). We conduct a meta-analysis of 16 type 2 diabetes and 19 lipid trait GWAS, identifying 20 genome-wide significant loci for type 2 diabetes, including one novel locus and novel signals at two known loci, based on fine-mapping. We also identify sixty-one genome-wide significant loci across the lipid/lipoprotein traits, including nine novel loci, and novel signals at 19 known loci through fine-mapping. Next, we analyze genetically regulated expression, perform Mendelian randomization, and analyze association with …

Between The Land And The Sea: Belizean Voices In Environmental Governance, Kris-An K. Hinds

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Coastal communities around the world are at the epicenter of dynamic socio-environmental transformations driven by the impacts of climate change, shifting human–more-than-human environmental relationships, and the decisions made in response to these challenges. As environmental concerns intensify, the governance decisions made to address these impacts will determine the severity of the impacts and the future of affected coastal areas. In regions such as the Caribbean, Central America, and Latin America, environmental governance is complicated by uneven power dynamics, historical legacies of racialized environmental spaces, and the ongoing challenge of balancing national economic growth with environmental preservation. These transformations are not …

Adapting To Uncertainty: Strategic Decision Making In The Fresh Produce Supply Chain Under Fluctuating Market Conditions, Jacqueline Kelly

USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The global fresh produce supply chain faces increasing uncertainty due to economic volatility, shifting trade policies, logistical constraints, and evolving consumer demand. In this dissertation, I examine industrial purchasing decision-making grounded in the Industrial Buyer Behavior (IBB) framework. The study explores how supply chain experts navigate uncertainty, mitigate risks, and implement adaptive strategies to maintain efficiency and profitability.

Using a qualitative approach, this research draws on in-depth interviews with industry professionals to identify key factors influencing purchasing decisions, including supply chain resilience, technological advancements, sustainability, and geopolitical risks. Findings indicate flexible sourcing strategies, real-time logistical adjustments, and predictive analytics are …

Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis Of Body Mass Index Identifies Novel African Ancestry-Specific Risk Allele, Xinruo Zhang, D C Rao, Et Al.

2020-Current year OA Pubs

Obesity is a major public health crisis associated with high mortality rates. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) investigating body mass index (BMI) have largely relied on imputed data from European individuals. This study leveraged whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 88,873 participants from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Program, of which 51% were of non-European population groups. We discovered 18 BMI-associated signals (P <  5 × 10

The Impacts Of Water Lily Invasion And Removal On Wetland Ecosystem Function, Vanessa R. Baker

Theses

Colonization by native and non-native invasive plants is considered a primary reason for the failure of wetland restoration and creation projects. We investigated the impact of invasion and subsequent removal of Nymphaea odorata (white water lily) in two permanently flooded wetlands in Western New York State. Long-term grazer exclusion experiments at these sites demonstrated that selective grazing by herbivores, such as waterfowl, reduced emergent vegetation and overall plant diversity, simultaneously facilitating N. odorata expansion. This interaction ultimately promoted a negative feedback to waterfowl use of the wetlands because of the lack of open water space. To evaluate potential remediation options, …

Investigating The Impact Trichoderma Virens On Maize Phytohormones During Drought, Salt, And Cold Stress, Kathryn Spencer

Theses

Abiotic stresses are becoming increasingly frequent and severe due to climate change, leading to significant reductions in crop yields. Though sessile, plants are not defenseless. They can invite plant-growth promoting microbes to colonize their rhizosphere and help reprogram their chemical defense systems. Through these partnerships, plants can more rapidly and robustly recover from environmental stressors compared to those grown in isolation. In this study, the role of the beneficial microbe Trichoderma virens in phytohormone production was explored in maize, a globally important staple crop, under drought, salt, and cold stress, with or without microbial inoculation. Using a liquid chromatography mass …

2024-2025 Performance Forum - April 11, 2025, Patrick Hengstler, Juan Fernandez Villegas, Sheng Yuan Kuan, Maria Savelyeva, Dina Bikzhanova, Manuela Wanumen Jiménez, Nia Morgan, Nathaniel Jones, Meixi Zhou, Virgilio Vazquez, Rosa Ortega Ianelli, Anttuan Rios Pelaez, Aj Meyer, Olivia Oakland, Chase Hogan, Derek Lund

Performance Forum

No abstract provided.

Aerosol Technology For Carbon Capture And Utilization, Onochie Chinedum Okonkwo

McKelvey School of Engineering Graduate Student Theses & Dissertations

The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has continued to increase over the past century and now poses an increasing potentially catastrophic effect to human life and the environment via global warming and the concomitant effect of climate change. Anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions due to fossil fuel combustion for increasing energy demand is the main driver for the increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. A multifaceted approach including carbon dioxide capture and utilization is required to mitigate anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. Aerosol science and technology, an enabler for clean combustion technologies and nanomaterial synthesis, can contribute significantly to the advancement of …

Senior Recital - Brooklynn Bowen, Brooklynn Bowen

All Music Department Programs

This recital is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Music in Music Education.

Interactions Among Nutrients Govern The Global Grassland Biomass–Precipitation Relationship, Philip A. Fay, Laureano A. Gherardi, Laura Yahdjian, Peter B. Adler, Jonathan D. Bakker, Siddharth Bharath, Elizabeth T. Borer, W. Stanley Harpole, Erika Hersch-Green, George R. Wheeler

Michigan Tech Publications

Ecosystems are experiencing changing global patterns of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and enrichment with multiple nutrients that potentially colimit plant biomass production. In grasslands, mean aboveground plant biomass is closely related to MAP, but how this relationship changes after enrichment with multiple nutrients remains unclear. We hypothesized the global biomass–MAP relationship becomes steeper with an increasing number of added nutrients, with increases in steepness corresponding to the form of interaction among added nutrients and with increased mediation by changes in plant community diversity. We measured aboveground plant biomass production and species diversity in 71 grasslands on six continents representing the …

The Role Of Cholinergic Ventral Pallidum Cells In Effortful Motivation, Elizabeth A. Bien

Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations

Maladaptive reward-seeking behavior can be driven by one of several different components including excessive craving elicited by cues that predict rewards, failing to effortfully pursue rewards when it is beneficial to do so, and compulsively seeking rewards when it is no longer advantageous to do so. This thesis includes experiments focusing on these three different components of reward-seeking behavior to better understand how reward-seeking can become maladaptive. First, we wanted to examine the role that sex plays in the acquisition and compulsiveness of sign-tracking behavior in the Long Evans rat, a strain that is commonly used as the background for …

Exploring Rural Vs. Urban Variations In Emt Scope Of Practice: Advanced Airway And Iv Access Policies, Michaela Geffert

Theses

This thesis investigates how states across the United States (US) modify the Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) Scope of Practice (SoP) to permit advanced skills, with a focus on advanced airway management via supraglottic airways (SGAs) and intravenous (IV) access procedures, and whether rurality plays a role in these decisions. While the National EMS SoP Model establishes minimum competencies for each emergency medical services (EMS) provider level, individual states often alter their standards in response to local demographic, geographic, and resource-based needs. This study reviewed SoP policies from all 50 states, and 44 states were included. Logistic regression analysis was utilized …

Enhancing Oil Recovery With Novel Nano-Particle-Infused Surfactant Biopolymer Composite: A Comprehensive Investigation, Attia Attia, Amira Shafaay Dr., Michael Sami Alfonse Eng., George Azmi Eng., Rania Ramadan

Petroleum Engineering and Gas

The oil industry worldwide is searching for a new way to increase oil recovery. Chemical flooding has been used worldwide to improve oil recovery. In this research, the study of Enhanced Oil Recovery was carried out by using an Egyptian oil of API 42◦; the experiments were done by using Xanthan biopolymer (XG) gum with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as a composite for the EOR process and studying the impact of different composite concentrations on oil recovery. Design Expert software was used to determine the optimum concentrations of the composite. 500 ppm concentration of graphene cobalt samarium ferrite nanoparticles (NP) …

Climate Data Imputation And Quality Improvement Using Satellite Data, Kadhim Hayawi, Sakib Shahriar, Hakim Hacid

All Works

Combating climate change has emerged as a global concern recently, and meteorological data remain an important measure for analyzing and predicting climate trends. However, ground weather stations and sensors can be impacted by faults due to accidents and unreliability, often resulting in, for example, missing data and lowering the overall quality of the data. This paper explores the impact of using satellite data as an input feature for machine learning algorithms. In particular, temperature, pressure, wind speed, and global horizontal radiation data are imputed using various machine learning algorithms to overcome potential data quality issues resulting from the ground stations. …

Characterization Of Long-Noncoding Rnas In Prostate And Pancreatic Cancer Through Single Cell Transcriptomics, Debanjan Saha

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a subtype of prostate cancer that develops after metastasis and resistance to hormone therapy, thereby carrying a poor prognosis. Likewise, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies due to its propensity to present at advanced, unresectable stages in patients. Recent genomic studies have identified molecular features of mCRPC and PDAC, such as the existence of mutations in key driver genes, the extensive transcriptomic intra-tumoral heterogeneity, the role of regulatory elements in dictating driver gene expression, mechanisms of treatment resistance, and the interactions with the immunosuppressive and stromal tumor- microenvironment …

The Emotions Of Uncertainty: Science, Politics, And The Social Dynamics Of Decision Making, Alisa N. Rogers

Sociology ETDs

This dissertation examines how social and emotional factors influence attitudes toward science and decision making regarding science-based policy recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. I examine boundary work practices among the public as they evaluate experts during the pandemic and the social sources of information people used to construct knowledge. Then I examine the social and emotional factors that participants indicated influenced their own attitude formation and decisions to act regarding public health recommendations during the pandemic. I find that emotions influence each element of the decision process: information gathering, information evaluation, attitude formation, and decisions to act. Affective commitment and …

The Delocalized Toolbox: Tuning Strain, Energetic And Optoelectronic Properties Of Aryl Heterocyclic Scaffolds For Application-Driven Endeavors, Michael Josef Holzmann

Chemistry and Chemical Biology ETDs

This is a three-part dissertation. Part 1 is composed of chapters 1-3 which revolves around the optimization of cyclononyne reactivity towards 1,3 dipolar cycloadditions. Specifically, the synthesis and reactivity of sulfate, sulfamate and sulfamide-bearing cyclononynes will be discussed. Chapters 4-5 comprise Part 2 which addresses optimization of ruthenium olefin metathesis towards reversible activation and inhibition. The mechanism of reversible inhibition mediated by a hexaarylbiimidazole photo-inhibitor will be elucidated. Part 3 consists of chapters 6-8 which describes structure-functional relationship studies on carbon dots and harnessing that insight for sensing applications. Data relating to assays performed with explosive analytes will be analyzed …

Sharp Knives, Dark Hearts: Class, Colonialism, And Rebellion On Anthony Bourdain's Bookshelf, Carl Cactus Warmuth

American Studies ETDs

Though often characterized as a celebrity chef, Anthony Bourdain achieved stardom from his lively writing rather than skills in the kitchen. As such, the sociopolitical importance of his life and work is greatly illuminated by his compulsive literary references. Through George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London, Émile Zola’s The Belly of Paris, Graham Greene’s The Quiet American, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, and the personas of William S. Burroughs and Hunter S. Thompson, the tensions central to Bourdain’s legacy are unveiled. This thesis offers a portrait of Bourdain as a complicated figure of …

Nyls Blsa Students Illuminate And Inspire Pathways To Law, Jennifer Bancamper

NYLS Community News

No abstract provided.

An Investigative Analysis Into The Correlation Between Police Department Budgets And Violent Crime Rates., Julie Schwartz

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Criminal justice reform and calls to defund the police have become more prevalent since the unrest that occurred in 2020. Research to date has looked at criminal justice reform, crime causation, and discussions surrounding defunding the police. Previous research has looked at police funding conceptually but not from a quantitative lens. The purpose of this quantitative nonexperimental study was to provide an investigative analysis into police department funding and the effect of the funding on violent crime rates using strain theory as its foundation. The research question addressed the relationship between police department budgets, specifically the criminal investigations unit, and …

The Experiences Of Veterans Seeking Peer-To-Peer Support For Mental Health Services After Covid-19, Edwin Brown

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This qualitative study explored the experiences of U.S. military veterans seeking peer-to-peer support for mental health services after COVID-19. The study investigated how veterans perceive the role of peer-to-peer support in addressing mental health challenges, particularly in the context of social isolation, anxiety, and other COVID-19 related stressors. Using semi-structured interviews, data were collected from veterans who sought peer-to-peer support services after COVID-19. A total of 14 veterans participated in this study, providing insights into their experiences accessing and utilizing peer-to-peer support mental health services after COVID-19. Thematic analysis identified key themes, including the importance of shared lived experiences, the …

Funding Opportunities For Non-Profit Organizations Led By Black Women, Laquasha A. Dixon

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This study addressed significant disparities in funding awarded to non-profit organizations (NPOs) in the United States, led by Black women. Racial bias and the lack of knowledge about alternative funding sources were key factors contributing to this funding gap, which limited the capabilities of these organizations. The research question guiding this study was: In addition to government grants and program sponsorships, what other funding sources are available to NPOs led by Black women? The conceptual framework employed as a foundation for the research was the concept of creating a diverse funding portfolio for sustainability. The purpose of the project was …

Fulltime Faculty Perspectives On Engagement In Distributed Leadership At A Technical College, Jacinda Halene Lay

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed in this basic qualitative study was that fulltime college faculty was not sufficiently engaged in distributed leadership at a technical college in a western state. The purpose of this study was to explore fulltime college faculty members’ perspective about their engagement in distributed leadership at a technical college in a western state. The research questions explored how fulltime faculty described their engagement in, and knowledge of, faculty leadership, at a technical college, and recommendations for increasing engagement. Using Spillane’s leader plus paradigm as the conceptual framework, semistructured interviews of 14 purposively sampled fulltime college faculty …

Relating Average Teacher Salary, Student-Teacher Ratios, And Percent Of Title I Schools To Teacher Retention Rates In Georgia School Districts, Deann Webb

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed through this study was high teacher turnover in Georgia school districts. Guided by the job demands-resources theory, the purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to investigate average teacher salary, student-teacher ratios, and the percentage of Title I schools in terms of teacher retention rates in Georgia school districts. Archival data were collected from 180 public school districts in Georgia and obtained from the Georgia Department of Education and the Governor’s Office of Student Achievement. Multiple regression and Chi-square analyses were used to examine the relationships among variables. Chi-square analysis was used due to concerns …

Examining School Counselors’ Lived Experiences Of Relational Aggression In African American Girls, Crystal Holt

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Since the early 1990s, there have been examinations of the predictors of Relational Aggression (RA) in girls, but many questions remain unanswered that contribute to the lived experiences of school counselors addressing RA. RA is best defined as behavior that is deliberate and unfriendly, with the intent to cause harm to others through verbal, social, and emotional control. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of school counselors addressing RA in African American girls. A hermeneutic phenomenological lens was used to examine the individual perceptions of eight school counselors. Semistructured interviews were used to gather the …

Higher Education Leaders’ Perspectives About Communication Challenges During Crises, Carey-Ann Marie Balkwill

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem was that while impact and problems of crisis communication have been identified in the literature, little is known about the perspectives of leaders in higher education when facing communication issues in times of crisis. Guided by crisis communication theory and leadership theory, the purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore higher education leadership team members’ perspectives of communication challenges in times of crisis. Four research questions guided the study on the perspectives of higher education leadership team members about (a) how their own leadership and communication changed during a crisis, (b) how internal communications evolved during …

Staff Education To Enhance Nurses' Knowledge Of Pressure Injury Prevention, Jacqueline Evette Foster

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Summary Hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) have a significant negative impact on patient safety and the quality of care. This doctor of nursing practice (DNP) staff education project focused on improving staff nurses’ knowledge in preventing pressure injuries. Recognizing the high incidence of pressure injuries at the project site, this staff education project addressed the critical need to reduce pressure injuries for at-risk patients by providing ongoing education and training to enhance pressure injury management, reduce hospital costs and length of hospitalization, and improve patient care quality. The practice-focused question guiding this staff education project was the following: To what degree …

K-12 Principals Who Persist In Their Principalship Despite Challenges In Urban Schools, Monique Nicole Durham

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

The problem that was addressed through this study is the approximately 13% attrition of K-12 principals in a large urban school district in the Mid-Atlantic region, exceeding the national average. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perspectives of K-12 principals who had persisted in their roles despite the significant challenges in leading urban schools. The study was grounded in the job demands-resources theory, which posits that job demands could lead to burnout, while job resources help employees cope with challenges, thereby fostering resilience. For this basic qualitative design, data were collected from semistructured interviews with 12 …